State Statistical Office

Department of environment, energy and transport

str. Dame Gruev no 4

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.

PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.

This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).

The PEFA questionnaire is available on Eurostat's website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/methodology

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:

1. Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
2. Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
3. Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
4. Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
5. Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates. 
6. Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
7. Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.

The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy.
PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA.
As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES).
Three concepts are essential to PEFA:
1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely:
a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.;
b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.;
c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment.
2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA;
3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

NTES 1 and 2 (Republic of North Macedonia)

Total for the country and by NACE Rev.2.

Reported data for the reference years 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Not applicable.

The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).

The data refer to the calendar year.

PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).

- Law on State Statistics

Not applicable.

Individual data are protected by the Law on State Statistics . Data collected  from administrative or other sources are confidential data and are used only for statistical purposes. Results from the statistical processing may also generate information considered as confidential, for example: anonymised individual data, tables with low level of aggregation, as well as unreleased data. The Policy on Statistical Confidentiality contains the basic principles used in the SSO.

All individual or personal data, in each phase of statistical processing, are treated as confidential data and may be used only for statistical purposes. When releasing data from this survey at an aggregated level, there is no need for additional data treatment for the purpose of ensuring confidentiality

The publication of the data is in accordance with the Release Calendar which is being prepared annually before the beginning of the calendar year and is updated quarterly.

PEFA data are not published yet.

Release calendar is available at SSO website:

http://www.stat.gov.mk/Kalendar_nov_en.aspx

In accordance with the dissemination policy, all users have equal access to statistical data at the same time. Data are released on the web site at the same time for all users, which are informed with the Release Calendar, and no user has privileged access.

Data are not disseminated yet. It is planned to be disseminated in 2024 for the first time in the form of First release and on the SSO web-site (MAKSTAT base) and they will be disseminated annualy.

Data are not disseminated yet. It is planned to be disseminated in 2024 for the first time.

Not applicable, data from the SS are not published in the thematic publication.

Data are not disseminated in online database yet. It is planned to be diseminate in MAKSTAT database in 2024 for the first time.

Not applicable

Not applicable.

Data are not disseminated yet. It is planned to be disseminated in 2024.

Will be calculated and provided in 2024.

Information is available on Eurostat's website.

Not applicable

SSO provides quality reports, according to Regulation 691/2011, article 7.

The commitment of the SSO to ensuring quality of products and services is described in the: Law on State Statistics, Strategy of the State Statistical Office Quality for quality management in the phases and subprocesses of the Statistical Business Process Model, as well as the good practices for ensuring quality are documented in the internal document called “Guide for ensuring quality of statistical processes”. Input and output metadata, as well as relevant quality indicators for certain subprocesses are described in the document “Guide for survey managers.

Not applicable.

Not aplicable for now. Once will be published national data, PEFA data will be available for all interested public (media, researchers, experts in energy sector, students etc.). We will promote PEFA data use in order to ensure that this data is and will have a role in environmental and energy policy planning in Republic of North Macedonia.

The State Statistical Office conducts the User Satisfaction Survey . This Survey was conducted in 2009, 2012, 2015 and the last one in 2017.

The State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia has provided all mandatory variables for the PEFaa according to Regulation 691/2011 EC. The State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia has provided all mandatory variables for the Air Emissions Accounts according to Regulation 691/2011 EC.
Data are complete, meaning they encompass all the sectors of the economy

The State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia has provided all mandatory variables for the PEFaa according to Regulation 691/2011 EC. The State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia has provided all mandatory variables for the Air Emissions Accounts according to Regulation 691/2011 EC.
Data are complete, meaning they encompass all the sectors of the economy

The Eurostat's recommendations and guideliness provided in PEFA manual and other documents are followed closely. There are no particular parts of the PEFA data, which we would consider to be of doubtful quality.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

PEFA data are not disseminated at national level. It is planned to disseminate PEFA every year starting from 2024.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable

Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and  insofar comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent.

Not applicable.

There are no breaks in time series and all reported data are comparable.

The comparability over time  is good due to clear statistical concepts and definitions. 3 series of data, 2019, 2020 and 2021.

Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):

PEFA is consistent with the part of AEA related to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in energy, industry and household sectors. For compilation of this part of AEA, the energy-first approach is applied, which is based on fuel balance included in the annual energy balance based on ENERG surveys elaborated by the Statistical Office  (the same data source is used in PEFA compilation). As regards other parts of AEA (GHGs emissions in agriculture and waste sector, air pollutants emissions), consistency is limited since for compilation of these parts of AEA, the inventory-first approach is used.

Both PEFA and AEA use the same data source (balance tables) for compilation. PEFA results were compared with ESA in term of energy use and GDP for all NACE industries.

ESA supply and use tables are used in NACE breakdown tool (energy products use (CPA) allocated by NACE and households) and also in certain cases for allocation of emissions by NACE in AEA.

Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.

The data are coherent with principles, definitions and concepts in National Accounts (ESA - European System of Accounts) and Environmental Accounting (SEEA - System of Environmental-Economic Accounting).

PEFA and AEA data are both compiled in the same department.

For the residential principal adjustment same data are used for both PEFA and AEA.

Yes

Yes, we use OECD data for both PEFA and AEA.

The basis for PEFA survey are the energy statistics data (5 Joint questionnaires). Data are comparable.

Yes, data are comparable with data from EW-MFA.

The internal coherence is good, ensured by the accounting framework.

Not applicable. No costs for data collection, nor burden of reporting unita because data are taken directly (electronically) from administrative source.

In accordance with the Statistical Data Revision Policy.General information on revision of statistical data (procedures and policy on SSO) is available in English via following link:  https://www.stat.gov.mk/ZaNas.aspx?id=25

Data is revised every year for the entire time series. Size of revisions is considered to be minor and are generally dependent on revisions of JQ for energy statistics and supply-use tables. Data revision is made for 2020 and 2019 due to last version of SUT tables.
2

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Main data source are 5 annual Joint Questionnaires for Energy Statistics (COAL, PETROL, ELECTRICITY, OIL and RENEWABLES). In order to allocate energy use of certain energy products by NACE, SURS also uses supply-use tables of energy products. For residence principle adjustment SSO uses the following administrative data sources: for water transport no data because North Macedonia has no major water resources; for air transport data from OECD data for IPPC  (emission factors) on air emissions from air transport  are used and for the purpose of proper allocation of road transport energy use by NACE activities, the data from Balance of Payments and Household Budget Survey are used.

Data for use of natural energy inputs are already included in Joint Questionnaires for enrgy Statistics.

Data for supply of energy products are already included in Joint Questionnaires for energy Statistics.

Data for transformation use by energy entities are already included in Joint Questionnaires for Energy Statistics. Allocation of data by NACE 2 - digit is made with Supply Use Tables

Data for and use by end user entities are already included in Joint Questionnaires for Energy Statistics.

Supply Use tables and Household Budget Survey data are used.

Yes, we use PEFA buildet for populatiing PEFA Tables and for control also.

We use OECD dada for Air transport adjustment, and Balance of Payment and Household Budget Survey for road transport adjustment

 Annual

 The data necessary for the PEFA compilation are provided from the administrative and statistical sources.

The source data from energy statistics were checked and validated within the process of data collection and production of basic outputs.

Data are compilate using administrative sources

Not applicable.

Suuply of electricity and Heat is only assinged to NACE 35.

We use Supply Use Tables and allocate road transport energy use in Nace Breakdown tool.

We use Supply Use table for allocation of energy use in service industries.

We use Supply Use Tables in AEA and PEFA survey for allocation to NACE.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.