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| For any question on data and metadata, please contact: EUROPEAN STATISTICAL DATA SUPPORT |
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| 1.1. Contact organisation | Statistics Sweden |
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| 1.2. Contact organisation unit | Statistics Sweden, the National Accounts Department, produces national accounts. The National Accounts department is organised in four different units:
The Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority is formally responsible for all official statistics referring to the financial markets area, and therefore, for the financial accounts. The authority has commissioned SCB to produce the financial accounts. |
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| 1.5. Contact mail address | Statistics Sweden Karlavägen 100 Box 24300 10451 Stockholm Sweden |
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| 2.1. Metadata last certified | 11/04/2018 | ||
| 2.2. Metadata last posted | 11/04/2018 | ||
| 2.3. Metadata last update | 11/04/2018 | ||
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| 3.1. Data description | |||
National accounts data concern all data produced and disseminated for an economy according to the definitions and guidelines of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). National accounts provide data for the total economy, but may also include breakdowns of the total economy (into sectors, industries, products, regions, etc.). National accounts provide data for several domains: annual and quarterly national accounts (main aggregates), sector accounts, financial accounts, supply and use and input-output tables, regional accounts and government finance statistics. One of the main aggregates of national accounts is the change rate of the price-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP), which indicates the economic development of a country of region and is also referred to as economic growth rate.
In Eurobase, countries' data are presented following the usual data structure. At national level, data are commonly available for: - annual and quarterly national accounts: 'main aggregates' - annual and quarterly sector accounts - annual financial accounts and balance sheets - annual non-financial balance sheets - supply and use and input-output tables - annual and quarterly government finance statistics data: 'main aggregates', quarterly financial government accounts and government debt - regional breakdowns of main national accounts variables and household accounts - industry breakdowns of main national accounts variables - industry by asset breakdowns (stocks and transactions) - detailed data on taxes, social contributions and government expenditure by function - pension entitlements in social insurance |
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| 3.2. Classification system | |||
The ESA 2010 provides a methodology on common standards, definitions, internationally harmonised classifications and accounting rules that are used for compiling national accounts on comparable bases. The ESA 2010 defines classifications to be used for: institutional sectors, transactions in products, transactions in non-financial non-produced assets, distributive transactions, transactions in financial assets and liabilities, other changes in assets, balancing and net worth items, balance sheet entries, non-financial assets, financial assets and liabilities. In addition, for several breakdowns ESA 2010 makes use of other classifications: NACE Rev. 2 for economic activities, CPA 2014 for products by economic activities, COFOG for the functions of government, COICOP for individual consumption by purpose, COPNI for classification of the purposes of non-profit institutions serving households, NUTS 2013 for regional breakdowns. A full overview of classifications is available in: - ESA 2010 Chapter 23 Classifications - Eurostat's RAMON classification database
Swedish Standard Industrial Classification: http://www.scb.se/en/documentation/classifications-and-standards/swedish-standard-industrial-classification-sni/ The Swedish Statistical classification of products by activity (only in Swedish): https://www.scb.se/dokumentation/klassifikationer-och-standarder/standard-for-svensk-produktindelning-efter-naringsgren-spin/ COICOP https://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=5 COFOG https://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=4 Standard Classification by Institutional Sector, INSEKT 2014 Standard Classification of Ownership Control, 2000, ÄGAR 2000 Classification by Type of Legal Entity, JURFORM http://www.scb.se/contentassets/99af4dcf7296448db1386574e1aa6b9b/mis2014-1.pdf |
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| 3.3. Coverage - sector | |||
National accounts describe the total economy of a country. All units that have their centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of that country are covered. In addition, several breakdowns of the total are described. Two of the most important breakdowns are the breakdown by institutional sector and the breakdown by NACE Rev. 2 activity. Exhaustiveness is required for each of the breakdown items. Concerning the institutional sector breakdown, ESA 2010 distinguishes five mutually exclusive domestic institutional sectors: (a) non-financial corporations; (b) financial corporations; (c) general government; (d) households; (e) non-profit institutions serving households. The five sectors together make up the total domestic economy. Each sector is also divided into subsectors. Regarding the activity breakdown, ESA 2010 applies NACE Rev.2. Activities can be broken down into several levels of detail, for example into 3, 10, 21, 38, 64 or 88 activities. At the 'highest' level a breakdown into 3 categories is defined: (a) agriculture, forestry and fishing; (b) mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity gas steam and air conditioning supply, water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, construction; (c) services.
