Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Energy Statistics and Sustainable Development Indicators Unit
1.3. Contact name
Nikola Valčić
1.4. Contact person function
Expert associate
1.5. Contact mail address
Branimirova 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
1.6. Contact email address
valcicn@dzs.hr
1.7. Contact phone number
+38514806180
1.8. Contact fax number
+38514873-658
28 September 2023
2.1. Metadata last certified
28 September 2023
2.2. Metadata last posted
28 September 2023
2.3. Metadata last update
28 September 2023
3.1. Data description
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.
PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.
This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:
Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates.
Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA. As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Three concepts are essential to PEFA: 1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely: a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.; b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.; c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment. 2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA; 3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.
3.5. Statistical unit
Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.
3.6. Statistical population
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.
3.7. Reference area
Republic of Croatia
3.8. Coverage - Time
From 2006 to 2021.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).
The data refer to the calendar year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).
On national level, confidential are only data for individual industrial units, no confidentiality for NACE industrial level.
8.1. Release calendar
Release calendar can be found on the website of Croatian Bureau of Statistics.
Link: https://podaci.dzs.hr/en/
8.2. Release calendar access
Link: https://podaci.dzs.hr/en/
8.3. Release policy - user access
Not available.
Yearly.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Not applicable.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
Not applicable.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The Croatian Bureau of Statistics publishes data on energy statistics in online database.
Link: https://podaci.dzs.hr/en/
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not applicable.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not available.
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
We do not have it.
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
The Croatian Bureau of Statistics regularly submits quality reports, using templates prescribed for each statistical area by an appropriate Eurostat’s organizational unit.
The Croatian Bureau of Statistics regularly submits quality reports, using templates prescribed for each statistical area by an appropriate Eurostat’s organizational unit.
11.1. Quality assurance
The Croatian Bureau of Statistics regularly submits quality reports, using templates prescribed for each statistical area by an appropriate Eurostat’s organizational unit.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Quality of data is satisfactory.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The main users are the Croatian Bureau of Statistics, individual ministries and companies which calculate air emissions in Croatia.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
PEFA produced for transmission to Eurostat satisfy the needs of national users.
12.3. Completeness
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Accuracy is satisfactory.
13.2. Sampling error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3. Non response error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.4. Processing error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
By 26 months after the reference period.
14.1. Timeliness
By 26 months after the reference period.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Not applicable.
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Not applicable.
14.2. Punctuality
Not applicable.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and insofar comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Please see the table in 15.2.1.1.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
15.2.1.1. Comparability - over time detailed
Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):
we do not have a break in time series.
Year (of the break in series)
Questionnaire table(s)
Columns (NACE Rev. 2 activity, households etc.)
Rows (natural energy inputs, energy products, energy residuals)
Reason for' break in time series'
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
PEFA are coherent with European system of accounts (ESA), in particular with ESA supply and use tables. Also, PEFA shall follow the so-called residence principle.
15.3.3. Do you cooperate with national colleagues compiling AEA?
Yes.
15.3.4. Are there compilation elements that PEFA compilers jointly undertake with AEA compilers (e.g. distribution of road transport fuel use and emissions by NACE)?
No.
15.3.5. Do you report in PEFA imports and exports according to the SEEA-CF concepts for trade in goods (see SEEA-CF section 3.3.3, paras. 3.121 ff., and para. 1.46)?
Yes.
15.3.6. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between your PEFA data on air transport versus OECD's data on CO2-emissions of air transport?
No.
15.3.7. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and corresponding data points in energy statistics (see PEFA validation rules)?
Yes.
15.3.8. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and the corresponding data points in economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) (see PEFA validation rules)?
Yes.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points.
Costs are minimal because of the electronical data collection, about 50 man days for PEFA table for one year.
17.1. Data revision - policy
The users are notified about data revision through web page.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Data revision is made on the request of Eurostat.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
18.1. Source data
Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.
18.1.1. Which are the main data sources you employ for the use of natural energy inputs (i.e. who is extracting)?
In the first place it is the energy balance, then all other available energy data from different sources (energy surveys, energy companies, custom office, national bureau of statistics, network operators, market operators etc.). We also use additional data such as number of employees and number of registered vehicles.The original Croatian Distribution and Transmission System Operator databases were additionally used for the allocation of electricity consumption by NACE activities.
18.1.2. Which are the main data sources you employ for supply of energy products (e.g. electricity, refinery products etc.)?
For autoproducers we assigned supply of electricity and heat to NACE divisions different than D35 – we assigned supply of electricity and heat to NACE divisions to which autoproducers belong. The assignment we did is fully aligned to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by Croatia.
18.1.3. Which are the main data sources you employ for the transformation use by energy transforming entities (NACE 2-digit divisions)?
