Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
National Accounts, Climate and Environment, Economic Statistics
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
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1.5. Contact mail address
Sankt Kjelds Plads 11, 2100 Copenhagen
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
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1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
23 October 2026
2.2. Metadata last posted
23 October 2026
2.3. Metadata last update
23 October 2026
3.1. Data description
Supply, use and input-output tables provide a detailed picture of how goods and services are imported, produced and used in the Danish economy or exported. Supply and use tables are the basic building blocks in the compilation of the Danish national accounts. They are compiled by including a wide range of sources that state how goods and services enter the economy and how they are used. The organisation of the many detailed data in a supply and use system ensures high data quality and, not least, consistency in the figures. The tables make it possible to balance supply and use against each other, and to ensure that estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are the same regardless of whether they are calculated from the production or use side.
The supply-use system is based on these fundamental relationships:
Total supply = production + imports
Total use = input in production + household consumption + NPISH consumption + government consumption + gross capital formation + exports
After reconciliation supply equals use for all products. In the Danish national accounts, balances are worked on for approximately 2,350 goods and services, which are collectively called products. The number of products may vary slightly from year to year, as some products are eliminated and new ones are added. When compiling supply and use tables, 117 industries are worked on.
The Supply table shows in the rows which products are produced in the economy, and in the columns which industries produce them. As a column in the table, the amount of each product imported is also shown. The customs duty on imports can either be counted as part of the supply, or kept separately. Both production and imports are calculated at basic prices. This means that the profits, taxes and subsidies as well as VAT that may be imposed on the products when they are registered as use are kept outside the supply table. The row totals in the supply table are the total supply of each product at basic prices. As is the case in the transmission of the supply table to Eurostat, you can choose to add extra columns to the supply table, which contain columns for the trade and transport margins, taxes less subsidies and VAT that are imposed on the individual products. This converts the table's row totals in basic prices to purchasers' prices.
The use table shows the same products in the rows as the supply table, but here the columns represent the uses of the products. The first part of the use table has industries in the columns and shows the input of goods and services that are necessary for the industries to produce. The second half of the use table shows how much of each product goes to final uses, which include products that are fully processed and that can meet the needs of consumers or are accumulated as investments for the construction or maintenance of the capital stock. Final uses include consumption expenditure, investment and exports. Consumption expenditure consists of the purchase of products by households, the public sector or NPISH (Non Profit Institutions Serving Households). Investments are purchases of products that can be used repeatedly in production and last for more than one year plus changes in inventory. Exports are sales of products from the Danish economy to the rest of the world.
When compiling the Danish supply and use tables, a significant disaggregation of the categories of final use mentioned above is used. Household consumption is thus divided into 83 COICOP categories. The individual part of public consumption is divided into market and non-market, and both parts are further divided according to the COICOP classification. Collective government consumption is divided into 10 categories according to the COFOG classification. Finally, investments are divided into 13 different types, including e.g. Buildings, Machinery or R&D.
Below the use table there are additional rows showing how gross value added is calculated. Here the following definitions apply, which should give the same result, the ESA codes are shown in brackets:
Gross value added (B.1g) = compensation of employees (D1) + other taxes on production, net (D29-D39) + gross surplus on production and mixed income (B.2g) + (B.3g)
The first definition of gross value added from the production side (P1-P2) can be calculated from the supply and use tables, while data for gross value added from the income side come from other parts of the national accounts.
Statistics Denmark currently publishes only some totals at industry level from the Danish supply and use tables in Statbank. The detailed relationships between supply and use at product level are not published due to confidentiality reasons. Users who wish to work with the most detailed tables can apply for access through Denmarks Data Window. There are plans to publish the material in a more aggregated form. Statistics Denmark transmits supply and use tables to Eurostat annually. Data is transmitted to Eurostat in the A64 classification which means 64 products and 64 industries, and on a voluntary basis also in the A88 classification, which means that there are 88 products and 88 industries. The following tables are all transmitted annually in both current and previous year's prices:
T1500 Supply table in basic prices, including a transformation to purchasers' prices
T1600 Use table in purchasers' prices
T1610 Use table in basic prices
T1611 Use table in basic prices, only Danish production
T1612 Use table in basic prices, only imports
T1620 Use table of trade and transport margins
T1630 Use table of taxes on products less subsidies, including VAT and import-related taxes
T1631 Use table of taxes on products less subsidies, including import-related taxes, excluding VAT (not published by Eurostat)
T1632 Use table of VAT (not published by Eurostat)
T1633 Use table of taxes on products (not published by Eurostat)
T1634 Use table of subsidies on products (not published by Eurostat)
Under certain assumptions it is possible to combine supply and use tables into input-output tables. While supply and use tables can be considered a statistical product, input-output tables are more often referred to as an analytical tool. The Danish input-output tables provide a detailed, symmetrical picture of the Danish economy, which makes it possible to analyse direct and indirect relationships between production, foreign trade and consumption at a detailed level. In the input-output table, inputs and outputs must be classified symmetrically, either as products or industries. This is an advantage in many analytical contexts, including in economic models. The Danish input-output tables form an integrated part of the national accounts and are consistent with them both in individual years and over time.
In the manuals from Eurostat and the United Nations, which deal with the compilation of input-output tables, generally 4 methods are specified for converting supply and use tables to input-output tables, A, B, C and D. The first two result in product-product tables while the last two result in industry-industry input-output tables. Statistics Denmark produces input-output tables only based on method D. Here it is assumed that "each product has its own fixed sales structure, regardless of which industry produces it". It is therefore assumed that if industry 1 produces 80 per cent of the supply of a product, and industry 2 produces the remaining 20 per cent, all users of this product will get 80 per cent of their delivery from industry 1 and 20 per cent from industry 2. Based on this assumption, the supply of products is reclassified to be a supply from industries. Exactly the same routine for reclassification is used for imported products. This means that what starts out as an import of tomatoes is transformed into an import from the foreign agricultural industry.
The input-output tables occupy a special position in relation to the other national accounts data due to their immediate applicability as a basis for a certain type of economic model, the so-called input-output model. The model is by nature completely linear and therefore simple to use. By taking into account the interdependencies between the sectors in the economy, the model can tell how large the effects are on the production of all sectors of a change in demand in a single sector. These are the so-called indirect effects. The analytical possibilities of the input-output tables are significantly increased when, for example, they can be combined with supplementary data that are consistent with the structure of the tables via an input-output model. Statistics Denmark's input-output tables have the industry dimension in common with a number of statistics. This applies, for example, to statistics on employment and hours worked, which are prepared in the National Accounts, and this applies to the Green National Accounts, where, for example, energy consumption, air emissions, waste and water consumption are calculated for the same sectors as the input-output tables. It enables a wide range of environmental-economic analyses, where environmental statistics in physical quantities are linked to the monetary part of the economy using input-output tables.