For detailed information about coverage sector and activity breakdown please see GNI and QSA documentation. Please see the links below: GNI inventory EDP inventory https://www.scb.se/contentassets/1e36e5bf4d9c46648c556bb99203a0c9/se-edp-inventory-esa2010-2015.pdf QSA inventory |
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| 3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
All statistical concepts and definitions to be used in national accounts are described in Annex A of the ESA 2010 Regulation (link to blue book on ESA2010 methodology). The two main sets of tables concern: (a) the institutional sector accounts; (b) the input-output framework, and the accounts by industry. The sector accounts provide, by institutional sector, a systematic description of the different stages of the economic process: production, generation of income, distribution of income, redistribution of income, use of income and financial and nonfinancial accumulation. The sector accounts also include balance sheets to describe the stocks of assets, liabilities and net worth at the beginning and the end of the accounting period. The variables/concepts described in the sector accounts include transactions in products, transactions in non-produced non-financial assets, distributive transactions, transactions in financial assets and liabilities, other changes in assets, non-financial and financial assets and liabilities. The input-output framework, through the supply and use tables, sets out in more detail the production process (cost structure, income generated and employment) and the flows of goods and services (output, imports, exports, final consumption, intermediate consumption and capital formation by product group). These variables are broken down by industry (NACE Rev. 2) and product (CPA 2014). ESA 2010 also encompasses concepts of population and employment. Such concepts are relevant for the sector accounts, the accounts by industry and the supply and use framework. Regional accounts provide regional breakdowns for major aggregates such as gross value added by industry, gross fixed capital formation and household income. Regional breakdowns are based on the NUTS classification. National accounts concepts are also used for regional accounts. In addition Annex A of the ESA 2010 Regulation addresses and defines numerous other concepts and definitions, such as the definition of: statistical units and their groupings, flows and stocks, accounting rules (valuation, time of recording, consolidation and netting). The main features and principles for the compilation of national accounts can be found in Chapter 1.
The Swedish data basically applies all concepts and definitions of ESA 2010. However, deviations might occur where the received country data are not fully compliant with the ESA 2010 guidelines. In addition, it should be noted that for the annual and quarterly main aggregates, the imports and exports of goods and services of the euro area and the EU are not consolidated, but presented on a 'gross' basis. The time series regarding cross classification of gross fixed capital are recorded and reported at the beginning of the accounting period instead of the end of the accounting period as ESA 2010 requires. This will be adjusted earliest in 2019 in correlation with the upcoming general review of national accounts. |
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| 3.5. Statistical unit | |||
Following the ESA 2010 guidelines, in national accounts two types of units and two corresponding ways of subdividing the economy are used: (a) institutional unit; (b) local kind-of-activity unit (local KAU). The first type is used for describing income, expenditure and financial flows as well as balance sheets. The second type of units is used for the description of production processes, for input-output analysis and for regional analysis. An institutional unit is an economic entity characterised by decision-making autonomy in the exercise of its principal function. A resident unit is regarded as constituting an institutional unit in the economic territory where it has its centre of predominant economic interest if it has decision-making autonomy and either keeps a complete set of accounts, or is able to compile a complete set of accounts. A local KAU groups all the parts of an institutional unit in its capacity as producer which are located in a single site or in closely located sites, and which contribute to the performance of an activity at the class level (four digits) of the NACE Rev. 2. An institutional unit comprises one or more local KAUs; a local KAU belongs to one and only one institutional unit. In the Swedish national accounts the production account is based on KAU, the regional accounts on LKAU and establishments. In the sector accounts the institutional unit is the enterprise unit in for the non-financial and financial sector. |
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| 3.6. Statistical population | |||
The national accounts population of a country consists of all resident statistical units (institutional units or local KAUs, see section 3.5). A unit is a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of predominant economic interest on the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (one year or more) in economic activities on this territory. National accounts are exhaustive. This means that all resident statistical units are covered. Please see the link below, chapter 3.1 and 7.0.1 for the cases where the national accounts are not fully exhaustive: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/c89bb85e14184e92a4d5e4eec5ce4b98/sweden-gni-inventory-2016_public_rev_oct2016.pdf |
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| 3.7. Reference area | |||
The reference area for national accounts is the total economy of a country. The total economy of a country can be broken down into regions. The NUTS classification provides a single, uniform breakdown of the economic territory of the Member States of the EU. The regional accounts are compiled by NUTS, counties as well as primary municipalities. |
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| 3.8. Coverage - Time | |||
National accounts data are usually compiled for years and quarters. In general, the ESA 2010 transmission programme requires data starting in 1995 (years) and 1995Q1 (quarters) but some series start later. If backwards data exist, they may have been compiled according to earlier versions of ESA and can present conceptual breaks with those compiled under ESA2010. The usual length for the Swedish time series within the National Accounts is between 1993 and the actual quarter or year. For information about the current derogations please see the following link: Commission implementing decision of 26 June 2014. |
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| 3.9. Base period | |||
The concept of 'base period' is not applied in national accounts. Instead, for some national accounts variables the concepts of previous year prices and chain-linked volumes are applied, as stipulated in Commission Decision 98/715/EC. Expressing variables at the prices of the previous year allows the calculation of volume indices between the current time period and the previous year. After a reference period is chosen as a benchmark, volume indices can be chain-linked and then applied to variables at current prices of the benchmark year. This generates volume estimates for any period of observation.
