Weighting methods |
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Weighted figures for differing reference periods |
Weighted figures for differing theoretical ages |
Conversion factors from part-time to full-time equivalent (FTE) data |
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FTE teachers for health sector schools: |
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For health sector schools (2 programmes in ISCED 353 and ISCED 453), there is no information on full-time equivalents for the teaching staff. |
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Assuming that the pupil-teacher ratio is comparable to trade and technical schools, the data on full-time equivalents for the teaching staff are estimated by the number of students in these programmes and the pupil-teacher-ratio of trade and technical schools. |
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FTE for part-time students at Fachoberschulen and Fachschulen: |
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Data on full-time equivalents for students in the two programmes of Fachoberschulen and for Fachschulen are not available. |
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For converting part-time data into full-time equivalent data the conversion factor 2 is used (default value). |
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The assumption is that 2 part-time students equal one full-time student. |
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FTE teachers for university programmes: |
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For ISCED 640, 740, 844 data on full-time equivalents for teachers are not available. University statistics provide information on full-time, part-time and marginal part-time work. |
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According to to the information of the former university posts statistics, full-time employed academic and creative art staff is taken into account with the conversion factor 1, part-time employed staff with the conversion factor 2 and marginal part-time employed staff by the conversion factor 5. |
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It is assumed that 2 PT teachers respectively 5 marginal part-time teachers equal 1 FT teacher. |
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Number of students adjusted to statistics on educational finance: |
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The enrolment data adjusted to the financial year t (= calendar year) are calculated by taking 8/12 of the national school year t-1 and 4/12 of the national school year t. E.g., this means the adjusted enrolment data for the financial year t are calculated by taking 8/12 of the enrolment data t (refers to school year t-1/t) and 4/12 of the enrolment data t+1 (refers to school year t/t+1). |
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Estimations methods used in the UOE questionnaires |
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Type of data |
Detailed variables concerned |
ISCED level |
Reference year(s) |
Data source (internal to UOE or not) |
Data type (sample-based or not) |
Data source name in English |
Reason |
Description of the estimation method |
Basic estimations |
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Several types of schools: |
ISCED breakdown |
020, 100, 244, 254, |
2004- |
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Population-based value |
KMK data request, |
For several types of schools there are only data on students and teachers as a whole available and not allocated to the different ISCED levels (Gymnasien, Integrierte Gesamtschulen, Freie Waldorfschulen, Sonderschulen, Berufsschulen, Berufsfachschulen, Fachgymnasien, Fachoberschulen). |
Replaces the estimation procedure calculated at federal level prior to the introduction of an annual data request on the breakdown of types of schools by educational programmes by the Standing Conference of Ministries of Education and Cultural Affairs in the 16 Länder (KMK). According to the federal structure of the German educational system the Länder Ministries to whom this data request is addressed have additional information on these programmes and can provide a more valid basis for the breakdown of types of schools by educational programmes according to ISCED 2011. |
data on students and teachers |
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344, 351, 353, 354, |
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Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (KMK), annual data request on breakdown of types of schools |
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444, 453, 454, |
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554 and 655 |
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Students at Berufsschulen |
ISCED breakdown |
354, 454 |
2004- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, statistics on Vocational Training in the Dual System |
Data on students in Berufsschulen (to be broken down by 3 different educational programmes - which are allocated at two different levels) are not available by ISCED level. Statistics on vocational training (workplace-based) include information on the previous qualifications of new entrants. |
If a new entrant has a qualification of a lower secondary general school (Hauptschulabschluss or intermediate school certificate), he is allocated to ISCED 354, if a new entrants has a university entrance qualification he is allocated to ISCED 444 (second cycle). New entrants who already completed the Dual System for a first time or a full-time vocational school are allocated to ISCED 454 (second cycle). It is assumed that the structure of qualifications of new entrants is the same for all students in Berufsschulen. |
Estimations for individual UOE-Tables |
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Graduates for the future civil servants |
Volume of graduates |
353 |
2003- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, statistics on Personnel in the Public Service |
Data on graduates for the future civil servants in the medium level are not available. |
In the statistics on personnel in the Public Service data on civil servants are available by age for the enrolment. As this programme has a duration of 2 years with only a small number of drop-outs the graduates are estimated as half the enrolment in this programme. |