The input-output tables are prepared in both current prices and previous year's prices each year, and cover the entire period from 1966 to t-3 (where t is the current year). Statistics Denmark also prepares newer, but more aggregated input-output tables, which are prepared by updating the latest final input-output table with newer data for the totals in the table, and then updating the content of the table using the mathematical method GRAS. Due to the more imperfect data basis, which is not supported by supply and use tables, these tables are not as reliable as the final versions in full dimension.
As an example of the use of input-output tables, the table NAIOVB is published. It contains import-adjusted growth contributions, which are calculated with an input-output model based on the input-output tables.
The input-output tables are published in the 117*117 industry dimension in the Statbank and as downloads of finished tables in Excel and CSV file formats.
The input-output tables are also transmitted to Eurostat in both the A64 and the A88 dimension and industry*industry format. Each year, the tables are transmitted in current and previous year's prices:
T1750 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), Danish production and imports combined
T1850 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), Danish production, imports in one row
T1950 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), imports only
3.2. Classification system
Danish supply and use tables and input-output tables are so closely integrated that classifications and groupings are the same in both places. The industries are classified according to the Danish Industry Code 2007 (DB07), which is a Danish version of the international nomenclatures - the European Union's NACE, Rev. 2 and the United Nation's ISIC, Rev. 4. DB07 contains a number of standard groupings: the 127, 36, 19, and 10 groupings. The 117 industry grouping of the final national accounts corresponds - with a few deviations - to the 127 standard grouping and the 117 industries of the national accounts can be aggregated to the other standard groupings. The few deviations are the construction industries, where the national accounts have a more activity-based division, e.g. a division between new construction and repairs, and the trade industries that are limited to only one wholesale trade industry and one retail trade industry that only produces margins (sales minus the purchase of traded goods). The second deviation is the national accounts' special calculation of the rental value of owner-occupied housing, which is not a specific industry in DB07. Thirdly, the national accounts introduce the industry “Renting of non-residential buildings”. Finally, the national accounts divide a handful of industries into market and non-market. In connection with the transmission of data to Eurostat, industries are aggregated to NACE A64 and A88 levels.
Household consumption as well as the individual part of public consumption are found in the input-output tables divided according to the COICOP classification, while the collective part of public consumption is divided according to the COFOG classification.
The Danish supply and use tables work with a classification of the approximately 2,350 products, which for goods is the Harmonised System (HS), while services are coded according to CPA. As a part of the transmission of supply and use data to Eurostat, products aggregate to the required 64 and 88 CPA codes.
3.3. Coverage - sector
All sectors in the national accounts are covered (S.11 non-financial corporations, S.12 financial corporations, S.13 general government, S.14 NPISH, S.15 households).
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The national accounts as well as the input-output tables are compiled according to the definitions in the European Union's "European System of National and Regional Accounts - ESA2010", which is a European version of the United Nations' "A System of National Accounts 2008". Chapter 9 in the ESA manual gives a framework for compiling supply and use tables and how they can be used to compile input-output tables.
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical unit is the local KAU. In some cases (e.g. construction and trade) the unit of homogeneous production is used.
3.6. Statistical population
The Danish national accounts are exhaustive. Every annual calculation is made in “level”. Primary statistics are based on the statistical population in the business register, which covers all Danish enterprises.
3.7. Reference area
The reference area is the Kingdom of Denmark excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
3.8. Coverage - Time
The Danish supply and use tables are available in a consistent time series from 2014 to t-3 in current prices (where t is the current year). Tables in previous years' prices are available for the period 2015 to t-3. Preliminary supply and use tables are prepared for t-2 at a more aggregated level. The input-output tables are available for all years since 1966 and up to t-3. The tables follow the publication of the final national accounts, and the most recent year is currently t-3. As mentioned earlier, preliminary input-output tables are also prepared for the years t-2 and t-1, although only for 69 industries. Supply and use tables as well as input-output tables have been transmitted to Eurostat for the period 2010 to 2022. For the period 2015-2022 the transmission is complete covering all of the tables mentioned in section 3.1 in A64 as well as A88 classification. For the period 2010-2014 the transmission is not as complete and covers only the A64 classification. Furthermore, the data for the years 2010-2014 have not been brought to comply fully with the benchmark revision in 2024, as it is the case for the 2015-2022 data.
3.9. Base period
Every final year (t-3) is a base year. It is compiled from surveys and micro statistics covering the year in question and not by extending or extrapolating data from previous years.
The supply and use tables are prepared, like the input-output tables, in 1000 Danish kroner (DKK). Tables are prepared in both current prices and previous year's prices. In the transmission to Eurostat, the unit is million DKK, but with 3 decimal places. Eurostat publishes the Danish SUIOTs in the national currency and in million euros (EUR).
The reference period of the data in the annual final national accounts, which includes supply, use and input-output tables, is the calendar year. Flow data refer to transactions during the year, while employment data are averages over the year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The act on Statistics Denmark (Lov om Danmarks Statistik) subsections 6 and 8-12.
Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (ESA2010) (OJ L 174, 26. June 2013, p. 1).
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Data are transmitted to Eurostat in accordance with the ESA 2010 Transmission Programme. At European level, data exchange and coordination are organised by Eurostat, which shares national accounts data with other international organisations such as the OECD, IMF and the United Nations under established cooperation agreements. At national level, coordination takes place within Statistics Denmark to ensure consistency between the national accounts and related statistics, including sector accounts, employment and price statistics.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Not relevant for this statistics. The published supply, use and input-output tables for Denmark do not contain confidential data.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
At the most detailed product level there is a couple of confidential data, which is why public access to the full supply and use table is limited. At the input-output level, this detailed information is aggregated with other data, so here it is not a problem.
8.1. Release calendar
The publication date appears in the release calendar. The date is confirmed in the weeks before.
8.2. Release calendar access
The Release Calendar can be accessed on our English website: Release Calendar.
8.3. Release policy - user access
Statistics are always published at 08:00 a.m. on the date announced in the release calendar. No one outside Statistics Denmark has access to the statistics prior to publication.
Supply and use tables are not currently published in their entirety in Denmark. Various totals and derived figures such as GDP are published annually as part of the general publication of national accounts Main Aggregates. Input-output tables are published once a year together with the main aggregates of the national accounts.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
There is no specific news release about supply and use tables or input-output tables.
National accounts and input-output data can be found in Statbank.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
It is possible to get access to the most detailed Danish supply and use tables through Denmark's Data Window.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
The Danish supply and use tables as well as input-output tables that are transmitted to Eurostat can be accessed from the Eurostat webpage.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
A more detailed methodological document for the Danish national accounts has been prepared for Eurostat, the so-called GNI documentation.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Documentation on quality management and quality assurance at Statistics Denmark is available in the form of common guidelines and manuals describing the principles and procedures for statistical production. These include descriptions of quality principles, documentation requirements and standards for metadata. Relevant aspects are described in the other quality sections of this statistical documentation.
11.1. Quality assurance
Quality assurance at Statistics Denmark is integrated into the statistical production processes and is carried out in accordance with the principles of the Code of Practice for European Statistics. Read more on the page Quality in official statistics.