Country currently uses 2010 as reference year for the compilation of chain-linked volumes for annual national accounts and T-1 for quarterly national accounts. The method to compile quarterly chain-linked volumes is the annual overlap method. The consistency check of price series (chain-linking formula) for validation (see also 18.4) is applicable the reference year and the year after for annual and quarterly unadjusted series, as well as for seasonally (and calendar) adjusted series which are derived using indirectadjustment technique (see also 18.6). |
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With the exception of some variables concerning population and labour that are usually expressed in number of persons, hours or jobs, the ESA 2010 system shows all flows and stocks in monetary terms: in euros or other national currency. Flows and stocks shall be measured according to their exchange value, i.e. the value at which flows and stocks are in fact, or could be, exchanged for cash. Market prices are, thus, the ESA's reference for valuation. In addition to measurement in current (market) prices, some national accounts variables are also expressed in previous year's prices and chain-linked volumes, see section 3.9. Furthermore, it is possible to derive growth rates and indices, and various other measures '(e.g. percentages, per capita data, data expressed in purchasing power standards)' can be applied as well.
Sweden applies the same methods as Eurostat. |
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The usual reference period to be used for presenting national accounts data is the calendar year for annual data and the quarter for quarterly data. Two basic kinds of information are recorded: flows and stocks. Flows refer to actions and effects of events that take place within a given period of time (year or quarter), while stocks refer to positions at a point of time (usually the beginning or end of a year or quarter). The Swedish data includes the following: 2010 as reference year for yearly accounts and T-1 as reference year for quarterly accounts. |
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| 6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
National accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) which was published in the Official Journal as Annex A of Regulation (EU) No 549/2013. The ESA 2010 transmission programme is covered in Annex B The ESA 2010 has the form of a Regulation and it provides for:
Temporary derogations to the data transmission requirements have been granted to Member States, up to 2020, by the Commission Implementing Decision 2014/403/EU of 26 June 2014 thus allowing national data to deviate temporarily from the ESA 2010 transmission requirements. Some other legal acts with relevance for national accounts concern: - Commission Decision 98/715 of 30 November 1998 and Commission Decision 2002/990 of 17 December 2002 on measurement of price and volumes in national accounts. - Legal act on the excessive deficit procedure Several separate acts, often regarding classifications such as: NACE Rev.2, CPA 2014, COFOG, COICOP, NUTS 2013. On the Eurostat website, sections 'National accounts' and 'Government finance and EDP', more legal acts relevant for national accounts can be found.