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It is assumed that half of future civil servants in this 2-year programme graduate each year. |
Students in the Dual System by age |
ISCED breakdown |
351, 353, 354, 444, 453, 454 |
1998- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, ISCED breakdown of Berufsschulen |
For the training in the Dual System (which is allocated to 3 different levels) the data by age are only available for the Dual System as a whole and not for the 3 different educational programmes. |
The distribution of students by age in the different ISCED levels is estimated by allocating all younger students (up to the age 18) to the first programme in ISCED 354 (beginning at the age 16) and dividing the students aged 19 years and older to the first programme and the two second-cycle programme in ISCED 444 and ISCED 454. |
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It is assumed that older students are enrolled in the second cycle programmes at Berufsschulen. |
Students in special education by age |
ISCED breakdown |
100, 244, 344 |
2004- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, General school statistics; KMK data request |
Data on students in special education by age are only available for special education in total and not in a breakdown by ISCED levels. |
The distribution of students by age in the different ISCED levels is estimated by splitting students to ISCED levels 100/244/344 (total) and level unknown in a first step. In the second step students by age are estimated in a breakdown by ISCED levels 100/244/344 by filling the given number of ISCED 100 students (KMK data request) with the youngest students, ISCED 244 with the following students by age and putting the oldest students into ISCED 344. |
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and level unknown |
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It is assumed that older students refer to higher ISCED levels. |
Number of foreign languages studied |
ISCED breakdown |
100, 244, 254, 344, 351, 353, 354 |
2013- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, General school statistics, Vocational school statistics |
For about half of the Federal Länder the number of foreign languages studied is not collected up to now. |
Data on number of foreign languages studied are available for most of the Federal Laender and have been estimated for the others. |
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The unterlying assumption is that number of foreign languages studied in the Länder without these data is the same as in the Länder with data. |
Students in special education corresponding to educational finance |
ISCED breakdown |
100, 244 and 344 |
1998- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, General school statistics, statistics on educational finance |
For Sonderschulen educational expenditure is completely allocated to the ISCED levels100, 244 and 344. On the contrary, in enrolment tables about 70.000 students in Sonderschulen are allocated to "level unknown". These students are mostly mentally handicapped. |
For table FIN-STUDENTS all students in Sonderschulen are allocated to ISCED levels 100, 244 and 344 according to the respective share of education expenditure. |
Entrants to the Dual System |
Volume, |
354, 454 |
2000- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, statistics on Vocational Training in the Dual System, ISCED breakdown of Berufsschulen |
Data on students in the first year in Berufsschulen (to be broken down by 3 different educational programmes) do not correspond to the number of new entrants in this type of school, as a lot of new entrants enter directly into the second year due to the consideration of pre-vocational programmes or higher qualifications of general schools. |
Statistics on Vocational Training in the Dual System provide data on new entrants to the Dual System. |
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ISCED breakdown |
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First step: These data are used for new entrants. Second step: estimation of ISECD breakdown. |
Graduates in the Dual System |
Volume, |
354, 454 |
1998-2012 |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, statistics on Vocational Training in the Dual System, ISCED breakdown of Berufsschulen |
Data on graduates at Berufsschulen (to be broken down by 3 different educational programmes) by field (school-based) is not detailed enough to provide data by field of education and training. |
Statistics on Vocational Training in the Dual System (workplace-based) provide detailed data on all 350 skilled professions of the Dual System. |
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ISCED breakdown |
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These data can be allocated accurately to the fields of education and training. In the next step these figures are broken down by the different ISCED levels. |
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Beginning with school year 2013 (2012/2013) detailed data by field for Berufsschulen are collected and therefore an estimation is no more necessary. |
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Teachers at general and vocational schools |
ISCED breakdown |
100, 244, 254, |
2004- |
|
Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, General school statistics, Vocational school statistics, KMK data request |
For several types of schools data on full-time and part-time teachers are only available for the total and not broken down by ISCED levels (Gymnasien, Integrierte Gesamtschulen, Freie Waldorfschulen, Sonderschulen, Berufsfachschulen, Fachoberschulen). In addition the KMK data request provides data on the breakdown of full-time equivalents for teachers by ISCED levels. |
The figures for full-time and part-time teachers are estimated by using the shares of full-time equivalent teachers by ISCED levels from the KMK-data request. |
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344, 351, 353, 354, |
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It is assumed that the distribution of FT and PT teachers by level is the same as the distribution of FTE teachers by level. |
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444, 453, 454, |
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554 and 655 |
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Teachers in Berufsschulen |
ISCED breakdown |
