Statistics Portugal

Unit: Statistics Portugal, Demographic and Social Statistics Department, Living Conditions Statistics Unit

Avenida António José de Almeida, 5 - 1000-043 Lisboa

The EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is an annual survey conducted since 2002. In Portugal, it has been conducted since 2002.

In 2022, the survey collects data on the access to information and communication technologies (ICT), on the use of the internet, e-government, e-commerce, internet of things, as well as green ICT. In Portugal the Survey also collected information about "working from home" and about access to fixed technologies at home other than Internet (DTT, fixed telephone line and TV by subscription).

National language: Inquérito à Utilização de Tecnologias de Informação e da Comunicação pelas Famílias 2022

English: Survey on ICT usage in private households 2022

Questionnaire(s) in national language(s) and the translation in English are available in the annex.

The following common concepts and definitions apply under the Integrated European Social Statistics (IESS):

• the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 published in the following breakdowns: low (ISCED levels 0-2: no formal education, primary education or lower secondary education), medium (ISCED levels 3-4: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education) and high (ISCED levels 5-6: tertiary programmes which normally need a successful completion of ISCED 3 or 4, or second-stage tertiary education leading to an advanced research qualification);
• the International Standard Classification for Occupation ISCO-08 at the 2-digit level;
• the Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2-2008), at section level;
• the Common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS 1) – finer granularity of NUTS 2 is provided on optional basis by some Member states;
• the SCL - Geographical code list;
• information about household income is provided at lower level of detail. 

Additional classifications used in the national questionnaire:

NUTS 2

ISO 3166-1 - international standard - codes for the representation of country names (Iso alpha2)

The ICT survey in households and by individuals covers those households having at least one member in the age group 16 to 74 years old. Internet access of households refers to the percentage of households that have an internet access, so that anyone in the household could use the internet.

No differences from the main Eurostat scope.

The survey is collecting data of internet users, individuals who have used the internet in the three months prior to the survey. Regular internet users are individuals who used the internet, on average, at least once a week in the three months prior to the survey.

This annual survey is used to benchmark ICT-driven developments, both by following developments for core variables over time and by looking in greater depth at other aspects at a specific point in time. While the survey initially concentrated on access and connectivity issues, its scope has subsequently been extended to cover a variety of subjects (for example, the use of e-government and e-commerce) and socio-economic analysis (such as regional diversity, gender, age, education and activity status). The scope of the survey with respect to different technologies has also been adapted so as to cover new product groups and means of delivering communication technologies to end-users.

For more details on the methodology applicable in each survey year, please consult the Methodological Manual for the respective year on CIRCABC - Methodological Manual - Information society statistics (europa.eu).

Deviations from standard ICT concepts:

Not applicable.

Households and Individuals

In the ICT usage survey, the target populations for the different statistical units are:

- individuals: all individuals aged 16 to 74;

- households: all (private) households with at least one member aged 16 to 74. 

Target population composed of households and/or individuals:

• Number of households:  3,348,089
• Number of individuals:  7,661,716

Non-compulsory age groups also included in the target population:

All national territory is covered (mainland, Região Autónoma dos Açores and Região Autónoma da Madeira); no parts excluded.

Year 2022

Not applicable

Percentages of ‘Households’ and Percentages of ‘Individuals’

In general, the reference period for the ICT variables correspond to the 3 months prior to the date of the interview (it covers a period that depends on the data collection period, that started on 6 June and ended 21 August 2022); there are however specific variables where “previous twelve months” are specified in accordance to the EU model questionnaire.

The reference period for the socio-demographic background variables is the date of the interview.

Data collection took place from 6 June to 21 August 2022.

The legal basis for the 2022 EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is the Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 October 2019 establishing a common framework for European statistics relating to persons and households, based on data at individual level collected from samples (OJ  L 261 I, 14.10.2019, p. 1), as implemented by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/1223 of 27 July 2021 specifying the technical items of the data set, establishing the technical formats for transmission of information and specifying the detailed arrangements and content of the quality reports on the organisation of a sample survey in the use of information and communication technologies domain for reference year 2022 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 2269, 27.07.2021, pp. 1-45).

Complementary national legislation constituting the legal basis for the survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals: This survey is included in the National Statistics System and it is mandatory (Law no. 22/2008, of 13 May).

