Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Business Statistics Department, Short-Term Business Statistics Section.
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Lāčplēša Street 1, Riga, LV-1301
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
10 June 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
10 June 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
10 June 2025
3.1. Data description
Industrial production output (110). The purpose of the survey is to provide data for the calculation of Short-Term Statistics (STS) indicators and for the National Accounts to estimate GDP. Industrial production output is published as an index. The index data are presented in the following forms:
Unadjusted;
Calendar adjusted;
Seasonally adjusted.
3.2. Classification system
NACE Rev. 2.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The survey covers sections B, C, D (Groups 35.1 and 35.2) of NACE Rev. 2.
During the reference year, the survey includes enterprises employing 20 or more persons in industrial production, as well as those employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled at the 2-digit division level of NACE Rev. 2 cover at least 80% of Business Structural Statistics turnover in 2022 .
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Volume indices of industrial production measure changes in the volume of industrial output during the reference period compared to the base period. The data refer to production within the calendar month. Industrial production output includes the value of shipments, receipts from industrial work performed, changes in stocks of finished products and work in progress during the reference month, as well as the value of fixed assets produced on own account. The production index is based on the deflated production value.
3.5. Statistical unit
Observation unit - Kind of activity unit (KAU).
Reporting unit - Enterprise.
3.6. Statistical population
In 2024, the number of enterprises surveyed monthly was 1550, with these enterprises accounting for over 80% of the volume of industrial production.
Data are collected from economically active enterprises whose main or secondary activity, according to the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev. 2), falls under Mining and Quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), and Electricity, Gas, Steam, and Air Conditioning Supply (Section D), excluding Group 35.3 – "Steam and Air Conditioning Supply", and have employed 20 or more people in industrial production. The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022. The population of surveyed enterprises may be revised during the reference year by adding new economically active enterprises (in line with the mentioned criteria), updating economic activity classifications based on revised respondent information, or incorporating the latest data from administrative sources.
3.7. Reference area
Latvia.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Time series for this indicator, according to NACE Rev. 2, are available starting from 2000.
3.9. Base period
2021 = 100.
Index.
Month.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The questionnaire is adopted by the Rules of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia No 812 of 20 December 2016.
Rules of Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia No 645 of 14 November 2023 concerning Official Staticstics Programme for 2024-2026.
REGULATION (EC) No 1893/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 December 2006 establishing the statistical classification of economic activities NACE Revision 2 and amending Council Regulation (EEC) No 3037/90 as well as certain EC Regulations on specific statistical domains.
REGULATION (EC) No 223/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and repealing Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1101/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the transmission of data subject to statistical confidentiality to the Statistical Office of the European Communities, Council Regulation (EC) No 322/97 on Community Statistics, and Council Decision 89/382/EEC, Euratom establishing a Committee on the Statistical Programmes of the European Communities.
COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION(EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
The industrial production index is sent to Eurostat, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations Statistics Division.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
The confidentiality of information provided by respondents is protected under Chapter III, Section 17 of the Official Statistics Law, which outlines the rights and obligations of the Central Statistical Bureau and other state authorities responsible for producing official statistics.
Section 17. Data Processing and Statistical Confidentiality
(1) Data obtained in accordance with Sections 14 and 15 of this Law shall be used by a statistical institution for the production of official statistics and the performance of other statutory tasks for the production of official statistics or data processing, except in the cases specified in Sections 25 and 26 of this Law.
(2) The data may be modified, supplemented or combined with other data available to a statistical institution, and also re-used for the performance of the statutory tasks for the production of official statistics or data processing.
(3) While using data, a statistical institution has the right to establish and maintain statistical registers for the production of official statistics.
(4) A statistical institution shall determine the data storage duration by taking into account the needs for the production of official statistics.
(5) Data of a natural person collected for the production of official statistics shall be anonymised immediately after collection, testing and linking thereof, except in the case where personal data are still required for the production of official statistics. The statistical institution shall ensure that the identifying data are stored safely and separately from other data.
(6) A statistical institution shall take all the necessary measures to prevent unauthorised access to data, their modification or dissemination, accidental or unauthorised destruction.