244, 254, 354, 454 |
1998- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, ISCED breakdown of Berufsschulen |
For Berufsschulen data on full-time and part-time teachers are only available for the total and not broken down by ISCED levels. |
The figures for full-time and part-time teachers are estimated by using the shares of students by ISCED levels from the ISCED breakdown of Berufsschulen. |
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It is assumed that the share of FT and PT teachers by level is the same as the share of students at Berufsschulen by level. |
Teachers in vocational schools |
Age |
244, 254, |
1998- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, |
Vocational school statistics provide only data for teachers by age groups by type of teaching qualification awarded. In contrast to the situation for general schools, these types of qualifications do not correspond to single types of vocational schools. For each type of vocational school only data on teachers by sex and employment status are available. |
The data are allocated to the different types of schools according to the shares of teachers in these types of schools. In the next step these figures are broken down by ISCED levels according to the shares of full-time equivalents from the KMK data request (for the types of schools concerned). This type of distribution appears correct due to the fact that school centres offer several types of schools with different educational programmes in the same building with teachers teaching in all these types of schools. |
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344, 351, 353, 354, |
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KMK data request |
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It is assumed that the age structure of teachers in vocational schools by ISCED level is the same as for the total of teachers in vocational schools. |
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444, 453, 454, |
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554 and 655 |
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Teachers in health sector schools |
Age |
351, 453 |
1998- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics |
For health sector schools (2 programmes), information on teaching staff by age is not available. Data on Health sector schools are collected separately from data on vocational schools. |
For programmes at health sector schools the age structure of teachers at vocational schools is used (see above). |
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It is assumed that the age structure of teachers in vocational schools at health sector schools is the same as for teachers in vocational schools. |
Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) |
Data on enrolment, entrants |
554, 655, 755 |
2019- |
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Sample survey |
First pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes |
Only a complete annual data set on graduates and results on enrolment and entrants from a first pilot study carried out in 2018/2019 are available. |
Based on annual results of the statistic on graduates of Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) and the results from the first pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes carried out in 2018/2019 data for enrolment and entrants had been estimated. |
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The main assumption is the relation of the first pilot study and the given number of graduates (1,6 enrolled vs. 1 graduate). |
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These results will be forecasted in the the following years by the given numbers of graduates. |
Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) |
Data on enrolment, entrants by age |
554, 655, 755 |
2019- |
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Sample survey |
First pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes |
Only a complete annual data set on graduates and results on enrolment and entrants from a first pilot study carried out in 2018/2019 are available. |
Based on annual results of the statistic on graduates of Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) and the results from the first pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes carried out in 2018/2019 data for enrolment and entrants had been estimated. |
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It is assumed that the age structure for enrolment and entrants are the same as for given distribution of graduates by age. In addition the age structure of enrolment and entrants are estimated two years younger than the given ages for graduates. |
Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) |
Data on enrolment, entrants by field |
554, 655, 755 |
2019- |
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Sample survey |
First pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes |
Only a complete annual data set on graduates and results on enrolment and entrants from a first pilot study carried out in 2018/2019 are available. |
Based on annual results of the statistic on graduates of Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) and the results from the first pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes carried out in 2018/2019 data for enrolment and entrants had been estimated. |
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It is assumed that the structure by field for enrolment and entrants are the same as for given distribution of raduates by field. |
Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) |
Data on personnel |
554, 655, 755 |
2019- |
|
Sample survey |
First pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes |
Only a complete annual data set on graduates and results on enrolment and entrants from a first pilot study carried out in 2018/2019 are available. |
In the first pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes data for teaching staff were collected by gender and by type of institution, intensity of participation separately. |
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It is assumed that the structure of teaching staff by type of institution and intensity of participation by gender is the same as for total teaching staff. |
Advanced vocational training (Aufstiegsfortbildung) |
Data on finance, volume |
554, 655, 755 |
2019- |