Data is not available to other NSS agencies besides Statistics Portugal. Inside Statistics Portugal, data collected are available for the internal units inside Statistics Portugal ensuring validation, weighting and estimation of final results and standar errors, via a platform (Infoview BusinessObjects 3.0) were consultations and analyses can be done.

The collection, processing and dissemination of data is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the National Statistical System Law (Law 22/2008 of 13 May), namely Article 6 which establishes the application of the principle of statistical confidentiality of data.

Any statistical unit, directly or indirectly identifiable, cannot be disclosed, not only for the protection granted by this principle, but also for the rules arising from the application of the General Data Protection Regulation.

The breach of statistical confidentiality is punishable not only disciplinary, but also criminally, according to Article 32 of the National Statistical System Law.

The treatment of statistical confidentiality (according to Law 22/2008 of May 13, and also ensured by Eurostat under regulation No. 1000/2007, of 29 August) consists of the suppression of individual identification, of the variables used in the selection of the sample and of those associated with field work, in addition to the use top/bottom coding and grouping in several variables, to minimize the risk of identification with a view to obtaining a file for scientific purposes.

A calendar for press releases is available on Statistics Portugal Website.

The press release calendar is available on Statistics Portugal website, at the following link: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_calendarios.

The following principles are included in the Statistics Portugal general policy for release of the data to users, and are followed by ICT use survey in households and by individuals:

• Provide the official statistical information at cost free in the Official Statistics Portal; 
• Provide objective, timely and punctual official statistical information, accompanied by the respective statistical metadata and, eventually, other information that facilitates its interpretation;
• The official statistical information should be impartial and released simultaneously to all users;
• Provide official statistical information on pre-announced calendar established based on exclusively technical-regulatory criteria and having in consideration of the quality/up-to-date commitment;
• Publicize the changes as far in advance as possible to the dissemination calendar and its justification, maintaining the home calendar accessible.

Annual

A press release is published every year in the end of November with the results of the latest survey on ICT Usage in households and by individuals.

The press releases, both in Portuguese and in English, are availlable at Statistics Portugal website under the theme Research and Development, in the following link

The results of the national Survey on ICT Usage in Households are not published in a Publication format.

The aggregated results of the survey are available in a Database at Statistics Portugal website, under the theme Research and Development, sub theme Information Society, in the following link: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_base_dados.

Not available.

According to Article 6 of the National Statistical System Law (Law 22/2008 of 13 May), individual statistical data on natural and legal persons may only be provided for scientific purposes in an anonymized form, to accredited researchers.

The accreditation of researchers is done by the General Directorate of Education and Science Statistics.

The main ICT use survey in households and by individuals results are included in two multi-theme annual publications of Statistics Portugal: the Statistical Yearbook and the Annual Report on the Sustainable Development Goals Indicators (SDG) for Portugal.

Not available.

The main methodological aspects of the ICT use survey in households and by individuals are described in a methodological document, which is mandatory for all surveys carried out in the context of the National Statistical System.

All methodological documents are freely accessed on the Internet, at Statistics Portugal website, complying with the principles defined in the “European Statistics Code of Practice”.

The methodological document intends to be as complete as possible, including all the necessary information about the scope, sample, data collection, grossing up procedures, concepts, classifications and indicators available on Statistics Portugal Website. It also includes the national questionnaire and information about users of the data, the contact persons of the survey, the dissemination products, the schedule of dissemination, legislation, etc.

The European Statistics Code of Practice, a self-regulatory instrument whose main purpose is to improve trust and confidence in official statistics produced and disseminated by the statistical authorities of Member States, Candidate Countries, EFTA Members and Eurostat, reinforcing their independence, integrity and responsibility and to enhance the quality of European Statistics. (https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_inst_codconduta&xlang=en)

Information Security Management System (ISMS), aligned with the best international practices, namely NP ISO / IEC 27001: 2013, is comprised of a set of policies and procedures that are now available to all Statistics Portugal’s procedures, and which allow the operationalization of the System.