In Sweden applies the law SFS 2001:99, amended SFS 2013:945 (in Swedish Lag 2001:99 om den officiella statistiken) in correlation to public statistics. This law specifies the liability to supply information for different units/operators. It also specifies what falls within this liability. Complementary to the law relating to public statistics, there is an ordinance, also amended SFS 2013:945 (in Swedish Förordning 2011:100 om den officiella statistiken) relating to public statistics. This ordinance stipulates the authorities responsible for different types of public statistics. According to Government Decision 16 December 2010 (Fi2010/5690), authorities involved in the EDP reporting must set up a memorandum of understanding that, in detail, regulates the responsibilities for the EDP reporting to the Commission (Eurostat) according to Council regulation (EC) No 479/2009, as amended. The memorandum of understanding is signed by the authorities involved in the EDP work, please see the Swedish EDP-Inventory for further details https://www.scb.se/contentassets/1e36e5bf4d9c46648c556bb99203a0c9/se-edp-inventory-esa2010-2015.pdf. The National Account department have service level agreements with other units in Statistics Sweden that deliver data to the national Accounts and in some cases agreements with external data providers. |
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| 6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
National accounts data are key datasets used and published by many international organisations to improve data consistency and exploit synergies for data collection and validation. An initiative to improve data sharing for National Accounts was launched in 2016 by the Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics (comprising representatives of the Bank for International Settlements, the European Central Bank, Eurostat, the IMF, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations, and the World Bank) under the G20 Data Gap Initiative.
National accounts datasets are used both nationally and internationally by different organisations, policy makers and analysts. The nationall accounts are reported to Eurostat within ESA 2010 Transmission Programme, IMF, OECD, ECB and other organisations. |
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| 7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society. The European Statistics Code of Practice provides further conditions that have to be respected by statistical offices in regard to statistical confidentiality (Principle 5).
Certain tasks that SCB employees take positions with in their work are classified under the Public and confidentiality Act (2009: 400), in Swedish offentlighets- och sekretesslagen (2009:400). There are rules governing how data may be provided by SCB. SCB's confidentiality Policy describe how the Authority applies statistical secrecy, please see https://www.scb.se/contentassets/99b579ae03d245c1a5700c12947746cf/sekretesspolicy.pdf. |
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| 7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
In a statistical sense, ‘confidential data’ means data which allow statistical units to be identified, either directly or indirectly, thereby disclosing individual information. To determine whether a statistical unit is identifiable, account shall be taken of all relevant means that might reasonably be used by a third party to identify the statistical unit. Although national accounts data are usually highly aggregated, there may be possible cases for detailed breakdowns of aggregates and/or small economies. In these cases measures should be taken in order not to disclose data of a separate statistical unit. Guidance on how to prevent disclosure can be found in the Handbook on Statistical Disclosure Control.
Sweden is reporting some time series as confidential data not for publishing and Eurostat internally use only. The data is marked as confidential statistical information both as primary and secondary confidentiality as well. |
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| 8.1. Release calendar | |||
Good practice requires that new national accounts data and associated news releases are announced in a release calendar that is published well in advance of the respective releases. Statistics Sweden publishes a release calendar on its website (https://www.scb.se/en/). The release calendar covers a full calendar year and includes all scheduled national accounts news releases. |
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| 8.2. Release calendar access | |||
Release calendars should be easily available and accessible for users, e.g. by publication on the website of an NSI. Please see the link below for the Swedish publishing calendar. http://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/publishing-calendar/ |
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| 8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice (Principle 6 on impartiality and objectivity, Principle 13 on timeliness and punctuality and Principle 15 on accessibility and clarity), national accounts data that meet the quality standards, including relevant metadata, should be made available to users. Users should be informed when the data become available and how they can be accessed.
All statistics that are published at Statistics Sweden are available for all the users both nationally and internationally at http://www.scb.se/en/ |
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New quarterly national accounts data are published each quarter: 4 times per year. However, depending on circumstances and national practices, initially released quarterly national accounts data may be revised and disseminated again. Annual national accounts data are published at least once a year: when data for a new year are added. But, depending on country practices and revision policy, annual data can also be published more often, e.g. publication of a provisional estimate early in the calendar year and a revised one later in the calendar year.
