Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)

Science and Technology Statistics

Devlet Mahallesi Necatibey Cad. No:114 06420
Çankaya/Ankara 

Türkiye

The EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is an annual survey conducted since 2002. In Turkey, it has been conducted 2004 (except 2006).

In 2022, the survey collects data on the access to information and communication technologies (ICT), use of the internet, e-government, e-commerce, internet of things, as well as green ICT.

National language: Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması

English: Survey on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Usage in Households and by Individuals

The following common concepts and definitions apply under the Integrated European Social Statistics (IESS):

• the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 published in the following breakdowns: low (ISCED levels 0-2: no formal education, primary education or lower secondary education), medium (ISCED levels 3-4: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education) and high (ISCED levels 5-6: tertiary programmes which normally need a successful completion of ISCED 3 or 4, or second-stage tertiary education leading to an advanced research qualification);
• the International Standard Classification for Occupation ISCO-08 at the 2-digit level;
• the Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2-2008), at section level;
• the Common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS 1) – finer granularity of NUTS 2 is provided on optional basis by some Member states;
• the SCL - Geographical code list;
• information about household income is provided at lower level of detail. 

Additional classifications used in the national questionnaire: No additional classification is used in the national questionnaire.

The ICT survey in households and by individuals covers those households having at least one member in the age group 16 to 74 years old. Internet access of households refers to the percentage of households that have an internet access, so that anyone in the household could use the internet.

The scope of the national survey is not different from the main Eurostat scope.

The survey is collecting data of internet users, individuals who have used the internet in the three months prior to the survey. Regular internet users are individuals who used the internet, on average, at least once a week in the three months prior to the survey.

This annual survey is used to benchmark ICT-driven developments, both by following developments for core variables over time and by looking in greater depth at other aspects at a specific point in time. While the survey initially concentrated on access and connectivity issues, its scope has subsequently been extended to cover a variety of subjects (for example, the use of e-government and e-commerce) and socio-economic analysis (such as regional diversity, gender specificity, differences in age, education and the employment situation). The scope of the survey with respect to different technologies is also adapted so as to cover new product groups and means of delivering communication technologies to end-users.

Deviations from standard ICT concepts:  No deviations from standard ICT concepts.

Households and Individuals

In the ICT usage survey, the target population for the different statistical units is:

- individuals: all individuals aged 16 to 74;

- households: all (private) households with at least one member aged 16 to 74. 

Target population composed of households and/or individuals:

• Number of households: 24,798 thousands
• Number of individuals:  60,267 thousands (16-74 population)

Non-compulsory age groups also included in the target population:

All settlements in Türkiye are covered in sample selection.

Residential households which has 16-74 years of age have been covered in Republic of Türkiye border. Institutional population has  not been covered. Institutional population includes the population at nursing homes, old age asylums, dormitories, prisons and detention houses, military units and barracks.

Target population: All 16-74 years of age individuals living in households in Republic of Türkiye border.

Year 2022

Not applicable

Percentages of ‘Households’ and Percentages of ‘Individuals’

The reference period is last 3 months or 12 months before the interview.

28/03/2022 - 18/05/2022

The legal basis for the 2022 EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is the Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 October 2019 establishing a common framework for European statistics relating to persons and households, based on data at individual level collected from samples (OJ  L 261 I, 14.10.2019, p. 1), as implemented by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1223 of 27 July 2021 specifying the technical items of the data set, establishing the technical formats for transmission of information and specifying the detailed arrangements and content of the quality reports on the organisation of a sample survey in the use of information and communication technologies domain for reference year 2022 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 2269, 27.07.2021, pp. 1-45).

Complementary national legislation constituting the legal basis for the survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals: Turkish Statistical Law No. 5429 of November 10, 2005

According to Statistical Law of Turkey:

• Article 9 (Access to administrative data) of the law states that: “In order to be used for the production of official statistics, the institutions and organizations are obliged to submit or open to use of the Presidency the records and other data files they compile, process and store regarding their working areas, and all kinds of maps and data obtained by remote sensing within the specified period and free of charge.

Obligation to respond and boundaries

• Article 8: "Statistical units, in the framework of the fundamental rights and tasks identified in the Constitution, are obliged to submit to the Presidency all the required information or data, which will be used for producing the official statistics on economy, social, demography, culture, environment, science, technology and other required fields, completely, accurately and free of charge in the form, period and standards specified by the Presidency."