Quality assurance includes the continuous use of standardised procedures, documentation in line with international standards and internal controls related to data collection, data processing and dissemination. Experience gained from production is continuously used to identify needs for adjustments and improvements.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The supply and use tables are highly relevant because they are the basis for calculating GDP, which is the most widespread and important national accounts variable, as well as a large number of other variables from the national accounts. The tables are also highly relevant as a source basis for the compilation of input-output tables. The input-output tables are central in connection with the compilation of large economic models used in economic policy planning, and for a wide range of analysis purposes.
The supply and use tables are fully consistent with data from Public Finance and External Economy, which is also reflected in the input-output tables. The full consistency between supply and use tables and input-output tables is a great advantage for users. For Statistics Denmark, comparability over time is a high priority. Thus, only the most recent year is changed in the final versions of the tables. There is a high degree of comparability with similar data from other EU countries because the accounts are prepared according to the same guidelines.
Eurostat monitors the specific methods and calculation procedures behind the compilation of the supply and use tables closely. The calculation of GDP and GNI is subject to the GNI legislation, The Gross National Income Regulation (EU) 2019/516 (2019/516). Every year, Statistics Denmark reports data to the EU under this regulation, and the reports are included in the 5-year control rounds.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The primary use of the supply and use tables is in Statistics Denmark. Here, the tables function primarily as a source for calculating GDP and a wide range of other variables, which are published in Statbank and transmitted to Eurostat. Some users outside Statistics Denmark receive the full supply and use tables through their account in Statistics Denmark's Research Service. The other important use is as input for the compilation of the input-output tables. As previously mentioned, various compilations of the supply and use tables are transmitted to Eurostat, where the figures are published on their website.
Input-output tables can be regarded as data sets particularly well suited for analyses of detailed economic production and consumption structures. Input-output tables as well as -models are particularly well suited for general assessments of economic policies, the influence of various industries or groups of industries, the dependence between industries or between industries and final demand etc., including measures of CO2 emissions related to various economic activities. Such calculations are of particular interest to Government administration, ministries, trade associations, consultancy companies, organisations, etc.
Likewise, input-output tables are built into the core of most major macroeconomic and general equilibrium models used for economic planning, etc. This applies primarily to the ADAM, MAKRO and Green Reform models, which are major users of input-output data.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
The internal users of the supply and use tables at Statistics Denmark are very satisfied with the product. It is unknown how satisfied the few external users of the tables are.
12.3. Completeness
National accounts and input-output tables meet the requirements in the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of May 21 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union (ESA2010) (OJ L 174 26. June 2013, p. 1).
The Danish supply and use tables are transmitted to Eurostat in an aggregated form, without any form of discretization. However, they are not currently published in Denmark. For confidentiality reasons, we cannot publish the most detailed tables, but there are plans to publish at a level that is more detailed than that transmitted to Eurostat.
Statistics Denmark has been transmitting a complete set of supply, use and input-output tables for the mandatory years 2010 to t-3 (with t being the current year)
13.1. Accuracy - overall
It is not possible to give a quantitative estimate of the accuracy of the supply and use tables and the input-output tables. The supply and use tables collect a large number of primary data, all of which have been debugged and checked in advance. When data is collected in this way, there are opportunities to confront data from different sources and examine their consistency, and in cases where there is inconsistency, the figures are corrected. This contributes to a precision that is at least as good as in the primary statistics. The precision of the national accounts figures is continuously maintained by reconciling the national accounts at a very detailed level, and the central variable GDP is calculated from both the production, use and income sides. The preliminary supply and use tables prepared for the year (t-2) are subject to greater uncertainty than the final annual tables (t-3). This is because the data base is less complete at t-2, and the figures are therefore partly based on a projection of structures from the most recent final year. The same reservation applies to the preliminary input-output tables, which are prepared for the years t-2 and t-1.
During the five-annual data revisions, data is reviewed for any major errors, which are subsequently corrected.
13.2. Sampling error
Not relevant for this statistics.
13.3. Non-sampling error
One central assumption (method D) is necessary to get from product balances to input-output tables. It is the “fixed product sales assumption” that says that regardless of the final use for which a product is supplied, it will be supplied in the same relative proportion between Danish production and imports by industry. By introducing this single, but necessary assumption, the calculation moves away from actual statistics that can be observed in the real economy. The assumption will inevitably result in certain cells in the tables being overestimated and certain cells being underestimated compared to what they would be if it were possible to measure the economic transactions that the cells represent directly.
14.1. Timeliness
National accounts variables such as GDP based on the annual supply and use matrices are published together with the input-output tables once a year, at the end of June. This is 2.5 years or 30 months after the end of the statistical year.
14.2. Punctuality
The supply, use and input-output tables are usually published without delay according to schedule.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Internationally, comparability between Danish and foreign supply and use tables is very good within the EU countries, due to the common manual ESA2010, which all countries follow, and due to the EU's work within the framework of the GNI legislation. Of course, not all EU countries have equally good primary data, so in this light there may be challenges in an international comparison within the EU. International comparisons that go beyond the EU borders can be based on the fact that many countries follow the UN manual for national accounts SNA08.
International comparisons of IO tables are less clear-cut than for supply and use tables. Again, this is most obvious within the EU, but here the countries have made different choices with regard to the central model assumption. Some countries, such as Denmark, only produce tables based on method D, which provides an industry-by-industry matrix, while the majority of countries follow the EU's instructions to compile product-by-product matrices. Outside the EU, many countries also follow the SNA and the UN manual for compiling supply and use tables and input-output tables, so there is a considerable degree of comparability between countries.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Statistics Denmark has prepared very detailed supply and use tables for the period from 1966 onwards. Since then, new manuals have been published (SNA68, SNA95, SNA08 and SNA25), and new industry classifications have been implemented several times. Furthermore, the Danish data material has been revised significantly a number of times. Each time, an attempt has been made to implement all changes in the most recent years and as far back in time as possible given the resources available. Each time, it has been necessary to leave some of the oldest supply and use tables unrevised, because it has not been possible to go all the way back. Data and method revision on tables with 2350 products and 117 industries requires months of work by a number of people if the quality of the tables is to be good. At present, the tables from 2014 onwards are fully consistent with the latest table from 2022. In previous years' prices, the tables from 2015 to 2022 are consistent.
Over time, input-output tables have been continuously made as far back in time as the supply and use tables have been consistent with the latest edition. In connection with the revisions where a number of the oldest supply and use tables have had to be abandoned, revisions have been made back in time at the input-output table level. For 2014 onwards, the input-output tables are now based on the supply and use tables of the national accounts, while the tables for the period 1966 to 2013 have been obtained by adapting an older set of tables to new classifications and definitions, while attempts have been made to correct known data problems. This has enabled us to maintain a consistent series of input-output tables from 1966 up to the latest year. The national accounts totals, which represent parts of the goods and services cycle, including e.g. GDP, have been derived from these reversed input-output tables. For these totals, which are published in the Statbank and reported to Eurostat, there is thus full consistency with the input-output tables.