For frequency of dissemination please see the Swedish revision policy available on the website of Statistics Sweden, www.scb.se Revision policy, non-financial accounts https://www.scb.se/contentassets/98ad025983d440a2ab20f2f3fad0e321/revideringspolicy.pdf |
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| 10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
The most important results of national accounts are issued in news releases. New key national accounts data may also be presented in press conferences or press briefings. The exact dates are pre-announced in release calendars (see section 8.1 above). Statistics Sweden always publishes news releases when new estimations are done. The Swedish press releases are available on the website only. |
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| 10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
In addition to news releases, national accounts data may be disseminated in other publications, such as statistical papers, yearbooks, internal and external articles. Usually this concerns publications in which more in-depth analysis is carried out. National accounts statistics are available only on the website at Statistics Sweden statistical database as well as on special articles or in our publication about the Swedish economy – statistical perspective http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Thematic-areas/Economic-statistics/The-economy---current-status/The-Swedish-economy---statistical-perspective/. |
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| 10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
In order to enable easy access to national accounts data, all validated national accounts data should be made available to users by publishing them in an online database. Swedish statistical database: http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/ All data in the statistical database are in both Swedish and English. Use the navigation tree and select table, variable and show table. |
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| 10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Not applicable. |
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| 10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
In addition to news releases and other publications (see sections 10.1 and 10.2), information on national accounts may be posted using social media. Statistics Sweden uses social media. Please see the link below for more information: |
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| 10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The general methodological framework for the compilation of national accounts in the EU is ESA 2010. In addition, several handbooks have been developed to help compilers to produce national accounts data. Some of the most important methodological manuals are the Handbook on quarterly national accounts, Manual on regional accounts methods, Eurostat Manual of Supply, Use and Input-Output Tables, Manual on Government Deficit and Debt. Also, guidance manuals on specific topics are available, e.g. compilation guide on land estimation, compilation guide on inventories, Manual on measuring Research and Development in ESA 2010. The manuals above specifically apply to EU national accounts statistics. However, world-wide equivalents are often also available: SNA 2008, Quarterly National Accounts Manual, Handbook on Input-Output Table Compilation and Analysis, Government Finance Statistics Manual.
Documentation on sources and methods is available from Statistics Sweden website. The quality of the statistics is documented as of 2017 in Quality Declaration. For previous years, the quality is described in the Description of the Statistics (BaS). Quality Declaration describes quality based on a new quality concept, and is therefore partly different from the Description of the Statistics. On Statistics Sweden website documentations such as GNI inventory https://www.scb.se/contentassets/c89bb85e14184e92a4d5e4eec5ce4b98/sweden-gni-inventory-2016_public_rev_oct2016.pdf EDP inventory https://www.scb.se/contentassets/1e36e5bf4d9c46648c556bb99203a0c9/se-edp-inventory-esa2010-2015.pdf QSA inventory https://www.scb.se/contentassets/c89bb85e14184e92a4d5e4eec5ce4b98/sweden-qsa-inventory-esa2010-nov-2016.pdf |
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| 10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
The importance of national accounts requires that documentation should be available on the procedures applied for quality management and quality assessment. Examples of such documentation are national accounts quality reports, quality studies and reports on revision analysis.
Statistics Sweden is as of March 2014 certified against ISO 20252, an international standard for surveys dealing with market, opinion and social research. Certification according to ISO 20252 is proof that an external evaluator has confirmed that Statistics Sweden’s statistical production meets the quality requirements of the standard. In addition the certification means that many of the requirements in other international quality frameworks for statistics are also fulfilled. Statistics Sweden’s quality management system is based on the agency’s processes. The management system is documented in the Process Support System (PSS) which emanates from the framework of The EFQM Excellence Model. Statistics Sweden also uses a quality assurance system for those statistical areas that are critical for the agency’s operations and /or important for society like the National Accounts. The quality management system (QMS) for the National Accounts (NA) was implemented in 2012 and is designed to reduce the risk of errors being made in the production process, support the management and employees in the work, increase traceability of data etc. The QMS for the NA is ultimately the tool that secures the quality and efficiency in the production process of NA in order to generate statistical information of high quality to the users. Important inputs to the QMS are the requirements in ESS Code of Practice, ISO 20525 and the process support system in Statistics Sweden. The QMS is described in the National Accounts quality manual. Statistics Sweden quality policy is available in English at the website https://www.scb.se/en/About-us/main-activity/quality-work/ |
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| 11.1. Quality assurance | |||
Quality of national accounts data is assured by strict application of ESA 2010 concepts and by applying the guidelines of the ESS handbook for quality reports. During the overall compilation process, national and regional accounts data undergo several kinds of quality checks, e.g. ex-ante (source statistics), ongoing (results), ex-post (methods used) and external checks (Eurostat, European or national Court of Auditors, IMF).