(7) Employees of a statistical institution are prohibited from disclosing data or any other restricted access information brought to their knowledge through the performance of their service or work duties. The provisions of this Paragraph shall also apply to persons who are temporarily involved in the production of official statistics or with whom employment or service relations have been terminated.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Statistical data shall be considered confidential if it directly or indirectly allows the identification of private individuals or state authorities from whom personal statistical data have been provided. Data are considered confidential if contributed by three or fewer respondents, if a single contributor’s share exceeds 80%, or if the share of two contributors exceeds 90%. Data pertaining to individual enterprises are also considered confidential.
8.1. Release calendar
Final data on the Industrial Production Index (IPI) are published on the 34th day after the end of the reference period, according to divisions of NACE Rev. 2. The data are released simultaneously to all interested parties through a press release issued at 13:00 local time. On the same date, the data are also sent to Eurostat. The release calendar is available on the Official Statistics Portal.
Data are released simultaneously to all interested parties through a press release titled "Industrial Production in XXX (month)," distributed to both the media and leading government officials.
Data are transmitted to Eurostat on the same day as the national publication, 34 days after the reference period.
Monthly, quarterly and yearly.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
The following advance release calendar is available on the homepage:
Advance release of the news release. Prepared at the end of the year for the upcoming year;
Planned updates of statistical databases. Prepared at the end of the year for the upcoming year;
Planned release dates at SDDS data page for the coming four months;
Planned release week of statistical publications.
The dataset is subsequently posted on the Official statistics portal. Press release and indicators are also published on the Internet. The CSB publishes monthly, quarterly and annual data of the total production index on the Internet website.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
The dataset is subsequently posted on the Official statistics portal. Press release and indicators are also published on the Internet. The production index is published in the “Statistical Yearbook of Latvia” – annual.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
Information on industrial production indices is available on the Official statistics portal database under section Business sectors/Industry.
Comparable time series are available since 2000 (with the base year 2021).
Data are published in the statistical database. In addition to the total index, indices are published for each field of activity (mainly at the 2-digit level of NACE Rev.2).
Official statistic portal database includes monthly, quarterly and annual time series for the following detailed data: seasonally adjusted, unadjusted, and working day adjusted data on the total production index. These are presented as comparisons with the previous period and the corresponding period of the previous year, with 2021 as the base year (2021=100). Official statistics portal also disseminates seasonally adjusted and unadjusted time series for the main industrial groupings, showing the current period in comparison with the previous period, and with the corresponding period of the previous year, with 2021=100 as the base.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not available.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Data are sent to Eurostat and information on industrial production is available on the homepage of Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT) in section: Database/Short-term business statistics/Industry.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
A short description of the methodology and sources used to compile the industrial production indices are available on the Official statistics portal.
An explanation of terms and conditions in English is given by the Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board of International Monetary Fund.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
The CSB of Latvia has established a quality framework based on Operational Strategy of the CSB, mid-term Strategic Goals in Quality in Statistics and Action Plan of implementation of strategic goals in quality in statistics. Monitoring of Action Plan is performed monthly. The CSB in its actions takes into consideration the European Statistics Code of Practice, the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics of United Nations and ESS Quality Declaration as well as other related legal acts.
The quality of CSB statistics is assessed according to five quality criteria: relevance, accuracy, timeliness and punctuality, accessibility and clarity, coherence and comparability. Quality indicators are calculated following Eurostat’s methodology and documented in the Project's Documentation System.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Every month, the following quality monitoring and assurance indicators are calculated: relevance, accuracy and reliability, timeliness and punctuality, comparability, and coherence.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Data on the Industrial Production Index are available to users through the Official Statistics Portal database and is updated monthly. The main users include Eurostat, the Bank of Latvia, the European Central Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Economy, and the Quarterly National Accounts Section of the Macroeconomic Statistics Department (internal user).
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
No feedback is received from users, and no user satisfaction survey has been conducted. Official Statistics Portal data flow is monitored.
12.3. Completeness
Statistics on industrial production index are available on a monthly basis in accordance with the requirements of Regulation No 2019/2152.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Data are collected from economically active enterprises if their main or secondary activity in compliance with Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2) is Mining and quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (Section D) excluding group 35.3 - "Steam and air conditioning supply" and whose number of employees is 20 or more. The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022.
The response rate is 95%. Accuracy of the first estimates is assessed by mean revision, which is 0.09 for all industry (sections B,C,D). Revisions of first estimates are made due to new responses, as with the last month of every quarter, data also from the previous two months are revised. Number of respondents surveyed by questionnaire is 1550. Population part that is cut off does not exceed 20% in the share of total industrial turnover.