Auxiliary data we used to develop 'distribution keys' are:
- energy consumption in manufacturing industry, mining and construction in individual NACE sectors according to a detailed energy consumption survey (IND-21 / REPRO) prepared by Croatian Bureau of Statistics,
- number of employees by NACE sectors for energy consumption in service sector in the energy balance,
- results of the IPA studie for transport in Croatia, which was drafted in 2015,
- number of registered vehicles,
- for electricity consumption, the original electricity billing from electricity system operators.
18.1.4. Which are the main data sources you employ for the end use by end user entities (including non-energy use)?
We use the results of the IPA study that is designed for transport sector in Croatia in 2015 and the results of the research into IND-21 / REPRO conducted by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. In addition to the above, we use additional data such as the number of registered vehicles and the number of employees in individual NACE industries.
18.1.5. Which auxiliary data do you use to develop 'distribution keys' to assign energy use to the detailed breakdown of production activities (NACE 2-digit divisions) and categories of household consumption?
Auxiliary data we used to develop 'distribution keys' are:
- energy consumption in manufacturing industry, mining and construction in individual NACE sectors according to a detailed energy consumption survey (IND-21 / REPRO) prepared by Croatian Bureau of Statistics,
- number of employees by NACE sectors for energy consumption in service sector in the energy balance,
- results of the IPA studie for transport in Croatia, which was drafted in 2015,
- number of registered vehicles,
- for electricity consumption, the original electricity billing from electricity system operators.
18.1.6. Do you use the PEFA builder? If yes: for populating the PEFA Tables, or for control only?
We do not use PEFA builder.
18.1.7. Which data sources do you use to make adjustments for the residence principle?
We used the results of the IPA transport study in which the distribution of energy consumption on Croatian residents and foreigners is made. We also used the results of IND-21 / REPRO research based on which we determined consumption in certain NACE industries. Also, we took in account the number of employees and the number of registered vehicles. For the motor fuel consumption of Croatian residents outside the Croatian borders, the mentioned study did not produce any results. We assessed this consumption based on the relations that are valid for consumption in Croatia.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Annually.
18.3. Data collection
In the first place it is the energy balance, then all other available energy data from different sources (energy surveys, energy companies, custom office, national bureau of statistics, network operators, market operators etc.). We also use additional data such as number of employees and number of registered vehicles.The original Croatian Distribution and Transmission System Operator databases were additionally used for the allocation of electricity consumption by NACE activities.
18.4. Data validation
PEFA tables are fully aligned with the energy balance. Lower quality data sometimes is in the redistribution of data on individual NACE industry.
18.5. Data compilation
In the first place it is the energy balance, then all other available energy data from different sources (energy surveys, energy companies, custom office, national bureau of statistics, network operators, market operators etc.). We also use additional data such as number of employees and number of registered vehicles.The original Croatian Distribution and Transmission System Operator databases were additionally used for the allocation of electricity consumption by NACE activities.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
Not applicable.
18.5.2. Do you assign all supply of electricity and heat to NACE D35, or do you assign some to other NACE divisions than D35? Is the assignment you did fully aligned to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by your country?
For autoproducers we assigned supply of electricity and heat to NACE divisions different than D35 – we assigned supply of electricity and heat to NACE divisions to which autoproducers belong. The assignment we did is fully aligned to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by Croatia.
18.5.3. Which method do you use for the allocation of road transport energy use to NACE industries and households?
We use the results of the IPA study that is designed for transport sector in Croatia in 2015 and the results of the research into IND-21 / REPRO conducted by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. In addition to the above, we use additional data such as the number of registered vehicles and the number of employees in individual NACE industries.
18.5.4. Which method do you use for the allocation of energy use to detailed service industries (i.e. NACE 2-digit divisions 55-98)?
Survey.
18.5.5. How do you ensure a coherent assignment of energy use to economic activities (i.e. the use of energy products by a given production activity (NACE A*64 division) reported in PEFA must be coherent with the emissions reported in AEA)?
By using the same NACE classification codes for all industrial units in Croatia for PEFA, AEA and ESA.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable.
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.
PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.
This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA. As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Three concepts are essential to PEFA: 1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely: a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.; b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.; c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment. 2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA; 3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.
Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.
Republic of Croatia
The data refer to the calendar year.
Accuracy is satisfactory.
The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).
In the first place it is the energy balance, then all other available energy data from different sources (energy surveys, energy companies, custom office, national bureau of statistics, network operators, market operators etc.). We also use additional data such as number of employees and number of registered vehicles.The original Croatian Distribution and Transmission System Operator databases were additionally used for the allocation of electricity consumption by NACE activities.
Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.
Yearly.
By 26 months after the reference period.
Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and insofar comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent.