Please note that for the period 1966-2013, the older set of tables was already the result of adjustments due to earlier changes in classifications, methods and data revisions. Thus, for the period 1966-2013, there is a greater distance from the primary statistical data to the input-output tables in their current form, which implies some uncertainty in the figures. The uncertainty in the tables must be expected to be greater the earlier the years considered.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Since the industry classification of the input-output tables is the same as that of the national accounts, which is derived from the Danish Industry Code DB07, the values of the tables can be compared with other statistics compiled by industry. However, comparisons with other statistics at a detailed industry level will often show deviations, partly due to differences in the definition of variables, partly due to the national accounts' desire for calendar year delimitation and its requirement for total coverage of economic activity.
We aim to ensure a very good correlation between the input-output tables and the Green National Accounts, which are published by Statistics Denmark. Based on the SEEA manual, accounts are drawn up for energy, emissions, waste, water consumption, etc. that can be directly linked to the Danish input-output tables and contribute to a wide range of environmental and economic analyses, including the calculation of the climate footprint.
Supply and use tables are fully consistent with NAMA (National Accounts Main Aggregates) for the years 2015 to t-3 (where t is the current year)
15.4. Coherence - internal
Please refer to section 18.4.
There is no direct reporting burden associated with the compilation of supply and use tables and input-output tables. The supply and use tables are based on Micro-data that are collected in other parts of Statistics Denmark anyway. Input-output tables are derived from the final national accounts.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark. The common procedures and principles of the Revision Policy are for some statistics supplemented by a specific revision practice.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Revisions to the figures are only taken into account in connection with the five-yearly benchmark revisions, where we then ensure that the figures are corrected back in time if necessary to maintain consistency of the time series. The preliminary supply and use tables and input-output tables will of course be replaced by the final versions of the same when they are available, because a richer supply of source data now enables higher quality statistics. A description of the latest revision of the Danish national accounts is available online (Danish only).
18.1. Source data
The main sources for compiling supply and use tables in current prices are the following:
Accounts statistics for non-agricultural private sector (SBS)
Sales by manufacturing industries (PRODCOM)
General enterprise statistics
Manufacturers' purchases of goods and services
Accounts for public corporations
Economic accounts for agriculture
Government finance statistics
Financial industries and FISIM compiled on a NA basis
Accounts statistics for non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH)
Energy accounts
Balance of payments and external trade statistics
Household budget survey
The main sources for the compilation of supply and use tables in previous year's prices are:
Producer price indices for goods and services
Producer price indices for construction
Construction cost indices
Consumer price indices and net price indices (consumer price indices excluding taxes)
Price indices for agricultural sales
Wage indices
Unit price indices from import and export statistics
Volume indicators: Energy supply and use, transportation, final individual consumption expenditure of government
The balancing process of the SUTs serves as a central control of the quality and reliability of the data. The compilation of SUTs is not solely to provide a reliable base for IOT, but also to provide a confrontation between estimates from different sources at a very detailed level. See also section 18.4.
The input-output table is almost entirely based on the SUTs. The only exceptions are the elements of Gross value added; Other taxes on production, Compensation of employees and Gross operating surplus and mixed income are all obtained from other sources in the national accounts.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
The supply and use tables play a central role in estimating the National Accounts Main Aggregates. Supply and use tables are therefore compiled every year in full detail like every year is a benchmark year. This implies that source data are collected and processed every year with no use of extrapolations of values from previous years. The Danish supply and use tables are released with a delay of 2.5 years, i.e. year t-3.
Preliminary annual supply and use tables are calculated every year for year t-2 at a lower level of detail based somewhat on extrapolations and structures from the most recent final SUT's, available at t-3.
The input-output tables are prepared once a year and disseminated at the same time as the final annual national accounts, and data for this process is collected as soon as the supply and use tables are available in a final version.
18.3. Data collection
There is no specific collection of primary data to build the supply and use tables. Data is collected in other parts of Statistics Denmark and delivered to the national accounts in datasets that have already been debugged and prepared.
Data for the input-output tables are available as prepared datasets as well.
18.4. Data validation
The initial data validation comprises formal checks including format of the files, internal consistency of the data and checking for any changes in the content of data. Then follows the main steps in the data validation process, which are the following:
When targets (at the industry level) for total output, input, GFCF etc. are compiled a number of problems are revealed, investigated further and corrected if necessary.
When the first version of the – unbalanced – SUT file is put together it is necessary to compare the initial estimates of supply for certain product groups with estimated use. A closer study often reveals errors in primary statistics or in the internal compilation process.
Problems will usually be solved in cooperation with the relevant statistical sources domains. The inquiries are of considerable importance for the quality of the SUT and hence the national accounts.
In recent years many of the problems have been related to globalization. A “large cases unit” (LCU), established in 2015, monitors the large multinational corporations and their complex business models (profiling) and confronts data reported by these units before they enter the national accounts.
Generally, it can be said that balancing of supply and use tables as a mean of data validation, provides a systematic confrontation of data that captures a lot of inconsistencies. One of the strongest cross-checks is comparing information on supply and demand at the product level (or groups of products).
The complete integration of the input-output tables with the final national accounts and supply and use tables means that the data validation of the input-output tables primarily consists of ensuring that all data found in both statistics are the same.
Upon receipt of Danish supply and use tables as well as input-output tables, Eurostat performs a further series of validity and consistency checks. The error messages and warnings that come back from Eurostat can be divided into three categories:
Explainable deviations in Danish data from Eurostat's normal. These can be, for example, negative values in certain investment categories. This occurs in Danish data when, for example, investment goods (transport equipment) or large consumer goods (e.g. yachts) are sold (disinvested). These deviations are explained to Eurostat and entered on a list of repeated deviations in the Danish data so that Eurostat does not have to notice them again the following year.
Errors that occurred in connection with the transformation of Danish data into the format in which data must be reported, including the attachment of all necessary metadata. These errors are corrected as soon as information about them is received and the data is resent to Eurostat.
Actual errors in supply and use tables and/or input-output tables. These errors are extremely rare, as they would normally have been discovered already in Statistics Denmark's work on compiling and publishing these tables. The few errors that have occurred have been quite small and have already been known to us. In the Danish national accounts, errors in already published data are only corrected in connection with the 5-yearly benchmark revisions, and it is therefore normally difficult to meet Eurostat's desire to correct such errors before the next benchmark revision.
18.5. Data compilation
The final year (t-3) supply and use tables (SUT) comprise 117 industries and approximately 2,350 products. Household consumption consists of 83 groups. Individual government consumption contains 32 COICOP-based groups, while non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) consumption includes 10 COICOP-based categories. Government collective consumption is divided into 10 groups based on COFOG (see also S.3.2). Finally, investment is split into 13 categories, such as buildings, machinery, and R&D. For the first preliminary year (t-2), a more aggregated SUT is compiled, featuring 81 industries, 72 consumption groups, and around 350 products.