The quality management system is described above. Systematically validation, output and consistency checks are always performed. The quality of the statistics is documented as of 2017 in Quality Declaration, please see 10.6. In a quality management system it is important to work with continuous improvements aided by a control system. The control system has three different levels. First level is manager follow-ups. The management regularly monitors the content and use of quality management system. Statistics Sweden internal audits is the second level of review. The audit focuses on how the actual execution of a process conforms to the correspondent work instruction. It is Statistic Sweden’s Quality Director that ultimately decides which products to be audited. The third level of control is the internal review carried out by Statistic Sweden’s Chief Audit Executive. The internal review focuses on reviewing the processes for internal management and control and making suggestion for areas of improvement. In addition to these three different levels of the control system there are external reviews of the NA carried out by The Swedish National Audit Office and revision regarding ISO 20252. |
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| 11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
Please see the link below to the national quality report regarding national accounts (only in Swedish): https://www.scb.se/contentassets/66e9dae3a5d94bf8b4c299ce25294348/nr0103_kd_2017_mo_170607.pdf Please see the link below to the national quality report regarding the regional accounts: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/72e5a6fa28904ed292b2c1648efbd088/nr0105_kd_2016_171220_df.pdf |
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| 12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
National accounts data provide key information for economic policy monitoring and decision making, for forecasting, for administrative purposes, for informing the general public about economic developments (directly or indirectly via news agencies), and as input for economic research. The most important national users participate in different expert groups where the different parts both users and producers can discuss the statistics. In this way, Statistics Sweden receives knowledge of new and changed statistical needs and can also anchor changes in the statistics of important users. |
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| 12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
Views and opinions of users of national accounts statistics can be collected and analysed as one of the tools to 'measure' the relevance of national accounts data. The most important national users participate in different expert groups where the different parts both users and producers can discuss the statistics. In this way, Statistics Sweden receives knowledge of new and changed statistical needs and can also anchor changes in the statistics of important users. |
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| 12.3. Completeness | |||
In most countries national accounts cover the domains national accounts main aggregates, government accounts, sector accounts regional accounts and supply and use tables. However, the content of the data on these domains as well as the (details of the) various breakdowns (by region, sector, industry, product, etc.) may deviate per country, depending on national needs and available sources. The ESA 2010 transmission programme, consisting of 22 tables across all national accounts domains (see section10.3) defines the minimum national accounts data set that must be available in all Member States of the EU. Please see the link below for derogations within ESA 2010 Transmission Programme, page 116 for the Swedish reporting: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2014:195:FULL&from=EN |
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| 13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Please see chapter 11.2 for information regarding the national quality report for national accounts. |
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| 13.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
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| 13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
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| 14.1. Timeliness | |||
National accounts data should become available to users as timely as possible, taking into account the frequency of the data (annual or quarterly), the character of the data (info on the structure of an economy or on conjuncture developments) and an adequate balance between accuracy and timeliness. The ESA 2010 transmission programme defines the required timeliness for all national accounts tables. Quarterly tables should become available between 2 and 3 months after the quarter-end. The annual tables have to be transmitted between 2 months (main aggregates) and 36 months (supply and use tables) after the end of the reference year. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L:2014:195:FULL&from=EN |
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| 14.2. Punctuality | |||
Good practice requires that the dates on which national accounts data become available are pre-announced and that the pre-announced publication dates are met. National accounts data transmissions in the framework of the ESA 2010 transmission programme should be punctually delivered to Eurostat at the timeliness defined in the transmission programme (or before). |
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| 15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
The geographical comparability of national accounts in Member States of the EU is ensured by the application of common definitions of the European System of Accounts ESA 2010). Worldwide geographical comparison is also possible as most non-European countries apply the SNA 2008 guidelines, and SNA 2008 is consistent with ESA 2010. |
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| 15.2. Comparability - over time | |||