STATISTICS LAW OF TURKEY No. of the Law : 5429 Date of Approval : 10/11/2005 Published Official Gazette : Date: 18/11/2005 No.: 25997

Confidential data ARTICLE 13 - Confidential data can be accessed only by the ones involved in the production of official statistics, to the extent that they need for performing their duties properly. If the number of the statistical unit in any cell of the data table formed by aggregating the individual data is less than three or one or two of the statistical units are dominant even if the number of units is three or more, the data in the concerned cell is considered confidential. The confidential data compiled, processed and preserved for the production of official statistics cannot be delivered to any administrative, judiciary or military authority or person, cannot be used for purposes other than statistics or as an instrument of proof. Civil servants and other staff in charge of compiling and processing these data are obliged to comply with this rule. This obligation continues after the related personnel leave their duties and posts. The rulers of the institutions and organisations producing official statistics shall take all measures to prevent any illicit access, use or revelation of the confidential data. Data or information obtained from sources that are open to all people shall not be deemed confidential. Data confidentiality ceases when a statistical unit gives written approval for the revelation of confidential data concerning itself. Confidential data can be published only as combined with other data so as not to allow any direct or indirect identification. Principles and procedures relating to data confidentiality and security shall be regulated through statutes to be issued in line with national and international principles and by soliciting the opinion of relevant institutions and organisations.

The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It cannot be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

Data tables are formed by aggregating the individual data and published without allowing any direct or indirect identification.

Based on the Turkish Statistical Law, National data release calendar has been prepared by TurkStat in coordination with other institutions and updated regularly each year since 2007. The purpose of the calendar is to provide more timely and effectively release of official statistics by all institutions within the scope of the Official Statistics Programme.

By means of the National Data Release Calendar, publication dates and times of official statistics are announced in advance, thus decision makers and users are informed about official statistics timely.

The release calendar can be accessed via the following link: https://www.officialstatistics.gov.tr/en/

The Official Statistics Programme, based on the Statistics Law of Turkey No 5429, is prepared for a 5-year-period in order to determine the basic principles and standards dealing with the production and dissemination of official statistics and to produce reliable, timely, transparent and impartial data required at national and international level.

Principles ARTICLE 4 - In order to improve the quality of official statistics, statistics produced within the scope of Official Statistics Programme shall be prepared and implemented in accordance with the principles of reliability, consistency, impartiality, statistical confidentiality, timeliness and transparency. The basic principles are as follows; ensuring the accuracy of official statistics, presenting the data to all users on the same time and on impartial base, respecting the principles of confidentiality and protecting the rights of the public to access the information. All relevant information and methods used in producing official statistics shall be made public in order to allow the evaluation of the quality of official statistics and their compliance with the principles. All institutions and organisations as well as their staff in charge of implementing the Programme are obliged to act in accordance with the provisions of this law or any further regulations that may be issued on the basis of it.

Implementation Principles ARTICLE 5 - The Programme clearly states the objectives, coverage, methods, frequency, work plan and dissemination principles, and identifies the institutions and organisations responsible for implementation and coordination of the relevant work of all official statistics. These institutions and organisations are obliged to perform and fulfil duties and responsibilities assigned by the Programme within specified time. These duties and responsibilities start when the programme comes into force.

Annual

Publication and Dissemination: Statistics produced at the end of the survey can be accessed on TurkStat's website. The statistics produced are made available through channels that will allow access by users of all levels and environments.

Regular press releases. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Bilim,-Teknoloji-ve-Bilgi-Toplumu-102

Press releases and statistical tables can be accessed through the following link: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Science,-Technology-and-Information-Society-102

No online database

Not available

Within the framework of the legislation, researchers' request for access to micro data is provided. Data are accessible in micro-data form. Access to Microdata Directive (in Turkish) is attached.

In summary infographic format on top social networks.

Not available

Both referential and structural metadata for the survey in general and the data tables can be accessed through the following link: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Science,-Technology-and-Information-Society-102

Not available

Institutional Quality Report is attached.

TurkStat Quality Assurance Framework (in Turkish) is attached.

Institutional Quality Report is attached.

TurkStat gives importance to user needs. Data needs are regularly discussed at Official Statistics Program (OSP) Working Groups as well as at Statistical Council Meetings. The purpose, duties and responsibilities of the OSP Working Groups are defined in the “Directive on Formation and Working Procedures of Official Statistics Program Working Groups”. User needs are evaluated and analyzed and reported annually. During the preparation of the OSP, TurkStat reviews its activities and takes into account user needs.

TurkStat regularly conducts User Satisfaction Survey. It records the requests from the users regularly and evaluates them in order to make a needs analysis. TurkStat acts in accordance with the "Internal Circular on the Evaluation and Prioritization of User Needs" prepared (in Turkish) for meeting the requests from national or international users, evaluating them in RIP working groups and adding them to the program.

Missing variables and the reasons are listed below:

• For the variable DEG_URBA, in the TurkStat Survey, there is no such variable.
• For the variable INTDATE, there is no exact date of the first interview. Questionnaires were first filled by interviewers offline and then sent to the survey portal online. Therefore, there is a time difference between actual interviewing time and sending the filled form online.
• For the variable TIME, in the Turkish case it is not possible to measure this variable by using available survey paradata.

