Statistics Netherlands

National Accounts

r.mosterd @ cbs.nl and s.schenau@cbs.nl

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.

PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.

This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).

The PEFA questionnaire is available on Eurostat's website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/methodology

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:

1. Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
2. Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
3. Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
4. Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
5. Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates. 
6. Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
7. Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.

The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy.
PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA.
As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES).
Three concepts are essential to PEFA:
1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely:
a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.;
b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.;
c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment.
2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA;
3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

The Netherlands

2014 - 2021

Not applicable.

The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).

The data refer to the calendar year.

PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).

Not applicable.

Not for the figures in the PEFA Questionnaire

We will publish this data in our statistical database ‘StatLine’ in November 2023.

We will publish this data in our statistical database ‘StatLine’ in November 2023

Data published on the Statistic Netherlands’s website (Statline) is freely accessible for all users.

annual

Release of website publication

Waar komt onze energie vandaan?

Waar komt onze energie vandaan? (cbs.nl)

Online database of Statistics Netherlands- Statline

https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84450NED/table?dl=72ED7

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Not applicable.

Online database -Statline

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/macro-economie/methoden/dataverzameling/korte-onderzoeksbeschrijvingen/2008-milieurekeningen.htm

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

the PEFA is based upon data the Energy balance sheets. A report of methods and quality assessments can be found here:

Nederlandse energiehuishouding (NEH) (cbs.nl)

See 10.7 on the quality of the sources. And during the compilationprocess checks are carried out and analyses are performed on the data.

See 10.7 on the quality of the sources. And during the compilationprocess checks are carried out and analyses are performed on the data.

Main users are policy researchers, modellers in energy and climate research, input-Output researchers and analysts.

No surveys are conducted on user satisfaction. 

Enquiries on figures and statistics can be submitted at our Infoservice

https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/about-us/contact

Complete

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

In 2023, a substantial revision of the PEFA was undertaken, departing from the Eurostat-provided PEFA builder. Instead, we adopted a more customized approach, utilizing the National Energy Balance Sheet data and developed R programming code. This transformation spanned the years 2014 to 2021, ensuring coherence and consistency in the timeseriess. The benefits of this approach include simultaneous production of PEFA questionnaires for multiple years, resulting in significant time savings, the ability to maintain data integrity through rigorous quality control measures, and the capacity to provide more accurate data on a more detailed level. This has casued deviations from the previous time series as we were able to include more detailed data and avoid general division keys that were used before. This revised methodology enhances the reliability of our energy statistics, streamlines production, and bolsters our commitment to providing accurate, timely data.

In 2021 we have done a grant project to further check an align different modules, including PEFA, AEA, EW MFA and our phsyical SUTs. The data from 2020 are used and the improvements are applied to all years and modules.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

November 2023

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and  insofar comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent.

Not applicable.

Please see the table in 15.2.1.1.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):

The PEFA questionnaire data seamlessly integrates as an input for the MFA (Material Flow Accounts) without the need for any adjustments, ensuring that the inputs align consistently with the PEFA dataset.
The PEFA questionnaire exhibits partial compatibility with the AEA Both utilize similar division keys to generate sector-specific data; however, they draw from distinct source datasets. While the PEFA relies on data from the energy balance sheets, the AEA is grounded in data sourced from the Dutch Emission Authority. Despite the disparities in source data, rigorous methods have been employed to maximize consistency between the two, ensuring the highest possible level of harmonization.

Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.

The PEFA is constructed on the foundational principles of National Accounts, incorporating multiple datasets from the National Accounts to delineate specific sector divisions. The residency principle is applied as well.

In 2023, the AEA and PEFA are compiled by the same employee of Statistics Netherlands. As said before, division keys are shared and cross comparisons are made regularly to ensure consistency. 

