National Statistics Institute of Spain

SG for Economic Sectors

Instituto Nacional de Estadística

Av. de Manoteras, 50-52, 28071 -Madrid - España

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.

PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.

This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).

The PEFA questionnaire is available on Eurostat's website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/methodology

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:

1. Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
2. Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
3. Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
4. Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
5. Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates. 
6. Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
7. Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.

The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy.
PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA.
As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES).
Three concepts are essential to PEFA:
1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely:
a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.;
b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.;
c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment.
2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA;
3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

Environmental Accounts cover the entire national territory.

Not applicable.

The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).

The data refer to the calendar year.

PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).

Not applicable.

The Statistical Law 12/1989 specifies that the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE) cannot publish, or make otherwise available, individual data or statistics that would enable the identification of data for any individual person or entity. Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society

National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE) provides information on the protection of confidentiality at all stages of the statistical process: INE questionnaires for the operations in the national statistical plan include a legal clause protecting data under statistical confidentiality. Notices prior to data collection announcing a statistical operation notify respondents that data are subject to statistical confidentiality at all stages. For data processing, INE employees have available the INE data protection handbook, which specifies the steps that should be taken at each stage of processing to ensure reporting units' individual data are protected. The microdata files provided to users are anonymised.

Environmental Accounts is a statistical operation included in the National Statistics Plan, therefore subject to the Law on the Public Statistical Function of 9 May 1989, hence its data is protected by Statistical Secrecy in all stages of its compilation

https://www.ine.es/dyngs/IOE/en/operacion.htm?id=1259942700133

The advance release calendar that shows the precise release dates for the coming year is disseminated in the last quarter of each year.

The calendar is disseminated on the INEs Internet website (Publications Calendar)

The data are released simultaneously according to the advance release calendar to all interested parties by issuing the press release. At the same time, the data are posted on the INE's Internet website (www.ine.es/en) almost immediately after the press release is issued. Also some predefined tailor-made requests are sent to registered users. Some users could receive partial information under embargo as it is publicly described in the European Statistics Code of Practice

The data are disseminated annually.

The results of the statistical operations are normally disseminated by using press releases that can be accessed via both the corresponding menu and the Press Releases Section in the web

INEbase is the system the National Statistics Institute of Spain (INE) uses to store statistical information on the Internet. It contains all the information the INE produces in electronic formats. The primary organisation of the information follows the theme-based classification of the Inventory of Statistical Operations of the State General Administration . The basic unit of INEbase is the statistical operation, defined as the set of activities that lead to obtaining statistical results on a determined sector or subject based on the individually collected data. Also included in the scope of this definition are synthesis preparation.

Access to tables and results in INEBASE (www.ine.es) / Physical variables and environment / Environmental accounts

http://ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/en/categoria.htm?c=Estadistica_P&cid=1254735976603

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Not applicable.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Fields 11 to 19 of this document are the quality report oriented to the user of this operation.

The Commission (Eurostat) will assess the quality of the transmitted data and within a month after it is received may request additional information from the Member State regarding the data revised, as appropriate (Article 7.4 of European Regulation No. 691/2011) .

In the case of The Physical Energy Flow Account ( PEFA), the quality of its estimates depends mainly on the primary data that make up the Energy Statistics. The estimates of PEFA are based on the methodology designed by Eurostat, using the principles, rules and classifications of national accounts, which ensures their internal consistency and with other modules of the environmental accounts (ej: Air Emissions Accounts), as well as comparability with aggregates of national accounts.

The INE has carried out general user satisfaction surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013,  2016 and 2019 and it plans to continue doing so every three years. The purpose of these surveys is to find out what users think about the quality of the information of the INE statistics and the extent to which their needs of information are covered. In addition, additional surveys are carried out in order to acknowledge better other fields such as dissemination of the information, quality of some publications...

On the INE website, in its section Methods and Projects / Quality and Code of Practice / INE quality management / User surveys are available surveys conducted to date.(Click  next link)

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Environmental Accounts are synthesis statistics, therefore they are affected by sampling errors coming from sources from which information is collected, which are analysed in order to see if they remain within reasonable limits. Non-sampling errors may come from the sources or from the information treatment of this operation (lack of coverage, measurement errors). In summary, direct measurement of accuracy in this case is not applicable.

The main instrument to analyze the acuracity is the analysis of the reviews. The reviews show the degree of proximity between successive estimators of the same value, and it is reasonable to assume that the estimators converge to the true value when based on better and more reliable data.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The Environmental Accounts results are published following the INE Structural Statistics Availability Calendar.
https://www.ine.es/daco/daco41/calen.htm#temas

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and  insofar comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent.

Not applicable.

Please see the table in 15.2.1.1.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):

Physical Energy Flow Accounts are coherent with Spanish National Accounts and Environmental Accounts

Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.

Physical Energy Flow Accounts are coherent with Spanish National Accounts

Physical Energy Flow Accounts are coherent with Air Emissions Accounts (AEA) 

Physical Energy Flow Accounts are coherent with Air Emissions Accounts (AEA)

The import and export data used in PEFA are derived from energy statistics compiled by the Ministry of Ecological Transition and are subject to the same residence adjustment procedures as the rest of the Energy Account.

The PEFA Builder tool is used to compile the physical energy flow account, with energy statistics being the main source of information.

Yes, the checks specified in the PEFA validation standards are being carried out between PEFA and EW-MFA.

Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.

Energy statistics are the main source of information

Energy statistics are the main source of information

Energy statistics are the main source of information

Energy statistics are the main source of information

Energy statistics are the main sources of information.

Consumption energy modules embedded in the Surveys of  Structural Industry and Services, Spanish National Accounts (Use Tables), Records Stock of Vehicles of the Spanish Traffic Authority and default allocation of PEFA_NaceBreakdown (Eurostat).

Yes, for populating the PEFA Tables

The main sources use to make adjustments for the residence principle are:

Fishing fleet Statistics (Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Food)
Traffic Maps of the Directorate General of Roads (Ministry of Public Works Statistics)
Road Freight Transport Survey (Ministry of Public Works Statistics)
Records Stock of Vehicles of the Spanish Traffic Authority (Ministry for home affairs)
OECD's data on CO2-emissions of air transport (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)

The data is collected annually.

Data collection techniques may vary depending on the type of source, the date in which the data is available, etc.

The base information coming from different statistics undergoes a set of treatments: Outlier identification, error filtering, adjustment to Environmental Accounts stipulations.

Not applicable.

All supply of electricity  is assigned to NACE D35.

The recommendations of the PEFA Manual  have been take into account to assign energy use to NACE ( industries and households). To do this, data fron Energy Consumption Survey  (Industries and Services) , Vehicle Administrative Registers and Maps of  Road Transport and data from Spanish SUT have been used.

Consumption energy modules embedded in the Surveys of  Structural Industry and Services, Spanish National Accounts (Use Tables), Records Stock of Vehicles of the Spanish Traffic Authority and default allocation of PEFA_NaceBreakdown (Eurostat).

The PEFA data are aligned with the energy statistics used for the development of the AEA. (e.g. PEFA Table C is used in the allocation - NACE*64 division - of boiler combustion data in the AEA and the allocation of road transport data uses the same information sources).

Not applicable.

Not applicable.