As the data for all reference periods are compiled according to the requirements of the ESA 2010, national accounts data are fully comparable over time. Also, in the case of fundamental changes to methods or classifications, revisions of long time series are performed, usually going far back into the past. There is a break in the time series in 2015 for all data by industry regarding NACE C26, J58, J62 and M72 as well as for gross fixed capital formation by asset type regarding R&D and computer software. |
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| 15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
Within the system of national accounts there is full consistency between the domains: annual and quarterly national accounts, government accounts, sector accounts, financial accounts, regional accounts, supply and use tables. However, in practice full consistency may not always be possible and temporary discrepancies might occur. They are usually the result of vintage differences. Primary statistics like structural business statistics (SBS), short term statistics (STS) and labour force statistics (LFS) are widely used as input for national accounts. However, there is no full consistency between these statistical domains and national accounts. Main reasons are differences in concepts/definitions and in coverage. Balance of payments is also used as an important source for national accounts. The definitions and coverage of balance of payments, as defined in the BPM6 manual, are fully harmonised with those in ESA 2010. Therefore, balance of payments variables are in principle fully coherent with the corresponding national accounts variables. |
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| 15.4. Coherence - internal | |||
See section 15.3 (Coherence - cross domain). |
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Not available. |
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| 17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
National accounts data are subject to continuous revisions as new input data become available. They are called routine revisions and entail regular revisions of country data and of the European aggregates, which are derived from the former. More rarely, exceptional revisions (called benchmark revisions) will result from major changes in data sources, classifications or methodology. For example, when changing from ESA95 to ESA 2010, a benchmark revision occurred at country level and at euro area / EU data level. Two Task Forces developed proposals for a more harmonised approach for benchmark and routine revisions. The one under the auspices of the Directors of Macroeconomic Statistics (DMES) dealt with benchmark revision policy, the other under the auspices of the Committee on Monetary, Financial, and Balance of Payments Statistics (CMFB) on the European Harmonised Revision Policy dealing with routine revisions.
Please see the link below for the revision policy regarding the Swedish national accounts. Please see the link below for the revision policy for the financial accounts: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/84fbfbc8bc9a4fc4b8568e75f1768b52/02_revideringspolicy_engelsk_oversattning_fm0103.pdf |
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| 17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
While revisions should be seen as a process to progressively improve the quality of national accounts as e.g. better sources and/or methods become available, the availability of metadata on revisions is a key element for understanding national accounts data and revisions between subsequent releases. Therefore, information on the main reasons for revisions and their nature (new source data available, new methods, etc.) as well as possibly quantitative and qualitative assessment on the average size of revisions and their direction based on historical data is required.
Major routine revisions since the implementation of ESA 95 are described in Chapter 2 in the ESA 2010 GNI Inventories: |
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| 18.1. Source data | |||
National and regional accounts compilation builds up on statistics that are primarily collected for other purposes (primary statistics). It relies on a variety of data sources, including administrative data: car and business registers, accounting statements, tax data, budgetary reports, population censuses, statistical surveys of businesses and households, statements of supervising institutions and branch organisations, annual and quarterly reports, trade statistics on goods and services, balance of payments information. There is no single survey source for national accounts. Sources vary from country to country and provide statistical information on a large set of economic, social, financial and environmental phenomena, which may not be strictly related to national accounts.
Sources and collection methods used in each country vary depending on the specific dataset. Overall, it is difficult to be exhaustive in the listing of data sources. Inventories provided to Eurostat usually include information on main sources (see section 10.6). Further information on data sources can be found on the national websites. Please see the link to GNI inventory for more information: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/c89bb85e14184e92a4d5e4eec5ce4b98/sweden-gni-inventory-2016_public_rev_oct2016.pdf |
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| 18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
National accounts are usually compiled on an annual or quarterly basis from other primary statistics. The frequency of data collection of primary statistics varies according to the nature of the data source. For example, business statistics are typically available on a monthly (and quarterly) basis. Some households' surveys are available on quarterly or annual frequency (sometimes even less frequent). Availability of administrative data varies from country to country. Population censuses are mostly collected every decade. The frequency and timing of the compilation of national accounts are not necessary aligned with the frequency and timing of (all) primary statistics data collections. National accounts departments typically receive/collect information in relation to their compilation schedule, i.e. for their annual or quarterly estimates. Countries can provide a description of the time of receiving external data. |