The accuracy is tackled at national level, by eliminating inconsistencies and errors.
13.2. Sampling error
Sampling errors are not calculated for IPI indices.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Over-coverage errors:
There is a classification error in the unit frame, as some units accessible through the frame may not belong to the target population (for example, when an enterprise's activity has changed). This error does not exceed 1%. Changes in unit classification are detected as soon as possible, and the kind of activity is updated accordingly.
Data collection or access errors:
Data collection errors are minimized through data analysis (comparisons of industrial output with administrative data and clarification with respondents where needed).
Unit non-response rate is 5%, Item non-response rate is close to 0.
Editing, coding and imputation errors:
A small part of data is imputed (5%). The imputation is calculated using the enterprise's historical data, the growth rate of similar enterprises within the same NACE code, and expert judgment to determine the imputed value.
Modelling errors:
There are no models used for estimation.
The survey is compulsory. Data submission is available electronically (used by 98% of respondents) and via email (approximately 2%). Follow-up for missing responses begins after the 15th of the month, primarily through telephone contact. 34 days after the end of the reference month, when the first data is published, the response rate is approximately 95%. The response rate at the time of national publication and transmission to Eurostat remains consistent. Imputation is used to address non-response, based on previous submissions from the same enterprise and/or data from comparable enterprises.
14.1. Timeliness
Production index is published at 13:00 local time on the 34th day after the end of the reference month; if the 34th day is weekend or holiday, it is published on the next working day. Questionnaires are sent to the reporting unit at the end of the year for all months of the coming year, asking to give information on each reference month untll the 15th date of the following month. Data collection normally is closed 5 days before the publication.
14.2. Punctuality
The data is published according to the release calendar and sent to Eurostat at the same date when the press release is published in the Official statistics portal.
In 100% of cases, the data is published according to the schedule.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Methods and definitions are comparable with the European ones and cover all national territory.
15.2. Comparability - over time
The Industrial Production Index, published on the Official Statistics Portal database, is available free of charge. The information includes monthly, quarterly, and annual data starting from the year 2000, in accordance with NACE Rev. 2 (down to the two-digit level). The data are comparable over time.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Comparisons are made with monthly industrial turnover, quarterly net turnover and PRODCOM data as well as annual SBS data. The main difference between STS data and annual SBS data are due to different size of sample and different unit of observation (enterprise for SBS and kind of activity unit for STS). PRODCOM and STS data also vary because of different sample size and collecting data by manufactured products. National Accounts use STS data for GDP calculation, mostly there is coherence between data, some differences can be due to different method of calculation.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Computation of lowest level indices: the lowest-level indices are obtained by firstly deflating the gross output data in current prices for each NACE class to the prices of the base year using the corresponding producer price index at 4-digit NACE level. The index is calculated monthly for both the year reviewed and the previous year. The higher level indices are derived by aggregating the basic indices using the value added at factor costs from the latest industrial structural survey as weights that are revised every year.
Aggregation: using base period weights, the lowest-level indices are progressively aggregated to the 3- and 2-digit NACE levels, MIGs, and the total index. Due to small differences between the total MIGs and the total index, the total index at the 2-digit NACE level is used for publication.
In 2024, the number of enterprises surveyed monthly was 1550 and their share in the total volume of industrial production exceeded 80% (from annual SBS data).
In Latvia, statistical questionnaires include a question about the time required for respondents to complete them. According to the results, the annual average response burden for the Industrial Production survey was 1.2 hours per respondent, totaling 1456.5 hours for all enterprises.
17.1. Data revision - policy
The CSB Revision Policy has been established in accordance with European Union and international recommendations and best practices.
CSB statistical data is revised in accordance with the scheduled revision cycle and plan.
Within the context of industry statistics, the revisions of statistical data concern:
Regular revisions of the published data, adding revised or more detailed information; revisions of the published data with the help of seasonal adjustment method.
Long-term planned revisions of the published data in accordance with the changes in methodology or classifications.
Unplanned revisions (correction of errors) are carried out, if a respondent updates, supplements or corrects data on any of the previous periods, or if the methodology changes.
The same revision policy is applied nationally and in transmissions to Eurostat.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Regular (routine) revisions of Industrial Production Index (non-adjusted data) are done every quarter, when publishing data on the last month of the quarter, the data of the previous two months are updated. Revision of sesonal adjusted data are done every month. Calendar adjusted figures, seasonally adjusted figures and trend figures are revised from January 2000 onwards every month. Regular revisions are quite small and usually do no affect totals. In databases metadata users are informed of regular revisions.
