Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Czech Statistical Office Na padesátém 81 100 82 Praha 10 Czech Republic
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
24 March 2026
2.2. Metadata last posted
24 March 2026
2.3. Metadata last update
24 March 2026
3.1. Data description
Data on causes of death (COD) provide information on mortality patterns and form a major element of public health information.
COD data refer to the underlying cause which - according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) - is "the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury".
COD data are obtained/derived from the medical part of death certificates. The Czech Statistical Office codes the information about causes of death into ICD codes according to the rules specified in the ICD. The underlying cause of death is selected by automated coding system (IRIS).
Data are broken down by sex, age, underlying cause of death, residency of deceased person and country of occurrence. Stillbirths and neonatal deaths are additionally broken down by age of mother.
Annual national data are provided in absolute numbers and at regional level NUTS 2.
See table 3.2 "Classification and updates applied by years" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
3.3. Coverage - sector
Public Health.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
There is a difference between the regulation's definition and national statistical concept for stillbirth, see point 3.4.2.
3.4.1. National definition used for usual residency
Registered population is aplied.
3.4.2. Stillbirth definition and characteristics collected
National definition used for stillbirths
The national legislation currently does not contain general definitions of a live birth and a stillbirth.
Existing legal regulation, the Act No 372/2011 Sb, on Health Services, as amended, defines only a foetus after abortion, which is a foetus, which after the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother shows none of the signs of life and at the same time its birth weight is lower than 500 g and provided that the weight cannot be measured, if the pregnancy lasted less than 22 weeks.
On that base, the definitions of live birth and stillbirth along with all cases of abortions are stated in the guidelines for filling in the “Death certificate (Report on examination of the deceased person)” (in the Decree No 297/2012 Sb, on the Death certificate (Report on examination of the deceased person) as amended), namely for the needs of filling in of the Death certificate. The stillbirth is defined there as the foetus, which after the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother shows none of the signs of life and at the same time its birth weight is 500 g and over and provided that the weight cannot be measured, if the pregnancy lasted 22 weeks and over, and provided that the length of the pregnancy cannot be measured, if the crown-heel length is 25 cm and over.
The national number of stillbirths is adjusted to being in compliance with the regulation's definition. Spontaneous abortions that meet the definition of stillbirth are added.
Characteristics collected
Gestational age, weight and crown-heel lenght.
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical unit is the deceased person and stillbirth. The reporting unit is the certifier-physician.
3.6. Statistical population
Registered population = the citizens of the Czech Republic and foreigners with permanent residence in the Czech Republic, third-country nationals with temporary residence in the territory of the Czech Republic based on a long-term visa (over 90 days) or a long-term residence permit, nationals of the EU Member States, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein and their family members with notified temporary residence in the territory of the Czech Republic and foreigners with valid asylum status in the Czech Republic and persons granted temporary protection with usual residence in the Czech Republic. The counts of deaths of Czech citizens with the permanent residence in the Czech Republic that occurred abroad and were registered in the Czech Republic are also included.
3.6.1. Neonates of non-resident mothers
Neonates of non-resident mothers aren’t included since they are considered as non-residents.
3.6.2. Non-residents
The non-resident's deaths aren’t included in national statistics.
3.6.3. Residents dying abroad
The residents of Czech citizenship deceased abroad are included in the national statistics if their death is registered by the Czech authorities. Code R99 as the underlying cause of death is usually assigned to these deaths because a cause of death is not known in most cases.
3.7. Reference area
Czech Republic - national and NUTS 2 level.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Data requested according to the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011 are available since 2011.
National data on residents are available since 1919.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
The data are sent in absolute numbers.
Data refer to the calendar year (i.e. all deaths occurring during the year).
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The agreement on mutual provision of statistical information and confidential statistical data for the purposes of ensuring the performance of the State Statistical Service is signed between the CZSO and the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR (IHIS CR).
Data from cause of death statistics are published as a monothematic publication called “Deaths by Cause, Sex and Age in the Czech Republic and its Regions” and as well as the part of all yearbooks with demographic subject (Statistical yearbook, Demographic yearbook issue for national level and issues for several regional levels). The number of on-line consultationsonly for the whole publications is available in the CZSO; thus only consultations of the monothematic publication are here provided.
See table 10.3.1 "10.3.1. Data tables - consultations" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
The standards and rules specified in the ICD are followed.