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Sample survey |
First pilot study on providers of advanced vocational training programmes |
Only average cost rates per participant from a first pilot study carried out in 2018/2019 are available. |
The average expenditure is adjusted with the GDP deflator. Total costs are calculated with the average expenditure and the number of students separately for each of the Federal Länder.The assumption is that these cost have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
Students and entrants in Berufsfachschulen |
ISCED breakdown |
244, 254, |
2004- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Vocational school statistics, |
Data on entrants respectively students by grade for specialised vocational schools (Berufsfachschulen) are only available as a total and not broken down by ISCED levels. In addition the KMK data request provides data on the breakdown of students by ISCED levels. |
Data on entrants/respectively students by grade and ISCED level are estimated by cross tabulation of the breakdown of students (KMK data request) and students by grade at specialised vocational schools (total). |
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344, 351, 353, 354, |
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KMK data request |
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It is assumed that the distribution of entrants to Berufsfachschulen by ISCED level is the same as for students at Berufsfachschulen.. |
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444, 453, 454 |
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and 655 |
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Personnel costs, material cost and capital expenditures for Kindergartens, schools, universities, ancillary services, training assistance and corresponding grants |
ISCED breakdown |
all levels |
1995- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Statistics on education finance |
Data on the expenditure for early childhood education and care, schools, universities etc. are only available in total and not in a breakdown by ISCED level. |
Education expenditure is split proportionately to educational programmes by using data on teachers, students and students lessons for educational programmes. These estimations are calculated at the level of the Federal Länder. These calculations are based on detailed data on employment by salary classes (40 classes) and annual salary for each salary class by type of school in each Land. The personnel costs are distrubuted proportionately to the number of teachers. The material cost and the capital costs are distributed proportionately to the student lessons and the number of students. |
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Student grants and subsidies are allocated in proportion to the distribution of entitled students across the ISCED levels. The breakdown into general and vocational programmes is done in proportion to the number of lessons taught in these fields. |
Assumed pension cost for (currently active) civil servants (not for retired civil servants) |
Volume, |
all levels |
1995- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Statistics on education finance |
There is no pension insurance for civil servants. |
The annual salaries for civil servants are multiplied with the average pension insurance rate for salaried employees (i. e. assumed social security contributions for the pension funds of (currently active) civil servants ) of the National Accounts. The calculation is done for each of the Federal Länder separately. The calculation of the average pension insurance rate in the National Accounts is based on the ESA 10. |
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ISCED breakdown |
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Pension are paid directly by public households at central (Federal), regional (Länder) and local level (Gemeinden). |
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Assistance to costs of medical treatment for (currently active) civil servants (not for retired civil servants) |
Volume, |
all levels |
1995- |
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Population-based value |
Federal Statistical Office, Statistics on education finance |
There is no insurance for medical treatment costs for civil servants and salaried employees can get asssitance to medical treatment costs in some cases. |
The average cost rate per employee is multipliedwith the total number of employed staff in education (eg. teachers, administration) separately for each of the Federal Länder. The assumption is that medical treatment costs are the same for all functions of staff. |
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ISCED breakdown |
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These costs are not split by level of education. |
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Expenditure for teaching materials and transport to university in university education - |
Volume, |
640, 740, 844 |
1995- |
|
Sample based survey |
Social Survey - an empirical analysis of economic and social conditions of students' life, German National Association for Student Affairs (Deutsches Studentenwerkes) |
There are only incomplete data on costs for teaching materials and transport available. |
The average expenditure for teaching materials and transportation is provided by the Social Survey of the German National Association for Student Affairs. The average expenditure is adjusted with the GDP deflator. Total costs are calculated with the average expenditure and the number of students separately for each of the Federal Länder.The assumption is that these cost have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
private/household expenditure |
ISCED breakdown |
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Expenditure for teaching materials and transport to education institutions - |
Volume, |
100, 244, 254, |
1995- |
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Sample based survey |
Federal Statistical Office, sample survey of household income and expenditure (Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe) |
A data source with complete information on the expenditure of private households for education does not exist. But the sample survey of household income and expenditure contains information on private expenditure for education. |