In 2024 for unadjusted data the Mean Absolute Revision (MAR) was 0.188 and the Mean Revision (MR) was 0.029, for calendar adjusted data MAR was 0.185 and MR was 0.022.
Long-term planned (major) revisions are conducted following amendments to legal acts, changes in the base year, or updates to classifications that require revisions.
If there are unplanned revisions (correction of errors), the data are corrected as soon as possible. Revised data have a note consisting of date and basic information of revision. Published indices may be revised if the corrections significantly affect the total industrial production index..
In case of changes in methodology or major changes in the data, the public will be informed in advance of the event.
Benchmarking is not used.
18.1. Source data
Data on the volume indices of industrial production are obtained with the help of enterprise survey, building a threshold sample. Data are collected from the CSB monthly survey "1-r "Survey of industrial activity"".
Data are collected from economically active enterprises if their main or secondary activity in compliance with the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2) is Mining and quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (Section D) excluding group 35.3 - "Steam and air conditioning supply" and if 20 and more persons are employed in industrial production.
The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022.
Product coverage: all production of the reporting unit is included in the index.
Classification: NACE Rev. 2 is used to classify enterprises by their economic activity. Reported production data are grouped into more than 160 classes based on the NACE Rev. 2 classification corresponding to each enterprise.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Monthly.
18.3. Data collection
Data are collected with the monthly statistical questionnaire "1-r". Electronic questionnaires can be downloaded on the official website and completed online (98% are submitted this way). Questionnaires can also be submitted via e-mail. Non-responding units are followed up by telephone.
18.4. Data validation
CSB uses the Integrated Statistical Data Management System (ISDMS) as its main program for data entry and processing, which includes automatic control and validation tools. Standard MS Office professional software (MS Excel, MS Access) is used daily for the compilation of industrial statistics.
Data are compared with the previous period and the same period of the previous year.
If some data are missing, administrative data (VAT) from the State Revenue Service are used for imputation.
18.5. Data compilation
The Industrial Production Index (IPI) is calculated using a chain-linked method with the annual overlap technique. This calculation is based on the average monthly volume of products manufactured in the previous year (at constant prices). Weights are derived from the value added by enterprises two years prior, broken down by NACE sections, divisions, groups, and classes. The IPI is computed by adjusting production output indicators at constant prices using producer price indices. Weights are updated annually to reflect changes in the industrial structure. The average output volume from 2021 is used as the base for comparison.
18.6. Adjustment
The production value data are deflated with the producer price index of the corresponding NACE Rev.2 class.
Calendar and seasonal adjustment
A time series is a sequence of observations collected at regular time intervals, for example, a monthly time series. It characterises indicator changes or development thereof. Seasonality and calendar effects are present in a large number of economic time series.
Seasonality or seasonal fluctuations of time series mean those movements, which recur with similar intensity in the same season each year. For example, each year Christmas shopping time can be observed in time series reflecting retail sales statistics. Change of seasons, social habits and influence of institutional factors are among the main causes of seasonality.
The calendar effects cover influence of calendar on time series. It is impact left by differing number of working days (or Mondays, Tuesdays and other days of the week) in months on changes of indicator. For example, number of working days differing among the months may affect goods produced time series.
When the time series are influenced by seasonality or calendar effects, it may be difficult to get clear understanding on indicator changes over the time. Seasonal adjustment is made to eliminate seasonal fluctuations and calendar effects in time series.
As a result seasonally adjusted time series, from which seasonality and calendar effects have been removed, are produced. It means that seasonally adjusted time series provide an estimate for what is “new” in the series, for example turning points in trends, business cycle or irregular component. Moreover seasonal adjustment results in calendar adjusted time series, in which calendar effects or varying number of working days in months has been eliminated. Specifics of seasonally adjusted statistics allows improving data comparability over time:
Seasonally adjusted time series do not contain seasonal fluctuations and calendar effects, thus it is possible to compare, for example, data on the current month with the previous month's data.
Calendar adjusted time series are not influenced by calendar effects and are used to compare, for example, statistics on current month with the data on corresponding month of the previous year.
The seasonal adjustment is made taking into account seasonal adjustment guidelines developed by the European Statistical System.
Software - JDemetra+ 2.2.3.