11.1. Quality assurance
The cause of death data are based on the Regulation, which defines scope, definitions of variables according to them data are broken down.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
There has not been any quality assessment in the year 2024.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Information not available.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Information not available.
12.3. Completeness
Deaths: Deaths of Czech nationals with registered residence in the Czech Republic that took place abroad are included into statistics, if they were registered by the Czech authorities (the bereaved requested the registration). Unidentified dead bodies are not statistically processed.
Stillbirths: Stillbirths to parents with Czech citizenship and registered residence in the Czech Republic (at least one parent) that took place abroad are included into statistics, if their birth was registered by the Czech authorities (if the parents of the child requested the registration). Foundlings and children from undisclosed deliveries (according to the relevant law), i.e. births without information about the mother, are not statistically processed.
All registered spontaneous abortions that meet the regulation definition of stillbirth are included. Sex is not collected in case of abortions.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
1. For mandatory variables:
100%.
All mandatory variables required by the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011 are transmitted to the European Commission.
The underlying cause of death is usually unknown for residents deceased abroad, code R99 is assigned.
2. For voluntary variables:
The sex is unknown for the part of stillbirths, i.e. for those which are derived from the dataset of spontaneous abortions (they are classified as spontaneous abortions according to the national definition on foetus after abortion) that meet the regulation's definition of stillbirth (see 3.4.2).
The underlying cause of death is unknown for stillbirths, the coding R99 is used for statistics transmitted to Eurosat according to the Implementing Regulation No 328/2011.
The NUTS2 region of occurrence is unknown for residents deceased abroad. This variable is unknown for the part of stillbirths too, i.e. for those which are derived from the dataset of spontaneous abortions (they are classified as spontaneous abortions according to the national definition on foetus after abortion) that meet the regulation’s definition of stillbirth (see 3.4.2).
The NUTS2 region of residence is unknown for non-residents who died in the territory of the Czech Republic.
The parity is known only for the part of stillbirths, i.e. for those which are derived from the dataset of spontaneous abortions (they are classified as spontaneous abortions according to the national definition on foetus after abortion) that meet the regulation definition of stillbirth (see 3.4.2).
3. For additional variables:
External CoD.
It’s the same situation as the underlying cause of death: External CoD is unknown for stillbirths and usually unknown for residents deceased abroad; code R99 is assigned.
Place of occurrence for external CoD.
It’s the same situation as the underlying cause of death: unknown for stillbirths and usually unknown for residents deceased abroad; because the external CoD is not identified, the place of occurrence remains blank.
Activity for external CoD.
The activity for external CoD is required only for dataset COD_GEN and there is the same situation as the underlying cause of death: usually unknown for residents deceased abroad; because the external CoD is not identified, the activity remains blank.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
In the Czech Republic, there is a legal obligation to report every death to the registry office. Registry offices register deaths into the register of deaths and into the population register. From 2024, the CZSO uses two sources for data on deaths: Data on deaths of Czech citizens are obtained from the population register and data on deaths of foreigners are obtained via statistical reports from registry offices.
Additionally, the control of continuity of serial numbers of records on birth in the national registry, which are collected as well in statistical reports, ensures the completeness of counts of stillbirths (according to the national definition of stillbirth).
Deaths: If a statistical report on death is not linked with a death certificate with information on causes of death of the same person, code R99 as the underlying cause of death is assigned.
Stillbirths: In case of stillbirths coming from national statistics on stillbirths, the parity is not available.
The Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR that collects data on abortions and provide them to the CZSO is responsible for the accuracy of data on spontaneous abortions that meet the regulation's definition of stillbirth.
13.2. Sampling error
Not applicable.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not applicable.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Sources of coverage completeness: The control of continuity of serial numbers records of death in the national registry, which are collected in statistical reports as well, ensures the completeness of the total number of deaths and stillbirths (according to national definition).
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Deaths:
Unidentified dead bodies are not statistically processed (cca 0.04% of total on average).
If a statistical report on death is received after the deadline of the annual data processing, it is included in the next year data. If a corpse is found and the date of death is specified as in the previous year(s), then this case is included into statistics of the currently processed year. The share of late registered deaths was 0.03% on average.
Stillbirths:
Foundlings and children from undisclosed deliveries (according to the relevant law), i.e. births without information about a mother, are not statistically processed.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not applicable. Data collection is based on/comes from administrative sources.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Not applicable.