(https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_inst_sgsinformacao&xlang=en)

The following are noteworthy strategic documents to Statistics Portugal and made available in its Portal:

• The 2019 edition of the Quality Chart (only in PT version), which formalizes Statistics Portugal’s assumed public commitment in relation to the quality and credibility of the official statistics it produces and disseminates, to the public service it provides to the society – making it clear to all information providers, users of statistical information and to the public in general – also expressing the commitment towards information security;

• The Information Security Policy (only in PT version), which sets the general principles by which Statistics Portugal carries its mission, to the assets it manages within the scope of the ISMS, following all requirements within NP ISO/IEC 27001:2013, the applicable legislation, regulation and recommendations of the ESS (European Statistical System) and EUROSTAT in what specifically concerns information security;

• The Statistical Confidentiality Policy (only in PT version), which replaces the former Statistics Portugal´s Confidentiality Chart and is part of the ISMS and formalizes the public commitment of compliance with the Principle of Statistical Secrecy assumed by Statistics Portugal as the central body responsible for the coordination and development of the national statistical activity;

• The Personal Data and Privacy Protection Policy (only in PT version), which aims to supply the providers of data information about the nature of the collected data, its intended purpose and how the data are treated.

The Dissemination policy of Statistics Portugal lays down the fundamental principles governing the dissemination of official statistics, directly or indirectly produced under its responsibility. It should have as main reference the applicable principles of the National Statistical System: technical independence, statistical confidentiality, quality and accessibility. (https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_inst_pdifusao&xlang=en)

To ensure process and data quality several procedures are carried out:

- The questionnaire and the methodological document follow a procedure of approval within the National Statistical System. This procedure is supervised by a coordination team, and implies the consultation of the questionnaire and methodological document by all departments, where opinions and recommendations are collected and adopted, if relevant.

- Data collection is carried out by interviewers (face to face or telephone interviews) or via a web platform, using specific computer programs backed up with validation rules (for guarantying answers quality, coherence between related questions and the observance of the routing), instructions for the interviewers/respondents and with explanations about the technologies which are eventually more difficult to be understood by respondents.

- Interviewers follow a training action before the beginning of data collection, backed up with support documentation, information about the necessary procedures to be taken and rules about what should be considered in each question, always following Eurostat recommendations.

- During the data collection, the interviewers work and the response rate are periodically supervised, the latest according to previously defined goals.

- Before sending the database to be grossed-up by the Department of Methodology and Information Systems, the data is submitted to validation procedures both by the Department of Data Collection and Management and the Department of Demographic and Social Statistics, where therefore, confirmations with team-work, (re)codifications and corrections can be made to the collected data.

Despite the efforts by the data collection team and the enlargement of the data collection period (it ended on 21 August), the re-introduction of face-to-face interviews (CAPI) due to the end of COVID-19 social restrictive measures, and the resizing of the sample (to ensure compliance with precision criteria defined in the new framework regulation that complies with a common regime for European household statistics, as well as ensuring representativeness for all NUTS II regions), in 2022 the response rate remained low compared to 2019 (55.5% in 2022 compared to 71.0% in 2019; in 2020 and in 2021 it was 51.5% and 53.9%, respectively).

The main users of Survey on ICT Usage in households and by individuals are:

 1. Internal users (of the National Statistical System):

- Statistics Portugal - National Accounts Department

- Regional Directorates of Statistics of Região Autónoma dos Açores (SREA) and Região Autónoma da Madeira (DREM) that act as delegations of Statistics Portugal for regional data collection purposes;

- Directorate-General of Education and Science Statistics of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education

- Bank of Portugal 

 2. Other users: 

ANACOM - National Authority of Communications

OberCom - Communication Observatory

Eurostat

OECD

ITU

Statistics Portugal Dissemination Policy foresees a regular monitoring and assessment of the quality and accessibility of disseminated data, in order to ensure continued improvement of dissemination activity.

This process involves:

- The different type of users are regularly surveyed on their satisfaction regarding products and services made available to them by Statistics Portugal;

- User comments, suggestions and complaints are viewed as real opportunities to further improve the dissemination activity of Statistics Portugal;

- User comments, suggestions and complaints are duly treated in accordance with the procedures established in Statistics Portugal's Quality Charter;

- User comments, suggestions and complaints, where relevant, leads to the adoption of measures to further improve the activity of Statistics Portugal, particularly in the dissemination function.

All variables required are included in the microdata.

100%. All variables required are included in the microdata.

Random errors are essentially caused by the respondents and by the records of the interviewers. As for systematic errors, they are caused by the non-responses of some households, which are compensated in the final weights which integrates a factor of non-responses and calibration, and are described below.