Seasonal adjustment method - TRAMO/SEATS
Last model revision - For data of January 2024
It must be taken into account that in accordance with current seasonal adjustment methodology, when data on the new period are added, the data on previous period are recalculated; therefore information on previous periods in the adjusted time series may change each month.
There are no known economic outliers in the data.
Automatic outlier detection for the last year period using default critical value.
There is no consistency of different agregation levels, because time series are seasonally adjusted directly.
Industrial production output (110). The purpose of the survey is to provide data for the calculation of Short-Term Statistics (STS) indicators and for the National Accounts to estimate GDP. Industrial production output is published as an index. The index data are presented in the following forms:
Unadjusted;
Calendar adjusted;
Seasonally adjusted.
10 June 2025
Volume indices of industrial production measure changes in the volume of industrial output during the reference period compared to the base period. The data refer to production within the calendar month. Industrial production output includes the value of shipments, receipts from industrial work performed, changes in stocks of finished products and work in progress during the reference month, as well as the value of fixed assets produced on own account. The production index is based on the deflated production value.
Observation unit - Kind of activity unit (KAU).
Reporting unit - Enterprise.
In 2024, the number of enterprises surveyed monthly was 1550, with these enterprises accounting for over 80% of the volume of industrial production.
Data are collected from economically active enterprises whose main or secondary activity, according to the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev. 2), falls under Mining and Quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), and Electricity, Gas, Steam, and Air Conditioning Supply (Section D), excluding Group 35.3 – "Steam and Air Conditioning Supply", and have employed 20 or more people in industrial production. The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022. The population of surveyed enterprises may be revised during the reference year by adding new economically active enterprises (in line with the mentioned criteria), updating economic activity classifications based on revised respondent information, or incorporating the latest data from administrative sources.
Latvia.
Month.
Data are collected from economically active enterprises if their main or secondary activity in compliance with Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2) is Mining and quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (Section D) excluding group 35.3 - "Steam and air conditioning supply" and whose number of employees is 20 or more. The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022.
The response rate is 95%. Accuracy of the first estimates is assessed by mean revision, which is 0.09 for all industry (sections B,C,D). Revisions of first estimates are made due to new responses, as with the last month of every quarter, data also from the previous two months are revised. Number of respondents surveyed by questionnaire is 1550. Population part that is cut off does not exceed 20% in the share of total industrial turnover.
The accuracy is tackled at national level, by eliminating inconsistencies and errors.
Index.
The Industrial Production Index (IPI) is calculated using a chain-linked method with the annual overlap technique. This calculation is based on the average monthly volume of products manufactured in the previous year (at constant prices). Weights are derived from the value added by enterprises two years prior, broken down by NACE sections, divisions, groups, and classes. The IPI is computed by adjusting production output indicators at constant prices using producer price indices. Weights are updated annually to reflect changes in the industrial structure. The average output volume from 2021 is used as the base for comparison.
Data on the volume indices of industrial production are obtained with the help of enterprise survey, building a threshold sample. Data are collected from the CSB monthly survey "1-r "Survey of industrial activity"".
Data are collected from economically active enterprises if their main or secondary activity in compliance with the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2) is Mining and quarrying (Section B), Manufacturing (Section C), Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning (Section D) excluding group 35.3 - "Steam and air conditioning supply" and if 20 and more persons are employed in industrial production.
The sample additionally includes enterprises employing fewer than 20 people, to ensure that the data compiled on Divisions of NACE Rev. 2 (data at 2-digit level) cover at least 80% of business structural statistics turnover in 2022.
Product coverage: all production of the reporting unit is included in the index.
Classification: NACE Rev. 2 is used to classify enterprises by their economic activity. Reported production data are grouped into more than 160 classes based on the NACE Rev. 2 classification corresponding to each enterprise.
Monthly, quarterly and yearly.
Production index is published at 13:00 local time on the 34th day after the end of the reference month; if the 34th day is weekend or holiday, it is published on the next working day. Questionnaires are sent to the reporting unit at the end of the year for all months of the coming year, asking to give information on each reference month untll the 15th date of the following month. Data collection normally is closed 5 days before the publication.
Methods and definitions are comparable with the European ones and cover all national territory.
The Industrial Production Index, published on the Official Statistics Portal database, is available free of charge. The information includes monthly, quarterly, and annual data starting from the year 2000, in accordance with NACE Rev. 2 (down to the two-digit level). The data are comparable over time.