13.3.3. Non response error
Deaths:
This information is available only for non-response of cause(s) of death.
The code R99 as the underlying cause of death is assigned to deaths of Czech nationals that took place abroad or when the information on causes of death information is missing (i.e. death certificate without causes of death, missing death certificate with the causes of death information or death certificate not linked with a statistical report on the death).
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
See Table 13.3.3.1. "Unit non-response - rate" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not applicable.
13.3.4. Processing error
Not applicable.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not applicable.
14.1. Timeliness
According to the Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 328/2011, each year Member State provide the Commission (Eurostat) with data at national and regional level and related metadata for the reference year within 24 months (in connection with the gentleman agreement within 18 months) from the end of the reference year.
See Table 14.1 "Timeliness" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Not applicable.
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Not applicable.
14.2. Punctuality
Data are delivered to the Eurostat on time.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
See Table 14.2.1 "Punctuality - delivery and publication" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Data are fully comparable.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Causes of deaths:
Data requested according to the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011: available since 2011; derogation on the country of occurrence in 2011.
National data on residents: available since 1919.
Breaks in series:
1. in connection with the World War II:
data from period 1938-1940 relate only to the territory of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia,
data from period 1941-1944 relate only to the territory of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and exclude the Germans,
data from period 1945-1946 exclude the Germans;
on the contrary demographic statistics data on deaths in 1937-1946 were adjusted to the territory in 1937 and to the whole population.
2. due to implementation of actual version of ICD and its updates:
2007: ACME decision tables were introduced into coding procedures; 2011: implementation of IRIS automated coding software; 2013: introduction of a new death certificate with four lines in part I for certification of causes of death.
Stillbirths:
Data requested according to the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011:
available since 2011; adjusted to being in compliance with the regulation's definition; fully comparable over time.
Data according to national definition: available since 1919; breaks as a consequence of the change in definition in 1949, 1953, 1965, 1988 and 2012.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
Follows from the above (15.2).
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Data published by the CZSO or provided to other international organizations include only events of registered residents (occurred in the territory of the CR or in case of Czech nationals residents also occured abroad) i.e. they do not include data on non-residents.
Deaths:
The share of missing information on the cause of death, owing to not linking with a statistical report on death, or missing cause of the death information for deaths that took place abroad reached 1.5% (from the total number of resident's and non-resident's deaths) in 2024. Deaths of residents with the Czech citizenship who died abroad comprise 44% of this share.
Stillbirths:
Stillbirths according to the national definition are collected in the framework of statistics on births. The national definition of stillbirth is partly different from the definition stated in the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011 (see point 3.4.2). The national definition of stillbirths is applied on data provided to Eurostat according to the Regulation No. 1260/2013.
Other data sources of stillbirths are available in the CR (death certificates, the register of newborns), but they are not processed/managed by the CZSO and their coverage is incomplete.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Deaths by the abbreviated List of Causes of Death are published semi-annually from 2022 with the latest periods as preliminary. Stillbirths in national concept are published quarterly as preliminary.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
Not applicable.
15.4. Coherence - internal
National changes in definitions and classifications are usually implemented at the beginning of the reference year. Data sent at the Commission (Regulation No. 328/2011) request are prepared according to definitions and classifications stated in the Regulation.
The electronic version of reports/certificates is developed for reduction of the cost and burden, but not used by every reporting units.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Generally not applicable except for territorial changes; then data are backwards (for at least 10 previous years) recalculated.
17.2. Data revision - practice
There is no systematic data revision of previous years except for territorial changes.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not applicable.
18.1. Source data
Causes of death:
Death records obtained from the population register (death of Czech citizens) or statistical reports on death provided to the CZSO by registry offices (death of foreigners) linked with information on causes of death from death certificates provided to CZSO by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR, which collects death certificates with CoD information.
Stillbirths:
Statistical reports on birth provided to the CZSO by registry offices for national statistics on (still)births.
Spontaneous abortions:
Annual data set of individual records provided to the CZSO by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Data are collected on a monthly base.
18.3. Data collection
The ICD-10 and its rules have been used.
18.3.1. Certification
See Table 18.3.1 "Certification" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.3.2. Automated Coding
See Table 18.3.2 "Automated Coding" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.3.3. Underlying cause of death
See Table 18.3.3 "Underlying cause of death" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.3.4. Availability of multiple cause
See Table 18.3.4 "Availability of multiple cause" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.3.5. Stillbirths and Neonatal certificates
Stillbirths
Two data sources are used to compile data (stillbirths for national statistics are not collected via death certificate, and there is no special DC for perinatal deaths):
Statistical reports on birth, from which the national statistics on stillbirths is compiled.