The unit non-response is dealt by means of a non-response factor (ratio between the total of households and the sum of the respondent households’ design weights) which is included in the calculation of final weights.

The weight is calculated in three steps:

• 1st step: determination of the design weight, which incorporates the survey design information and is given by the inverse probability of selection of each statistical unit (based on the Horvitz-Thompson estimator);
• 2nd step: application of a non-response adjustment factor to the weight calculated in first step;
• 3rd step: adjustment of the weight obtained in step 2, applying a calibration procedure to ensure that the distributions of households and individuals are consistent with the structure of the correspondent known populations. For households, the auxiliary information (margins) is the totals of households by NUTS2 (sourced from national LFS). For individuals, the margins are the total of individuals by NUTS2, sex and age group (sourced from the Annual estimates of resident population).

The sampling design includes a longitudinal component by means of a rotating panel in which ¼ of the sample rotates each year.

For the calculation of the estimate’s variance a Jackknife estimator was used. This technique supposes the partition of the sample into groups and the calculation of estimates for the all sample and for the obtained sub samples, by systematically leaving out each one of the constituted groups to the global sample and then finding the average of these calculations. The variance is estimated using the variability between the estimates obtained by the given sub samples and the one calculated using the all sample.

The standard error was calculated using the precision of an estimate calculated by the correspondent Coefficient of Variation.

These calculations are performed using the R package survey (by Thomas Lumley - The Comprehensive R Archive Network (r-project.org)).

Precision estimates for the question "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in question D1 of the 2022 model questionnaire):

Number of respondents (absolute value for ‘Yes’ answers):   2,758

Estimated proportion (in %): 53.5%

Standard error (in percentage points):  0.87%

Details of the breakdowns are available in the Excel files in the Annexes. 

See more details on non-sampling error below.

Exclusion of the people living in collective dwellings as well as homelessness people which represent approximately 1% of the target population.

The update is continuous based only on the information from fieldwork (from other surveys), just very recently started the update with the use of administrative data.

From the 13,283 sample dwellings, at about 13% are dwellings not classified as main residence or where there are no individuals aged 16 to 74 years old.

Not requested in the ICT survey.

1)       Measurement errors: 

No errors were detected.

However it could occur typing errors, not possible to detected with the coherence validation rules implemented in the data collection computer program. And it could occur errors related to misinterpretation or misunderstanding of some question or instruction.

2)       Questionnaire design and testing:  

The first version of the questionnaire is developed by Demographic and Social Statistics Unit (translation of the Eurostat Model Questionnaire and adaptation to national reality) including the relevant instructions to respondents. This version is discussed with the Data Collection Unit, resulting in a second version.

This second version, together with the methodological document, is object of a compulsory procedure of approval and register within the National Statistical System. This procedure is supervised by a coordination team, and implies the consultation of the questionnaire and methodological document by all departments, where opinions and recommendations are collected and adopted, if relevant.

3)       Interviewer training: 

Face-to-face and telephone interviews were made by external interviewers, already selected for other household surveys.

Interviewers followed a training action before the begin of data collection, backed up with support documentation, information about the necessary procedures to be taken and rules about what should be considered in each question, always following Eurostat recommendations.

The interviews are computer assisted backed up with validation rules (for guarantying answers quality, coherence between related questions and the observance of the routes), instructions for the interviewers/respondents and with explanations about the technologies which are eventually more difficult to be understood by respondents.

4)       Proxy interview rates: Proxy interview are not allowed in this survey. 

Information about non-respondents: Not available.

The unit response rate is the ratio of the number of in-scope respondents (= the number of achieved interviews or the net sample size to the number of eligible elements selected from the sampling frame).

Unit non-response rate for

• Households:  44.5% 
  
• Individuals (aged 16-74): 44.5%  
  

 Comments, if any: Nothing to comment.

1)       Methods used for dealing with unit non-response: 

Measures taken to reduce the unit non-response:

- Previous notification in the form of a letter (or e-mail) sent to all dwellings sampled;

- Introduction of self-administered internet interviews to all dwellings in the first phase of data collection and possibility to  answer via CAWI during the entire period of data collection, allowing flexibility in the time of response;

- For CAPI and CATI the individuals had the possibility to schedule the telephone interview (choosing day and hour of convenience);

- To minimise the number of refusals, supervisors received instructions to insist with individuals through a systematic plan of insistences where respondents were informed about the main purposes of the data collection and the importance of their contribution.