The average expenditure per student is multiplied with the total number of students. These calculations are done for each ISCED level separately. The survey only takes places every five years. In between, it is assumed that expenditures have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
private/household expenditure |
ISCED breakdown |
344, 351, 353, 354, |
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444, 453, 454, |
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554 and 655 |
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Grants to households and students - public expenditure |
ISCED breakdown |
244, 254, |
1995- |
|
Population-based value |
Children´s allowance (Kindergeld) |
Data on children´s allowance are only available in total and not in a breakdown by ISCED level (only the children´s allowance for children between 18 and 25 is included). |
The children´s allowance (Kindergeld) is split proportionately to educational programmes using data on students between 18 years and 25 years for educational programmes. These calculations are based on detailed data on the number of students between 18 years and 25 in each education programme. |
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344, 351, 353, 354, |
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444, 453, 454, |
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554 and 655, |
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640, 740, 844 |
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Enterprise expenditure for the Dual System |
Volume, ISCED breakdown |
35 and 45 |
2000- |
|
Sample based survey |
Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training ( BIBB - Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung), expenditure of enterprises for vocational education and training |
A data source with complete information on the expenditure of private enterprises for vocational education and training does not exist. But the sample survey provides information on average cost rates per student by type of expenditure. The survey is conducted every 5-7 years. |
The average expenditure is adjusted with the GDP deflator. Total costs are calculated with the average expenditure and the number of students separately for each of the Federal Länder.The assumption is that these cost have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
Expenditure of private early childhood education institutions |
Volume, ISCED breakdown |
010 and 020, 100 |
2010- |
|
Sample based survey |
Federal Statistical Office, sample survey |
A data source with complete information on the expenditure of private early childhood education institutions does not exist. But the sample survey provides information on average cost rates per child by type of expenditure. |
The average expenditure is adjusted with the GDP deflator. Total costs are calculated with the average expenditure and the number of children separately for each of the Federal Länder.The assumption is that these cost have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
Expenditure of private schools |
Volume, ISCED breakdown |
020 to 65 |
2013- |
|
Sample based survey |
Federal Statistical Office, sample survey |
nformation on the expenditure of private schools does not exist. But the sample survey provides information on average cost rates per sudent by type of expenditure. |
The average expenditure is adjusted with the GDP deflator. Total costs are calculated with the average expenditure and the number of children separately for each of the Federal Länder.The assumption is that these cost have the same rate of change as the GDP deflator. |
Credit mobilty |
ISCED breakdown |
640, 740, 844 |
2016- |
|
Sample based survey |
Data on graduates |
Until reliable data based on direct reporting of learning mobility by German higher education institutes in the university statistics becomes available, numbers reported are extrapolated from graduation statistics and graduate survey data. The legislative basis for the future data collection was created by the March 2016 amendment of the University Statistics Law (Gesetz über die Statistik für das Hochschulwesen sowie für die Berufsakademien - HStatG). |
Numbers are calculated from proportions of total graduates for each respective category. The total number of graduates for 2015/16 is based on data from the German Graduation Statistic (Federal Statistical Office - Destatis). Proportions of mobile students by level of education, type of mobility scheme, sex, and type of mobility are calculated from graduate survey data (INCHER/ISTAT, IHF, KfBH, Statistisches Bundesamt Baden-Württemberg). |
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*University statistics; Federal Statistical Office |
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Numbers are provided for ISCED levels 6 and 7 only. Due to insufficient data availability numbers for ISCED 8 cannot be provided. |
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Graduate Survey Data |
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Due to sample size all data are rounded to full hundreds; the data by type of mobility scheme are based on proportions and do not necessarily correspond to actual numbers. |
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* International Centre for Higher Education Research/Institute for Applied Statistics (INCHER/ISTAT) |
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* Bavarian State Institute for Higher Education Research and Planning (IHF) |
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Numbers of graduates are directly reported by higher education institutes to the Federal Statistical Office. These are multiplied with proportions calculated from representative graduate survey data (nation-wide data from the KOAB survey and state-specific data from surveys conducted in Bavaria, Saxony, and Baden-Württemberg). Appropriate weights are applied to ensure the representativeness of data provided. |
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* Competence Center for Education and University Research (KfBH) |
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* Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg |
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Student Survey Data |
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* German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies (DZHW) |
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