Current prices
For the final year initial and independent estimates for GDP by the production approach (GDP(P)) and expenditure approach (GDP(E)) are compiled as described below:
GDP(P): After initial processing of various primary source data (accounting statistics), the data are transferred to a common accounting plan and mapped to national accounts industries within the "Intermediate System". Conceptual adjustments are then made to align the figures with national accounts definitions for production and intermediate consumption.
GDP(E): The largest share of expenditure-based GDP is calculated using direct estimates for the various expenditure components. The main exceptions are household final consumption expenditure on items such as hotel, restaurant, and dwelling services.
The SUT is then compiled through the following steps:
Target totals and product-level values that can be entered directly into the system as predetermined variables are collected. These include all energy-related data, which are compiled independently within the Energy Accounts system.
An initial version of the SUT is compiled in three steps:
The supply matrix, showing the supply of products by industry, is established. This matrix is normally fixed at this stage and left unaltered throughout the remaining SUT compilation process.
An initial version of the use table is created by inflating the use table at previous year's prices to current price levels. The new target totals for intermediate consumption by industry, final use by COICOP/COFOG groups, and investment categories are then used to update the initial use matrix via a vertical proportional distribution.
The intermediate and final use of products is updated through a proportional horizontal distribution of the total supply by product, balancing product supply and use. After this step, the column sums will usually deviate from the use-side targets. Total trade and transport margins, as well as total VAT, may also differ from their respective targets.
The initial SUT is adjusted manually to closely examine unresolved imbalances. In many cases, these imbalances reveal errors in primary data or calculations. Adjustments and corrections are entered to create a revised, though not yet final, version of the tables.
Discrepancies between totals and targets are eliminated, except where minor differences are deemed acceptable. Trade and transport margins, along with VAT, are adjusted to match their targets. This step is a largely automated process.
As a final step, exports by product are split into domestically produced goods and re-exports (imported goods). This split is based on the shares from the previous year. The original breakdown, dating several years back, was based on internal national accounts research. Recently, the size and distribution of re-exports were cross-checked against re-export data from the foreign trade statistics department at Statistics Denmark. The findings showed that the two sets of numbers were surprisingly close.
Previous year's prices
All products in the current price SUT are included in the deflation process, and each product is assigned a price index at basic prices (covering production, imports, exports, and consumption). Price indices from the supply side—specifically from production and imports—serve as the primary source. A few exceptions exist, including energy, where volume indicators are used directly. Domestic use at basic prices is deflated using the implicit price index of the residual between total supply and exports, ensuring that each product balances at basic prices. Government individual consumption expenditure is deflated from the output side using volume indicators.
Because output and input are deflated independently, special indices for Gross Value Added (GVA) are not required; GVA is calculated directly through this double-deflation procedure.
Input-output-tables
The Danish input-output tables are based almost entirely on the supply and use tables. Compilation broadly follows Eurostat and UN manual guidelines. Transforming supply and use tables into input-output tables requires a few strong assumptions regarding product flows in the economy. Therefore, choosing the transformation method is a critical aspect of the compilation process. The relevant manuals outline four different methods based on various assumptions. Statistics Denmark produces input-output tables using Method D. This method assumes that "each product has its own fixed sales structure, regardless of which industry produces it." For example, if Industry 1 produces 80% of a product and Industry 2 produces the remaining 20%, all users of this product are assumed to source 80% from Industry 1 and 20% from Industry 2. While this does not always hold true in reality, it is considered the method that introduces the least distortion to the supply and use data. Method D results in an industry-by-industry input-output table.
First step: The basic price supply table is split into a domestically produced component and an imported component. Statistics Denmark does not compile a full matrix of imports by intermediate or final use categories. Instead, we use a vector of imports by product (approximately 1,950 products) and a corresponding vector of customs duties on those imported products. Consequently, we calculate a vector of import coefficients to determine the imported share of supply for each product. Since exports are already split into domestic output and re-exports in the supply and use tables, we only need to calculate imports for domestic intermediate and final use. The formula is structured as follows: import_coefficients = (imports - re-exports) / ((domestic output - exports) + (imports - re-exports)) In matrix formulation, the use matrix (excluding exports) is pre-multiplied by a diagonal matrix containing this vector to generate the import matrix. The domestically produced component is the remaining part of the initial use matrix.
Second step: The two new use tables are transformed from a product-by-use category format into an industry-by-use category table using Method D. To achieve this, a market-share matrix is calculated from the supply matrix. This product-by-industry market-share matrix shows the proportion of each product produced across the 117 industries. For products not produced in Denmark, rows in the matrix initially contain only zeros. To address this, we maintain and update a list of all products in the system alongside their "characteristic industry"—meaning the industry where the product most likely would have been produced. For instance, bananas are included on this list; though not produced in Denmark, their characteristic industry is Agriculture. Using the market-share matrix, we transform both the domestic use table and the imported use table from products to industries. Thus, for imported products that are also produced in Denmark, we assume they are distributed across foreign industries in the same relative proportions as domestic production. This means that if Industry 1 in Denmark produces 80% of a product and Industry 2 produces the remaining 20%, we assume that 80% of our imports of this product originate from the foreign equivalent of Industry 1 and 20% from Industry 2. If an imported product is not produced in Denmark at all, we assume it is imported entirely from its designated characteristic industry.
Third step: The remaining price layers between basic and purchasers' prices must be incorporated into the table. Since the column sums in an input-output table are in purchasers' prices, information regarding margins and taxes must be added alongside the basic price cells. The Danish supply and use table system includes data for each product on basic prices, wholesale and retail margins, product taxes, VAT, and purchasers' prices. The Danish tables do not include separate transport margins, as these are treated as part of wholesale trade margins. Therefore, this text refers exclusively to trade margins. We then compile matrices for margins, product taxes, and VAT using roughly the same methodology as the basic price matrices.The matrix of trade margins is aggregated and allocated to the following three industries:
G45 (450000): Wholesale and retail trade margins from the sale of motor vehicles and related items.
G46 (460000): Wholesale trade margins.
G47 (470000): Retail trade margins.
Wholesale trade margins are allocated to G46, and retail trade margins to G47. The share of margins allocated to G45 is determined through a calculation that reallocates specific margins from G46 and G47, based on past investigations into which products are fully or partially sold by enterprises residing within industry G45. The matrices for net product taxes and VAT are likewise summed and placed at the bottom of the input-output table.
To produce input-output tables in previous years' prices, the exact same procedure is carried out using the supply and use tables in previous years' prices.
As an example of how these input-output tables are applied, Statistics Denmark publishes calculations of import-adjusted growth contributions using the input-output method. This method utilizes the input-output tables and models to calculate the direct and indirect imports generated by individual final demand components. These imports are subsequently deducted from the respective final use components to isolate the Danish-produced share of final demand. Based on these components, which combined constitute Danish GDP, the final contribution of each final demand component to total GDP growth can be determined.
18.6. Adjustment
All relevant adjustments are described in the sections above.