2)       Methods used for minimizing unit non-response:

The design weight of each unit (dwellings and individuals), i.e. the inverse of the probability of selection, is multiplied by a factor of non-response. 

3)       Substitution permitted: Not applicable; substitutions and proxy interviews are not allowed.

4)       Substitution rate (in %):  Not applicable.

Items with low response rates (observed rates in %): 

Not applicable. The computer program do not allow blank answers; "don't know" and/or "refusal" are options foreseen for some questions.

For the variables Occupation in main employment and Sector in employment, a description is collected and later codified according ISCO and NACE (both at 2 digit). Sometimes the descriptions are insufficient to codify correctly and these records are treated as non-response and considered to imputation procedure as described in item 18.5.2.

Not requested for ICT Survey

At national level, data is disseminated (in press release format and database indicators on Statistics Portugal website) in the end of November of year n, with n being the year of data collection.

A delay in the release never happened, even during the COVID-19 pandemic when response rates decreased sharply.

The final microdata file was sent, on the target date (5 October), according to Eurostat standards and transmission rules. 

The final microdata file was sent on target (5 October 2022) according to Eurostat standards and transmission rules. 

Not applicable.

Not relevant

Possible limitations in the use of data for comparisons over time:  

In 2021 there was a sample resizing to ensure compliance with precision criteria for the sample in the domain of "use of information and communication technologies", defined in the new framework regulation that complies with a common regime for European household statistics, as well as ensuring representativeness for all NUTS II regions.

However, this change is not enough to warrant the designation of a break in series.

The length of comparable time series depends on the module and variable considered within each of the modules of the survey.

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

All statistics are coherent within the dataset.

MANDATORY questions in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2022:

The table in the excel file in the annexes lists the questions that do not reflect the coverage of subjects and characteristics of Annex 2 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/1898 of the 20 July 2021. 

Adoption of OPTIONAL questions and items in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2022:

The table in excel file in the annexes lists the optional questions from the annual Eurostat model questionnaire 2022 included in the national questionnaire and their coverage for age groups beyond the standard scope. 

Additional questions introduced in the national questionnaire:

Please see annexed file: Annex_AdditionalQuestions.doc

Effects of deviations from the routing used in the Eurostat model questionnaire:

All statistics are coherent within the dataset.

Statistics Portugal has a revision policy document that seeks to clarify the key factors of a revision, the typology of revision that may occur and the dimensions governing a revision’s analysis. It also explains the General and Operational Principles of the revisions policy that Statistics Portugal will consolidate in the future (https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_inst_politrevisao&xlang=en>).

Not foreseen.

Not relevant

The source of the raw data is described with more details in the paragraphs below.

This survey is a stand-alone survey (since 2003) and is included in the National Statistics System and it is mandatory (Law no. 22/2008, of 13 May).

The sampling frame was selected from the National Dwellings Register (NDR) which in turn uses information collected in the 2011 Census. The geographical coverage refers to the total territory. It is constituted by private dwellings of usual residence and excludes collective households and institutions (approximately 1% of total population). Its size is approximately 1.4 million dwellings of usual residence.

The sampling frame was stratified one-stage cluster samples. In each stratum (NUTS 3) the clusters were selected systematically with probability proportional to size (number of private dwellings of usual residence). The clusters were constituted by one or more contiguous grid INSPIRE cells with 1 Km2 of area.

There are no known shortcomings.

Name and short description of the sampling frame or register used:

The sampling frame was selected from the National Dwellings Register (NDR) which in turn uses information collected in the 2011 Census. The geographical coverage refers to the total territory. It is constituted by private dwellings of usual residence and excludes collective households and institutions (approximately 1% of total population). Its size is approximately 1.4 million dwellings of usual residence.

The sampling frame was stratified one-stage cluster samples. In each stratum (NUTS 3) the clusters were selected systematically with probability proportional to size (number of private dwellings of usual residence). The clusters were constituted by one or more contiguous grid INSPIRE cells with 1 Km2 of area. A total of 695 clusters, or PSU, were selected. Sampling design included a second stage (in each PSU (cluster) a sample of dwellings were selected systematically) and a third stage (in each selected dwelling, one person aged 16 to 74 years old is selected by the last birthday method).