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| 18.3. Data collection | |||
The data collection is very country specific and also varies according to the nature of the data source, e.g. administrative data, tax and car registers, surveys, accounting statements. Guidance can be found in the Handbook of Recommended Practices for Questionnaire Development and Testing Methods in the ESS. Please see the links below: GNI inventory EDP inventory https://www.scb.se/contentassets/1e36e5bf4d9c46648c556bb99203a0c9/se-edp-inventory-esa2010-2015.pdf QSA inventory
Please see the link below to the national quality report regarding national accounts (only in Swedish): https://www.scb.se/contentassets/66e9dae3a5d94bf8b4c299ce25294348/nr0103_kd_2017_mo_170607.pdf
Please see the link below to the national quality report regarding the regional accounts: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/72e5a6fa28904ed292b2c1648efbd088/nr0105_kd_2016_171220_df.pdf
Please see the link below to the quality report regarding financial accounts: https://www.scb.se/contentassets/84fbfbc8bc9a4fc4b8568e75f1768b52/fm0103_bs_2011.pdf https://www.scb.se/contentassets/84fbfbc8bc9a4fc4b8568e75f1768b52/fm0102_bs_2010.pdf https://www.scb.se/contentassets/84fbfbc8bc9a4fc4b8568e75f1768b52/fm0103_kd_2017_170621.pdf |
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| 18.4. Data validation | |||
Data validation refers to any activity aimed at verifying that the value of a data item comes from a given set of acceptable values. It is a key task performed in all statistical domains and particularly important for national accounts, which is a key dataset for economic analysis and policy decisions. In order to increase overall data quality and workflow efficiency, the European Statistical System (ESS) is moving towards more harmonisation of validation activities including the definition of common standards, tools and support for implementation (see ESS validation website). National accounts are a pilot in this area. An ESA 2010 Task Force on validation was established in 2015 to agree and document validation rules in an ESA 2010 validation handbook and progressively implement them in a pre-validation service for national accounts data.
The confrontation of data from different sources is an integral part of the national accounts compilation. Source data used in national accounts undergo a sequence of checks within NSIs. For the validation of national accounts data, applies minimum validation rules agreed with Eurostat and provides metadata to support the validation process with respect to revisions and outliers. Further information on validation checks can be found on the website. |
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| 18.5. Data compilation | |||
Data sources, methods and compilation techniques are country specific, but should be employed in such a way that the definitions and concepts in ESA 2010 are met. Many guidance documents on general and specific national accounts compilation issues are available. See for more details section 10.6. The approaches to compile GDP in the framework of annual national accounts in Sweden are the production, expenditure/income approach. Consistency is obtained via reconciliation/balancing process. The same approach is used for the compilation of quarterly national accounts. Sector accounts are compiled after main aggregates. A supply-use framework is used once a year. National accounts datasets are generally consistent. For related information see also sections 10.6. and 17.1. |
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| 18.6. Adjustment | |||
The objectives of seasonal adjustment are to identify and remove seasonal fluctuations and calendar effects which can mask short and long-term movements in a time series and impede a clear understanding of underlying phenomena. Seasonal adjustment is therefore a fundamental process in the interpretation of time series to inform policy making (ESS guidelines on seasonal adjustment, 2015 Edition, Annex, point 1). For selected sub-annual national accounts data, such as notably the quarterly main aggregates, time series are usually not only published in their unadjusted form, but also with various types of adjustment (e.g. seasonal, calendar, trend-cycle). According to the ESA transmission programme, quarterly data are to be provided in non-seasonally adjusted form, as well as in seasonally adjusted form (including calendar adjustments, where relevant) except for previous year’s prices. The provision of quarterly data that only include calendar adjustments is voluntary. For sector accounts, seasonal adjustment (including calendar adjustments, where relevant) is compulsory for a limited set of series.
For quarterly national accounts the estimation of seasonally adjusted series generally includes calendar adjustments (exceptions, e.g. income aggregates), but these series are not benchmarked to annual data. The seasonal adjustment are based on a method where all series are direct seasonally adjusted at first, then the subseries are reconciled so that they sum to larger aggregates as well as to total GDP. The residual is split on the sub series in proportion to the level of the series and the uncertainty of the seasonally adjusted estimate where the uncertainty is measured as the variant in the irregular component. The new model was introduced in the release of the first quarter of 2010, in May 2010. The adjusted series are additive for the same periods the chain-linked values are additative, i.e. the reference year and the year after. Hours worked are additive for the whole time series. The applied seasonal adjustment model is the DOS-programs of TRAMO-SEATS. The model is updated each year when the quarterly accounts are benchmarked to the annual accounts. Outliers are presented each quarterly release in the publication “Fördjupningstexter”: https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/nationalrakenskaper/nationalrakenskaper/nationalrakenskaper-kvartals-och-arsberakningar/produktrelaterat/aktuellt/statistiknyheter-fordjupningstexterkommentarer-och-tabeller/ |
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