130 (variables provided) / 133 (required) = 98%

No available information.

Estimation method(s) for the random variation of an estimator due to sampling: Taylor linearization

Formula:

Tools used to estimate sampling errors: SAS/Proc Survey Freq

The method used to assess the standard errors takes into account the following specific effects:

Unit non-response: Name of the method: Constructed response homogeneity groups

Coverage errors (over-coverage, multiple listings): Name of the method: Calculation of over coverage rate

Calibration: Name of the method: Integrated calibration with trimming

Sampling method – estimation method – references: Multi stage stratified cluster sampling-design based estimation

Precision estimates for the question "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in question D1 of the 2022 model questionnaire):

Number of respondents (absolute value for ‘Yes’ answers):   11,599

Estimated proportion (in %):  47.12%

Standard error (in percentage points): 0.4949

Details of the breakdowns are available in Table 13.2.1 in the Excel file "INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_TR_2022_0000_an_11.xlsx" in the Annexes of this concept. 

See more details on non-sampling error below.

5,59 %

5,59 %

Not requested in the ICT survey.

1)    Measurement errors:

Possible measurement errors:

- Respondent bias and erroneous responses

- Incorrect statement of the interviewer

- Unclear questions

2)    Questionnaire design and testing:

Efforts made in questionnaire design and testing:

- Seeking the opinions of the interviewer regarding the wording of the questionnaire

- Adaptation of the questionnaire to different data collection modes

- Testing the data entry program

3)    Interviewer training:

Interviewer training is provided on the content, flow and data entry program of the questionnaire. Within the scope of the epidemic measures, the trainings were held remotely instead of face to face. During the field application, close cooperation with the interviewers continues and the questions of the interviewers are answered comprehensively.

4)    Proxy interview rates:  No proxy

Main characteristics of non-respondents:

- Individuals with communication problem because of serious illness and disability

- Individuals temporarily separated from the household for a short period of time due to travel and hospital stay

- Individuals with very irregular commuting times

The unit response rate is the ratio of the number of in-scope respondents (= the number of achieved interviews or the net sample size to the number of eligible elements selected from the sampling frame).

Unit non-response rate for

• Households:  2.83%  
• Individuals (aged 16-74): 4.83%

 Comments, if any:

1)   Methods used for dealing with unit non-response:

Non response adjustment was calculated to compensate the losses in the sample outcome due to non response. In this stage, non response adjustments were done within related groups for household and individual level. In order to conform the distribution of the sample with the projected population distributions (by NUTS1 urban/rural and age/sex groups) integrated calibration with trimming was done on the weighted sample data.

2)   Methods used for minimizing unit non-response:

Non response adjustments in homogenous groups.

3)   Substitution permitted:  No

4)   Substitution rate (in %):  No substitution

Items with low response rates (observed rates in %): There are no items with low response rates and their observed rates.

No available information

Not requested for ICT Survey

Last day (date) of the reference period : 31/03/2022

Release date of the final results : 26/08/2022

Length of time (the number of days) : 148

Target date of delivery: 26/08/2022

Actual date of delivery: 26/08/2022

The time lags (in days): 0

Target date of delivery: 26/08/2022

Actual date of delivery: 26/08/2022

The time lags (in days): 0

There are no comparability issues at geographical level on the whole national territory.

Not relevant

Possible limitations in the use of data for comparisons over time: Not relevant

The length of comparable time series depends on the module and variable considered within each of the modules of the survey.

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

All statistics are coherent within the dataset

MANDATORY questions in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2022:

The table 15.4.1 of athe annexed file "INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_TR_2022_0000_an_1.xlsx" available in the Annexes lists the questions that do not reflect the coverage of subjects and characteristics of Annex 2 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/1898 of the 20 July 2021. 

Adoption of OPTIONAL questions and items in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2022:

The table 15.4.2 of the annexed file "INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_TR_2022_0000_an_2.xlsx" lists the optional questions from the annual Eurostat model questionnaire 2022 included in the national questionnaire and their coverage for age groups beyond the standard scope.

Additional questions introduced in the national questionnaire: 

A1. Which of the following do you have in your household?

1. Desktop computer
2. Notebook (laptop, netbook, etc.)
3. Tablet computer
4. Mobile phone or smart phone
5. Other devices (smart TV, smart speaker, game console, e-book reader, smart watch, etc.)

B6. Which of the following social media and messaging apps do you use?

1. WhatsApp
2. Instagram
3. YouTube
4. Facebook
5. Twitter
6. Telegram
7. TikTok
8. Snapchat
9. BİP
10. Other mobile applications (Specify: ……)

T1. Have you used a mobile phone in the last three months?

 T1.1. Is the use of this mobile phone solely yours?