The sampling design includes a longitudinal component by means of a rotating panel in which ¼ of the sample rotates each year.

Annual

1) Methods used to gather data: CAPI, CATI and CAWI

2) Short description of the survey method: 

The 2022 ICT survey uses a mixed-mode data collection of face-to-face interviews (CAPI), telephone interviews (CATI) and self-administered internet interviews (CAWI).

No subsamples were selected for the different modes of data collection. Instead, a 2-step approach has been implemented:

1st step: all 13,283 dwellings selected for the 2022 gross sample were initially offered the possibility to fulfil a self-administered internet questionnaire (CAWI);

2nd step: after a predefined period were the collection is made available only via CAWI, the dwellings that have not answered the questionnaire, are moved to CATI or CAPI data collection mode, depending on the availability of telephone on the sample and of the respondent preference for answering.

The three methods are available based on optimization of response rates and respondents' preference; individuals have the possibility to answer via CAWI during the entire period of data collection.

Regarding the number of interviews completed for individuals aged between 16 to 74 years (6,594), 8.3% (547) were face-to-face interviews, 54.1% (3,567) were telephone interviews and 37.6% (2,480) were web interviews.

The interviews have been made in households with at least one individual aged 16 to 74 years old. After listing all the eligible individuals in each unit, the method of last birthday (with reference to date of first interview) has been used to select the respondent: one individual aged between 16 to 74 years, if any.

3) Variables completed from an external source: 

For Household income (equivalised) in quintiles, the information was collected in euro currency, in large size bands and in exact value.

The size bands used in data collection were defined in accordance to the EU-SILC more recent data (EU-SILC 2021), and in order to enable quartile and quintile calculations. The EU-SILC 2021 data was also used as reference to calculate an estimated value for each answer in size band.

Data collection was carried out by interviewers (face-to-face and telephone) or via a web platform, using specific computer programs backed up with validation rules (for guarantying answers quality, coherence between related questions and the observance of the routes), instructions for the interviewers/respondents and with explanations about the technologies which are eventually more difficult to be understood by respondents.

Before sending the database to be grossed-up by the Department of Methodology and Information Systems, the data have been submitted to validation procedures both by the Department of Data Collection and Management and the Department of Demographic and Social Statistics, where therefore, confirmations with team-work, (re)codifications and corrections can be made to the collected data.

Imputation was used in case of non-response or refusal to answer to: activity status, sector in employment, occupation in employment, education attainment level and household income (including the imputation of invalid/too low income values declared by the respondents).

The average household income declared by individuals with similar characteristics (in terms of education level, age class and activity status) was used to impute the household income missing or invalid data. 

For the other variables, missing data were imputed using data previously collected for individuals has been interviewed in previous years (the latest year for activity status); if the individual have not been interviewed in previous years, the modal value declared by individuals with similar characteristics has been used.

For the target indicator "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in question D1 of the 2022 model questionnaire):

Imputation rate (% of observations): No imputation was made.

Imputation rate (share of estimate): No imputation was made.

Methods used to impute item non-response: 

Imputation was used in case of non-response or refusal to answer to: employment situation, sector in employment, occupation in employment, education attainment level and to household income; for the latest, imputation was also considered when invalid (too low) income was declared.

For the household income the average household income declared by individuals with similar characteristics (in terms of education level, age class and employment situation) was used for imputation.

For the remaining variables it was used for imputation, the information collected in years before (the latest year for the employment situation); if the individual have not been interviewed in years before, the modal value declared by individuals with similar characteristics was used.

Grossing up procedures have been applied to: Individuals and Households

Description of the weighting procedures: 

The weight is calculated in three steps:

1st step: determination of the design weight, which incorporates the survey design information and is given by the inverse probability of selection of each statistical unit;

2nd step: application of a non-response adjustment factor to the weight calculated in first step;

3rd step: adjustment of the weight obtained in step, applying a calibration procedure to ensure that the distributions of households and individuals are consistent with the structure of the correspondent known populations. For households, the auxiliary information (margins) is the totals of households by NUTS 2 (sourced from national LFS). For individuals, the margins are the total of individuals by NUTS 2, sex and age group (sourced from the Annual estimates of resident population).

Not relevant

Not relevant