Supply, use and input-output tables provide a detailed picture of how goods and services are imported, produced and used in the Danish economy or exported. Supply and use tables are the basic building blocks in the compilation of the Danish national accounts. They are compiled by including a wide range of sources that state how goods and services enter the economy and how they are used. The organisation of the many detailed data in a supply and use system ensures high data quality and, not least, consistency in the figures. The tables make it possible to balance supply and use against each other, and to ensure that estimates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are the same regardless of whether they are calculated from the production or use side.
The supply-use system is based on these fundamental relationships:
Total supply = production + imports
Total use = input in production + household consumption + NPISH consumption + government consumption + gross capital formation + exports
After reconciliation supply equals use for all products. In the Danish national accounts, balances are worked on for approximately 2,350 goods and services, which are collectively called products. The number of products may vary slightly from year to year, as some products are eliminated and new ones are added. When compiling supply and use tables, 117 industries are worked on.
The Supply table shows in the rows which products are produced in the economy, and in the columns which industries produce them. As a column in the table, the amount of each product imported is also shown. The customs duty on imports can either be counted as part of the supply, or kept separately. Both production and imports are calculated at basic prices. This means that the profits, taxes and subsidies as well as VAT that may be imposed on the products when they are registered as use are kept outside the supply table. The row totals in the supply table are the total supply of each product at basic prices. As is the case in the transmission of the supply table to Eurostat, you can choose to add extra columns to the supply table, which contain columns for the trade and transport margins, taxes less subsidies and VAT that are imposed on the individual products. This converts the table's row totals in basic prices to purchasers' prices.
The use table shows the same products in the rows as the supply table, but here the columns represent the uses of the products. The first part of the use table has industries in the columns and shows the input of goods and services that are necessary for the industries to produce. The second half of the use table shows how much of each product goes to final uses, which include products that are fully processed and that can meet the needs of consumers or are accumulated as investments for the construction or maintenance of the capital stock. Final uses include consumption expenditure, investment and exports. Consumption expenditure consists of the purchase of products by households, the public sector or NPISH (Non Profit Institutions Serving Households). Investments are purchases of products that can be used repeatedly in production and last for more than one year plus changes in inventory. Exports are sales of products from the Danish economy to the rest of the world.
When compiling the Danish supply and use tables, a significant disaggregation of the categories of final use mentioned above is used. Household consumption is thus divided into 83 COICOP categories. The individual part of public consumption is divided into market and non-market, and both parts are further divided according to the COICOP classification. Collective government consumption is divided into 10 categories according to the COFOG classification. Finally, investments are divided into 13 different types, including e.g. Buildings, Machinery or R&D.
Below the use table there are additional rows showing how gross value added is calculated. Here the following definitions apply, which should give the same result, the ESA codes are shown in brackets:
Gross value added (B.1g) = compensation of employees (D1) + other taxes on production, net (D29-D39) + gross surplus on production and mixed income (B.2g) + (B.3g)
The first definition of gross value added from the production side (P1-P2) can be calculated from the supply and use tables, while data for gross value added from the income side come from other parts of the national accounts.
Statistics Denmark currently publishes only some totals at industry level from the Danish supply and use tables in Statbank. The detailed relationships between supply and use at product level are not published due to confidentiality reasons. Users who wish to work with the most detailed tables can apply for access through Denmarks Data Window. There are plans to publish the material in a more aggregated form. Statistics Denmark transmits supply and use tables to Eurostat annually. Data is transmitted to Eurostat in the A64 classification which means 64 products and 64 industries, and on a voluntary basis also in the A88 classification, which means that there are 88 products and 88 industries. The following tables are all transmitted annually in both current and previous year's prices:
T1500 Supply table in basic prices, including a transformation to purchasers' prices
T1600 Use table in purchasers' prices
T1610 Use table in basic prices
T1611 Use table in basic prices, only Danish production
T1612 Use table in basic prices, only imports
T1620 Use table of trade and transport margins
T1630 Use table of taxes on products less subsidies, including VAT and import-related taxes
T1631 Use table of taxes on products less subsidies, including import-related taxes, excluding VAT (not published by Eurostat)
T1632 Use table of VAT (not published by Eurostat)
T1633 Use table of taxes on products (not published by Eurostat)
T1634 Use table of subsidies on products (not published by Eurostat)
Under certain assumptions it is possible to combine supply and use tables into input-output tables. While supply and use tables can be considered a statistical product, input-output tables are more often referred to as an analytical tool. The Danish input-output tables provide a detailed, symmetrical picture of the Danish economy, which makes it possible to analyse direct and indirect relationships between production, foreign trade and consumption at a detailed level. In the input-output table, inputs and outputs must be classified symmetrically, either as products or industries. This is an advantage in many analytical contexts, including in economic models. The Danish input-output tables form an integrated part of the national accounts and are consistent with them both in individual years and over time.
In the manuals from Eurostat and the United Nations, which deal with the compilation of input-output tables, generally 4 methods are specified for converting supply and use tables to input-output tables, A, B, C and D. The first two result in product-product tables while the last two result in industry-industry input-output tables. Statistics Denmark produces input-output tables only based on method D. Here it is assumed that "each product has its own fixed sales structure, regardless of which industry produces it". It is therefore assumed that if industry 1 produces 80 per cent of the supply of a product, and industry 2 produces the remaining 20 per cent, all users of this product will get 80 per cent of their delivery from industry 1 and 20 per cent from industry 2. Based on this assumption, the supply of products is reclassified to be a supply from industries. Exactly the same routine for reclassification is used for imported products. This means that what starts out as an import of tomatoes is transformed into an import from the foreign agricultural industry.
The input-output tables occupy a special position in relation to the other national accounts data due to their immediate applicability as a basis for a certain type of economic model, the so-called input-output model. The model is by nature completely linear and therefore simple to use. By taking into account the interdependencies between the sectors in the economy, the model can tell how large the effects are on the production of all sectors of a change in demand in a single sector. These are the so-called indirect effects. The analytical possibilities of the input-output tables are significantly increased when, for example, they can be combined with supplementary data that are consistent with the structure of the tables via an input-output model. Statistics Denmark's input-output tables have the industry dimension in common with a number of statistics. This applies, for example, to statistics on employment and hours worked, which are prepared in the National Accounts, and this applies to the Green National Accounts, where, for example, energy consumption, air emissions, waste and water consumption are calculated for the same sectors as the input-output tables. It enables a wide range of environmental-economic analyses, where environmental statistics in physical quantities are linked to the monetary part of the economy using input-output tables.
The input-output tables are prepared in both current prices and previous year's prices each year, and cover the entire period from 1966 to t-3 (where t is the current year). Statistics Denmark also prepares newer, but more aggregated input-output tables, which are prepared by updating the latest final input-output table with newer data for the totals in the table, and then updating the content of the table using the mathematical method GRAS. Due to the more imperfect data basis, which is not supported by supply and use tables, these tables are not as reliable as the final versions in full dimension.
As an example of the use of input-output tables, the table NAIOVB is published. It contains import-adjusted growth contributions, which are calculated with an input-output model based on the input-output tables.
The input-output tables are published in the 117*117 industry dimension in the Statbank and as downloads of finished tables in Excel and CSV file formats.