Reports on abortion and ectopic pregnancy termination provide information on spontaneous abortions that meet the definition of stillbirth according to the Regulation No 328/2011.
Neonates
Data are collected via the same statistical report on death as for all other deaths.
18.4. Data validation
Deaths:
The completeness is checked thanks to the use of two data sources for CoD statistics compilation, which are linked.
Stillbirths:
The control of continuity of serial numbers of record on birth in the national registry, which are collected in statistical reports as well, ensures the completeness.
18.4.1. Coding
Description of coding procedure (central level, distributed among other bodies, etc.):
Coding is performed centrally.
Coders transcript ICD-10 codes from the death certificate to the data processing system, if the code corresponds with a text diagnosis. If they are not corresponding, codes are changed according to the text diagnosis (except the fourth digit of the ICD-10 code stated by the physician is more specific than text). Coders are not medically educated, but they are regularly and ad-hoc trained by experts from the CZSO and IHIS CR.
Description of the procedures to detect errors (i.e.errors such as potential inconsistency in the death certificate or error due to mistake when filling the deaths certificates):
Each code is validated on age, sex, ill-defined causes, trivial causes of death and rare diseases. Before sending queries correctness of coding by the supervising coder is checked. Underlying cause of death is selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules automatically in IRIS; rejects are coded manually according to the ACME/MUSE decision tables. In case of external cause of death, the main injury is also selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules. Data are validated in IRIS and via the national validation tool. The IHIS CR is responsible for validation tools.
Description of the measures taken in order to solve detected errors:
Validation tools (IRIS, national validation tool) include instructions on how to solve a problem. Selected cases of neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behaviour, cases of tuberculosis and the most problematic cases are consulted and solved together with the experts from the IHIS CR, who consult medical experts if needed.
The event of possible occurrence of suicide and selected cases of poisoning are validated with other sources (Police of the Czech Republic or the special registers).
Coders are trained on how to avoid the most frequent errors almost each year.
Coding is carried out at a central level.
Coding performed by a certifier:
Yes, but is not obligatory. The physician fills in usually both text diagnoses and ICD codes in the death certificate.
See Table 18.4.1 "Estimation of the percentage of autopsy from which information is available for coding" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
Description of double coding exercises and rate of codification errors for underlying cause of death:
Done only as checks before sending queries; not statistically evaluated.
18.4.2. Unspecified CoD code
See Table 18.4.2 "Unspecified CoD Code" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.4.3. Unknown country or region
See Table 18.4.3. "Unknown country or region" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
18.4.4. Validation of the coverage
Deaths:
Since 2013, the completeness is checked thanks to the use of two data sources for CoD statistics compilation, which are linked.
Stillbirths:
The control of continuity of serial numbers of records on birth in the national registry, which are collected in statistical reports as well, ensures the completeness of stillbirths (in compliance with national definition).
18.5. Data compilation
Causes of death:
Underlying cause of death is selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules automatically in IRIS; rejects are coded manually according to the ACME decision tables. Data are validated in IRIS and by the national validation tool. In case of external causes of death, the main injury is also selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules.
Stillbirth:
The number of stillbirths has to be adjusted, because the national definition differs from the regulation's definition. The total count of stillbirths comprises of stillbirths from national statistics on stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, which meet the regulation definition of stillbirth (fulfill at least one criterion of stillbirth i.e. the birth weight, the gestation duration or the birth length respectively).
In case of stillbirths coming from national statistics on stillbirths, the parity is not available. Since 2014, only live birth-order of live births is collected.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
Not applicable.
18.6. Adjustment
No adjustments.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable.
None.
Data on causes of death (COD) provide information on mortality patterns and form a major element of public health information.
COD data refer to the underlying cause which - according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) - is "the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury".
COD data are obtained/derived from the medical part of death certificates. The Czech Statistical Office codes the information about causes of death into ICD codes according to the rules specified in the ICD. The underlying cause of death is selected by automated coding system (IRIS).
Data are broken down by sex, age, underlying cause of death, residency of deceased person and country of occurrence. Stillbirths and neonatal deaths are additionally broken down by age of mother.