All statistics are coherent within the dataset.

TurkStat Revision Directive (in Turkish) is attached

Revision is not foreseen.

Not relevant

The source of the raw data is described with more details in the paragraphs below.

TurkStat Survey on ICT Usage in Households and by Individuals collects data from individuals aged 16-74 in households which were selected by sampling method.

Name and short description of the sampling frame or register used: 

The frame used in ICT Usage Survey on households and individuals  is updated by taking into account the National Address Database which is the base of 2007 Address Based Registry System. The sampling frame is used in updated in February 2022.

Type of source:

Survey vehicle: Stand-alone survey

Survey participation: Mandatory

Characteristics of the sampling design are detailed below. 

The sampling design is based on probability design: 

The sampling method of the ICT Usage Survey on households and individuals is a multi stage stratified cluster sampling.

Stratification is based on  (URBAN - RURAL) * NUTS1

URBAN - RURAL: All the residential places having more than 20001 population are defined as URBAN and other residential places having less than 20000 population are defined as RURAL .

Nomenclature of Units For Territorial Statistics (NUTS)-Level 1 :

• TR1 Istanbul
• TR2 West Marmara
• TR3 Agean
• TR4 East Marmara
• TR5 West Anatolia
• TR6 Mediterranean
• TR7 Central Anatolia
• TR8 West Black Sea
• TR9 East Black Sea
• TRA North East Anatolia
• TRB Central East  Anatolia
• TRC South East Anatolia

The method used to select PSU(Primary Sampling Unit) is systematic sampling with probabilities proportional-to-size

In the first stage – primary sampling units are 1541 clusters (containing approximately 100 household addresses in each)

In the second stage - unit (Household addresses) 10 sample household addresses are determined from selected clusters by using systematic selection method.

Number of individuals interviewed in the household: All individuals belonging  to 16-74 age group  in selected household addresses.  31081(eligible individuals) and 29581( respondent individuals)

Annual

1) Methods used to gather data: CATI and CAPI

Data Collection Mode: Before 2020 data collection mode of the survey was Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI). For 2020 and beyond, data collection has been transition to Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) mode. In cases where it was not possible to conduct a survey with CATI, it was conducted with CAPI.

2) Short description of the survey method:

Invitation to survey letters sent to sample households before the beginning of the survey. Invitation letter contains of the purpose of the survey, importance, usage of the results of ICT data, confidentiality and mandatory items and application method. for the CATI application, telephone numbers of individuals in the sample households are obtained from administrative sources and forwarded to the regional offices along with the address information of the sample households and individuals living in there (such as name-surname, age, gender). The sampling unit is household address. If another household move to sample household address you interview the new household.

A special telephone line was purchased by TurkStat for phone calls. An informative short message (SMS) is sent to sample individuals on behalf of TurkStat for CATI application. In the message, in addition to the information contained in the invitation letter previously sent to the households, the name and surname of the interviewer who would call for the survey implementation and the period when would apply the survey are also included.

Interviewers carry out survey interviews via telephones. Proxy answering is not allowed.

In cases where it was not possible to conduct a survey with CATI, it was conducted with CAPI.

3) Variables completed from an external source: No variables are completed from an external source

For checking and validating the source data after compilation and the results of the validations are monitored and used (including checking coverage, response rates and inconsistencies) through the Institutional Quality Report which includes

• general information about the survey,
• sampling information and
• quality indicators.

2022 Institutional Quality Report is attached.

There is no imputation and combining input data from different sources in the survey.

The procedures for adjustment for non-response and the corrections to the design weights to account for differences in response rates are specified in concept 13.2.

For the target indicator "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in question D1 of the 2022 model questionnaire):

Imputation rate (% of observations): Not applicaple

Imputation rate (share of estimate): Not applicaple

Methods used to impute item non-response: Not applicaple

Grossing up procedures have been applied to:  

Grossing-up procedures for households

Grossing-up procedures for individuals

Firstly, base  design weights which are inversely proportional to the overall selection probabilities are calculated. In the second stage, non response adjustment is calculated to compensate the losses in the sample outcome due to non response.

In third stage, integrated calibration with trimming method is applied to conform sample distribution with the population distributions (on the basis of NUTS1 *urban/rural,  age*sex groups and householdsize). Integrated calibration with trimming is done for respondent individuals on the weighted individuals in household addresses.

Description of the weighting procedures: Firstly, base  design weights which are inversely proportional to the overall selection probabilities were calculated. In the second stage, non response adjustment was calculated to compensate the losses in the sample outcome due to non response.

In third stage, integrated calibration with trimming method is applied to conform sample distribution with the population distributions (on the basis of NUTS1 *urban/rural,  age*sex groups and householdsize). Integrated calibration with trimming is done for respondent individuals on the weighted individuals in household.

Not relevant

Not relevant