The input-output tables are also transmitted to Eurostat in both the A64 and the A88 dimension and industry*industry format. Each year, the tables are transmitted in current and previous year's prices:
T1750 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), Danish production and imports combined
T1850 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), Danish production, imports in one row
T1950 Symmetric input-output table in basic prices (industry*industry), imports only
23 October 2026
The national accounts as well as the input-output tables are compiled according to the definitions in the European Union's "European System of National and Regional Accounts - ESA2010", which is a European version of the United Nations' "A System of National Accounts 2008". Chapter 9 in the ESA manual gives a framework for compiling supply and use tables and how they can be used to compile input-output tables.
The statistical unit is the local KAU. In some cases (e.g. construction and trade) the unit of homogeneous production is used.
The Danish national accounts are exhaustive. Every annual calculation is made in “level”. Primary statistics are based on the statistical population in the business register, which covers all Danish enterprises.
The reference area is the Kingdom of Denmark excluding the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
The reference period of the data in the annual final national accounts, which includes supply, use and input-output tables, is the calendar year. Flow data refer to transactions during the year, while employment data are averages over the year.
It is not possible to give a quantitative estimate of the accuracy of the supply and use tables and the input-output tables. The supply and use tables collect a large number of primary data, all of which have been debugged and checked in advance. When data is collected in this way, there are opportunities to confront data from different sources and examine their consistency, and in cases where there is inconsistency, the figures are corrected. This contributes to a precision that is at least as good as in the primary statistics. The precision of the national accounts figures is continuously maintained by reconciling the national accounts at a very detailed level, and the central variable GDP is calculated from both the production, use and income sides. The preliminary supply and use tables prepared for the year (t-2) are subject to greater uncertainty than the final annual tables (t-3). This is because the data base is less complete at t-2, and the figures are therefore partly based on a projection of structures from the most recent final year. The same reservation applies to the preliminary input-output tables, which are prepared for the years t-2 and t-1.
During the five-annual data revisions, data is reviewed for any major errors, which are subsequently corrected.
The supply and use tables are prepared, like the input-output tables, in 1000 Danish kroner (DKK). Tables are prepared in both current prices and previous year's prices. In the transmission to Eurostat, the unit is million DKK, but with 3 decimal places. Eurostat publishes the Danish SUIOTs in the national currency and in million euros (EUR).
The final year (t-3) supply and use tables (SUT) comprise 117 industries and approximately 2,350 products. Household consumption consists of 83 groups. Individual government consumption contains 32 COICOP-based groups, while non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) consumption includes 10 COICOP-based categories. Government collective consumption is divided into 10 groups based on COFOG (see also S.3.2). Finally, investment is split into 13 categories, such as buildings, machinery, and R&D. For the first preliminary year (t-2), a more aggregated SUT is compiled, featuring 81 industries, 72 consumption groups, and around 350 products.
Current prices
For the final year initial and independent estimates for GDP by the production approach (GDP(P)) and expenditure approach (GDP(E)) are compiled as described below:
GDP(P): After initial processing of various primary source data (accounting statistics), the data are transferred to a common accounting plan and mapped to national accounts industries within the "Intermediate System". Conceptual adjustments are then made to align the figures with national accounts definitions for production and intermediate consumption.
GDP(E): The largest share of expenditure-based GDP is calculated using direct estimates for the various expenditure components. The main exceptions are household final consumption expenditure on items such as hotel, restaurant, and dwelling services.
The SUT is then compiled through the following steps:
Target totals and product-level values that can be entered directly into the system as predetermined variables are collected. These include all energy-related data, which are compiled independently within the Energy Accounts system.
An initial version of the SUT is compiled in three steps:
The supply matrix, showing the supply of products by industry, is established. This matrix is normally fixed at this stage and left unaltered throughout the remaining SUT compilation process.
An initial version of the use table is created by inflating the use table at previous year's prices to current price levels. The new target totals for intermediate consumption by industry, final use by COICOP/COFOG groups, and investment categories are then used to update the initial use matrix via a vertical proportional distribution.
The intermediate and final use of products is updated through a proportional horizontal distribution of the total supply by product, balancing product supply and use. After this step, the column sums will usually deviate from the use-side targets. Total trade and transport margins, as well as total VAT, may also differ from their respective targets.
The initial SUT is adjusted manually to closely examine unresolved imbalances. In many cases, these imbalances reveal errors in primary data or calculations. Adjustments and corrections are entered to create a revised, though not yet final, version of the tables.
Discrepancies between totals and targets are eliminated, except where minor differences are deemed acceptable. Trade and transport margins, along with VAT, are adjusted to match their targets. This step is a largely automated process.
As a final step, exports by product are split into domestically produced goods and re-exports (imported goods). This split is based on the shares from the previous year. The original breakdown, dating several years back, was based on internal national accounts research. Recently, the size and distribution of re-exports were cross-checked against re-export data from the foreign trade statistics department at Statistics Denmark. The findings showed that the two sets of numbers were surprisingly close.
Previous year's prices
All products in the current price SUT are included in the deflation process, and each product is assigned a price index at basic prices (covering production, imports, exports, and consumption). Price indices from the supply side—specifically from production and imports—serve as the primary source. A few exceptions exist, including energy, where volume indicators are used directly. Domestic use at basic prices is deflated using the implicit price index of the residual between total supply and exports, ensuring that each product balances at basic prices. Government individual consumption expenditure is deflated from the output side using volume indicators.
Because output and input are deflated independently, special indices for Gross Value Added (GVA) are not required; GVA is calculated directly through this double-deflation procedure.
Input-output-tables
The Danish input-output tables are based almost entirely on the supply and use tables. Compilation broadly follows Eurostat and UN manual guidelines. Transforming supply and use tables into input-output tables requires a few strong assumptions regarding product flows in the economy. Therefore, choosing the transformation method is a critical aspect of the compilation process. The relevant manuals outline four different methods based on various assumptions. Statistics Denmark produces input-output tables using Method D. This method assumes that "each product has its own fixed sales structure, regardless of which industry produces it." For example, if Industry 1 produces 80% of a product and Industry 2 produces the remaining 20%, all users of this product are assumed to source 80% from Industry 1 and 20% from Industry 2. While this does not always hold true in reality, it is considered the method that introduces the least distortion to the supply and use data. Method D results in an industry-by-industry input-output table.
First step: The basic price supply table is split into a domestically produced component and an imported component. Statistics Denmark does not compile a full matrix of imports by intermediate or final use categories. Instead, we use a vector of imports by product (approximately 1,950 products) and a corresponding vector of customs duties on those imported products. Consequently, we calculate a vector of import coefficients to determine the imported share of supply for each product. Since exports are already split into domestic output and re-exports in the supply and use tables, we only need to calculate imports for domestic intermediate and final use. The formula is structured as follows: import_coefficients = (imports - re-exports) / ((domestic output - exports) + (imports - re-exports)) In matrix formulation, the use matrix (excluding exports) is pre-multiplied by a diagonal matrix containing this vector to generate the import matrix. The domestically produced component is the remaining part of the initial use matrix.