We are using the same distribution keys as used for the Air emission Accounts:

• For passenger cars the distribution key is constructed out of energy used, calculated from fuel used per vehicle type and road performance per vehicle and fuel type. And with fixed assets and production as keys. Also the wages and salaries in kind are used to correct for the lease cars of the households.
• For freight vehicles the distribution key is constructed with road performance data in NACE 19. For further breakdown to NACE 64 the fixed assets and production data is used.
• For other vehicles like special purpose vehicles and motorcycles, a method quite similar to passenger cars keys is used. The correction for lease cars is not relevant here. And also other auxiliary transport data is used like amount of special purpose vehicles and amount of motorcycles from households and companies.

Yes

Yes. 

Certainly. Cross-domain plausibility checks are indeed conducted between PEFA data points and their corresponding counterparts in energy statistics, and it's worth noting that the data sources for these checks are primarily consistent.

The EW-MFA uses the results from the PEFA questionnaires.

Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points.

0,2 FTE annually

Every year we recalculate the full time series of the PEFA from 2014onwards. Normally till t-1. This is done to align every single year completely with the Energy Balance (and changes that occur in there). The result is that there are no inconsistencies with the Energy statistics.

In 2023, a substantial revision of the PEFA was undertaken, departing from the Eurostat-provided PEFA builder. Instead, we adopted a more customized approach, utilizing the National Energy Balance Sheet data and developed R programming code. This transformation spanned the years 2014 to 2021, ensuring coherence and consistency in the timeseriess. The benefits of this approach include simultaneous production of PEFA questionnaires for multiple years, resulting in significant time savings, the ability to maintain data integrity through rigorous quality control measures, and the capacity to provide more accurate data on a more detailed level. This has casued deviations from the previous time series as we were able to include more detailed data and avoid general division keys that were used before. This revised methodology enhances the reliability of our energy statistics, streamlines production, and bolsters our commitment to providing accurate, timely data.

Revisions are annlually due to new source data fro the complete time sries fro mthe Energy Statistics. The same revision policy is applied to the AEA. It enhances the consistency to do this fro the PEFA as well. 

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.

Energy Joined Questionnaires + Dutch Energy Balances + Transport Statistics + National Accounts data.

Energy Joined Questionnaires + Dutch Energy Balances

Energy Joined Questionnaires + Dutch Energy Balances + Transport Statistics + National Accounts data.

Energy Joined Questionnaires + Dutch Energy Balances + Transport Statistics + National Accounts data.

Transport Statistics

No. The PEFA Builder was used before 2023. After the 2023 revision the PEFA builder was not used.

The adjustment for the residence principle is made by using transport statistics-  the road traffic performance data categorised in residence (in the Netherlands and abroad) and non-residence, in vehicle types and fuel type.

 Annual

 See 18.1

See 18.1

The data compilation has been programmed in R in the year 2023. The main source material is explained in section 18.1. The compilation focusses on the division to NACE catgories and to energy carrier and applying the resident principle.  

Not applicable.

Not all the supply of electricity is allocated to NACE D35. Sectors that derive their energy from alternative sources like wind and solar are allocated either to their respective economic sectors or to households.

The  assignment is NOT fully alligned  to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by our country, this will be done after the next revision of the national accounts in 2024.

We are using the same distribution keys as used for the Air emission Accounts:

• For passenger cars the distribution key is constructed out of energy used, calculated from fuel used per vehicle type and road performance per vehicle and fuel type. And with fixed assets and production as keys. Also the wages and salaries in kind are used to correct for the lease cars of the households.
• For freight vehicles the distribution key is constructed with road performance data in NACE 19. For further breakdown to NACE 64 the fixed assets and production data is used.
• For other vehicles like special purpose vehicles and motorcycles, a method quite similar to passenger cars keys is used. The correction for lease cars is not relevant here. And also other auxiliary transport data is used like amount of special purpose vehicles and amount of motorcycles from households and companies.

We apply different division keys such as the monetary supply and use tables or data on the employed people to a specific sector.

By applying the same dicision keys where possible. Both rely on different data sources as explained in section 18.1.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.