Annual national data are provided in absolute numbers and at regional level NUTS 2.
24 March 2026
There is a difference between the regulation's definition and national statistical concept for stillbirth, see point 3.4.2.
The statistical unit is the deceased person and stillbirth. The reporting unit is the certifier-physician.
Registered population = the citizens of the Czech Republic and foreigners with permanent residence in the Czech Republic, third-country nationals with temporary residence in the territory of the Czech Republic based on a long-term visa (over 90 days) or a long-term residence permit, nationals of the EU Member States, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Liechtenstein and their family members with notified temporary residence in the territory of the Czech Republic and foreigners with valid asylum status in the Czech Republic and persons granted temporary protection with usual residence in the Czech Republic. The counts of deaths of Czech citizens with the permanent residence in the Czech Republic that occurred abroad and were registered in the Czech Republic are also included.
Czech Republic - national and NUTS 2 level.
Data refer to the calendar year (i.e. all deaths occurring during the year).
In the Czech Republic, there is a legal obligation to report every death to the registry office. Registry offices register deaths into the register of deaths and into the population register. From 2024, the CZSO uses two sources for data on deaths: Data on deaths of Czech citizens are obtained from the population register and data on deaths of foreigners are obtained via statistical reports from registry offices.
Additionally, the control of continuity of serial numbers of records on birth in the national registry, which are collected as well in statistical reports, ensures the completeness of counts of stillbirths (according to the national definition of stillbirth).
Deaths: If a statistical report on death is not linked with a death certificate with information on causes of death of the same person, code R99 as the underlying cause of death is assigned.
Stillbirths: In case of stillbirths coming from national statistics on stillbirths, the parity is not available.
The Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR that collects data on abortions and provide them to the CZSO is responsible for the accuracy of data on spontaneous abortions that meet the regulation's definition of stillbirth.
The data are sent in absolute numbers.
Causes of death:
Underlying cause of death is selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules automatically in IRIS; rejects are coded manually according to the ACME decision tables. Data are validated in IRIS and by the national validation tool. In case of external causes of death, the main injury is also selected on the basis of ICD-10 rules.
Stillbirth:
The number of stillbirths has to be adjusted, because the national definition differs from the regulation's definition. The total count of stillbirths comprises of stillbirths from national statistics on stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, which meet the regulation definition of stillbirth (fulfill at least one criterion of stillbirth i.e. the birth weight, the gestation duration or the birth length respectively).
In case of stillbirths coming from national statistics on stillbirths, the parity is not available. Since 2014, only live birth-order of live births is collected.
Causes of death:
Death records obtained from the population register (death of Czech citizens) or statistical reports on death provided to the CZSO by registry offices (death of foreigners) linked with information on causes of death from death certificates provided to CZSO by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR, which collects death certificates with CoD information.
Stillbirths:
Statistical reports on birth provided to the CZSO by registry offices for national statistics on (still)births.
Spontaneous abortions:
Annual data set of individual records provided to the CZSO by the Institute of Health Information and Statistics of the CR.
Since 2013, annual.
According to the Implementing Regulation (EC) No. 328/2011, each year Member State provide the Commission (Eurostat) with data at national and regional level and related metadata for the reference year within 24 months (in connection with the gentleman agreement within 18 months) from the end of the reference year.
See Table 14.1 "Timeliness" in annex "COD_CODNSI_A_CZ_2024_0000_an_1"
Data are fully comparable.
Causes of deaths:
Data requested according to the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011: available since 2011; derogation on the country of occurrence in 2011.
National data on residents: available since 1919.
Breaks in series:
1. in connection with the World War II:
data from period 1938-1940 relate only to the territory of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia,
data from period 1941-1944 relate only to the territory of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia and exclude the Germans,
data from period 1945-1946 exclude the Germans;
on the contrary demographic statistics data on deaths in 1937-1946 were adjusted to the territory in 1937 and to the whole population.
2. due to implementation of actual version of ICD and its updates:
2007: ACME decision tables were introduced into coding procedures; 2011: implementation of IRIS automated coding software; 2013: introduction of a new death certificate with four lines in part I for certification of causes of death.
Stillbirths:
Data requested according to the Implementing Regulation No. 328/2011:
available since 2011; adjusted to being in compliance with the regulation's definition; fully comparable over time.
Data according to national definition: available since 1919; breaks as a consequence of the change in definition in 1949, 1953, 1965, 1988 and 2012.