Second step: The two new use tables are transformed from a product-by-use category format into an industry-by-use category table using Method D. To achieve this, a market-share matrix is calculated from the supply matrix. This product-by-industry market-share matrix shows the proportion of each product produced across the 117 industries. For products not produced in Denmark, rows in the matrix initially contain only zeros. To address this, we maintain and update a list of all products in the system alongside their "characteristic industry"—meaning the industry where the product most likely would have been produced. For instance, bananas are included on this list; though not produced in Denmark, their characteristic industry is Agriculture. Using the market-share matrix, we transform both the domestic use table and the imported use table from products to industries. Thus, for imported products that are also produced in Denmark, we assume they are distributed across foreign industries in the same relative proportions as domestic production. This means that if Industry 1 in Denmark produces 80% of a product and Industry 2 produces the remaining 20%, we assume that 80% of our imports of this product originate from the foreign equivalent of Industry 1 and 20% from Industry 2. If an imported product is not produced in Denmark at all, we assume it is imported entirely from its designated characteristic industry.
Third step: The remaining price layers between basic and purchasers' prices must be incorporated into the table. Since the column sums in an input-output table are in purchasers' prices, information regarding margins and taxes must be added alongside the basic price cells. The Danish supply and use table system includes data for each product on basic prices, wholesale and retail margins, product taxes, VAT, and purchasers' prices. The Danish tables do not include separate transport margins, as these are treated as part of wholesale trade margins. Therefore, this text refers exclusively to trade margins. We then compile matrices for margins, product taxes, and VAT using roughly the same methodology as the basic price matrices.The matrix of trade margins is aggregated and allocated to the following three industries:
G45 (450000): Wholesale and retail trade margins from the sale of motor vehicles and related items.
G46 (460000): Wholesale trade margins.
G47 (470000): Retail trade margins.
Wholesale trade margins are allocated to G46, and retail trade margins to G47. The share of margins allocated to G45 is determined through a calculation that reallocates specific margins from G46 and G47, based on past investigations into which products are fully or partially sold by enterprises residing within industry G45. The matrices for net product taxes and VAT are likewise summed and placed at the bottom of the input-output table.
To produce input-output tables in previous years' prices, the exact same procedure is carried out using the supply and use tables in previous years' prices.
As an example of how these input-output tables are applied, Statistics Denmark publishes calculations of import-adjusted growth contributions using the input-output method. This method utilizes the input-output tables and models to calculate the direct and indirect imports generated by individual final demand components. These imports are subsequently deducted from the respective final use components to isolate the Danish-produced share of final demand. Based on these components, which combined constitute Danish GDP, the final contribution of each final demand component to total GDP growth can be determined.
The main sources for compiling supply and use tables in current prices are the following:
Accounts statistics for non-agricultural private sector (SBS)
Sales by manufacturing industries (PRODCOM)
General enterprise statistics
Manufacturers' purchases of goods and services
Accounts for public corporations
Economic accounts for agriculture
Government finance statistics
Financial industries and FISIM compiled on a NA basis
Accounts statistics for non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH)
Energy accounts
Balance of payments and external trade statistics
Household budget survey
The main sources for the compilation of supply and use tables in previous year's prices are:
Producer price indices for goods and services
Producer price indices for construction
Construction cost indices
Consumer price indices and net price indices (consumer price indices excluding taxes)
Price indices for agricultural sales
Wage indices
Unit price indices from import and export statistics
Volume indicators: Energy supply and use, transportation, final individual consumption expenditure of government
The balancing process of the SUTs serves as a central control of the quality and reliability of the data. The compilation of SUTs is not solely to provide a reliable base for IOT, but also to provide a confrontation between estimates from different sources at a very detailed level. See also section 18.4.
The input-output table is almost entirely based on the SUTs. The only exceptions are the elements of Gross value added; Other taxes on production, Compensation of employees and Gross operating surplus and mixed income are all obtained from other sources in the national accounts.
Supply and use tables are not currently published in their entirety in Denmark. Various totals and derived figures such as GDP are published annually as part of the general publication of national accounts Main Aggregates. Input-output tables are published once a year together with the main aggregates of the national accounts.
National accounts variables such as GDP based on the annual supply and use matrices are published together with the input-output tables once a year, at the end of June. This is 2.5 years or 30 months after the end of the statistical year.
Internationally, comparability between Danish and foreign supply and use tables is very good within the EU countries, due to the common manual ESA2010, which all countries follow, and due to the EU's work within the framework of the GNI legislation. Of course, not all EU countries have equally good primary data, so in this light there may be challenges in an international comparison within the EU. International comparisons that go beyond the EU borders can be based on the fact that many countries follow the UN manual for national accounts SNA08.
International comparisons of IO tables are less clear-cut than for supply and use tables. Again, this is most obvious within the EU, but here the countries have made different choices with regard to the central model assumption. Some countries, such as Denmark, only produce tables based on method D, which provides an industry-by-industry matrix, while the majority of countries follow the EU's instructions to compile product-by-product matrices. Outside the EU, many countries also follow the SNA and the UN manual for compiling supply and use tables and input-output tables, so there is a considerable degree of comparability between countries.
Statistics Denmark has prepared very detailed supply and use tables for the period from 1966 onwards. Since then, new manuals have been published (SNA68, SNA95, SNA08 and SNA25), and new industry classifications have been implemented several times. Furthermore, the Danish data material has been revised significantly a number of times. Each time, an attempt has been made to implement all changes in the most recent years and as far back in time as possible given the resources available. Each time, it has been necessary to leave some of the oldest supply and use tables unrevised, because it has not been possible to go all the way back. Data and method revision on tables with 2350 products and 117 industries requires months of work by a number of people if the quality of the tables is to be good. At present, the tables from 2014 onwards are fully consistent with the latest table from 2022. In previous years' prices, the tables from 2015 to 2022 are consistent.
Over time, input-output tables have been continuously made as far back in time as the supply and use tables have been consistent with the latest edition. In connection with the revisions where a number of the oldest supply and use tables have had to be abandoned, revisions have been made back in time at the input-output table level. For 2014 onwards, the input-output tables are now based on the supply and use tables of the national accounts, while the tables for the period 1966 to 2013 have been obtained by adapting an older set of tables to new classifications and definitions, while attempts have been made to correct known data problems. This has enabled us to maintain a consistent series of input-output tables from 1966 up to the latest year. The national accounts totals, which represent parts of the goods and services cycle, including e.g. GDP, have been derived from these reversed input-output tables. For these totals, which are published in the Statbank and reported to Eurostat, there is thus full consistency with the input-output tables.
Please note that for the period 1966-2013, the older set of tables was already the result of adjustments due to earlier changes in classifications, methods and data revisions. Thus, for the period 1966-2013, there is a greater distance from the primary statistical data to the input-output tables in their current form, which implies some uncertainty in the figures. The uncertainty in the tables must be expected to be greater the earlier the years considered.
