National Accounts

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Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.

PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.

This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).

The PEFA questionnaire is available on Eurostat's website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/methodology

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:

1. Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
2. Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
3. Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
4. Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
5. Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates. 
6. Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
7. Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.

The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.

Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy.
PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA.
As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES).
Three concepts are essential to PEFA:
1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely:
a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.;
b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.;
c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment.
2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA;
3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

Denmark

2010-2021

Not applicable.

The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).

The data refer to the calendar year.

PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).

Not applicable.

Follows Statistics Denmark's general policy on data confidentiality, which is available at https://www.dst.dk/en/OmDS/strategi-og-kvalitet/datasikkerhed-i-danmarks-statistik.

See 7.1

National release dates for Energy Accounts (PEFA) are always pre-announced in the release calendar at Statistics Denmark's website. 

The release calendar is available at the website of Statistics Denmark. Direct link to the release calendar.

Statistics Denmark releases statistics to all users at the same time and always according to the release calendar. All statistics are released in the StatBank.dk to all users at the same time.

Annual

The news release of Energy Accounts (PEFA) nationally is in html-format and PDF.

No regular print publications

All Energy Accounts data are released in the online database StatBank.dk

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Not applicable.

Not applicable

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

National documentation is available in our documentation of statistics - link.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Statistics Denmark's policies and framework for quality management is documented at our website (link). 

Statistics Denmark follows the principles in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and uses the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF) for the implementation of the principles. This involves continuous decentralized and central control of products and processes based on documentation following international standards. The central quality assurance function reports to the Working Group on Quality. Reports include suggestions for improvement that are assessed, decided and subsequently implemented.

Statistics Denmark follows the recommendations on organisation and management of quality given in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and the implementation guidelines given in the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF). A Working Group on Quality and a central quality assurance function have been established to continuously carry through control of products and processes.

The energy accounts are used by ministries, governmental agencies and organizations as a part of the surveillance of measures in the field of energy policy. Within Statistics Denmark, the energy accounts are used as basis for a part of the supply use tables of the national accounts and as basis for the compilation of the air emissions accounts (e.g. CO2), which are published as a part of Statistics Denmark's environmental accounts. Finally, the energy accounts are used as basis for input-output model based analyses. The energy accounts is part of the data used for the environmental and climate economic model GreenREFORM which has been developed by DREAM.

User satisfaction surveys have not been conducted for this statistics. The committee for users of economic-environmental accounts and statistics seats a number of institutions and organizations. The committee meets yearly and gives opportunity for user feedback.

Completeness is good, all mandatory data is reported.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

The overall accuracy can be regarded as good as far as the information on overall supply and use of energy products is concerned. Generally the uncertainty is bigger when it comes to information on the energy use of specific energy products by the individual industries. For some industries observations of the the energy use are available, while for others the information on energy use is based on estimations. In the latter case the accuracy is generally lower. 

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

Not applicable to statistical accounts.

The first national publication of early estimates for Energy Accounts is 6 months after the end of the reference period.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines, specifically the SEEA Central framework as well as Eurostat guidelines. Comparability across countries should be considered good.

Not applicable.

PEFA is generally comparable across the full time series reported. However, the years 2016 onwards have been compiled using an updated system for production of the national Energy Accounts. The system update (modernisation, revision of keys/sources) has led to some small breaks in time series at the most detailed level of industry breakdowns, which should be taken into account when comparing to data for 2015 (and before).

Please see the table in 15.2.1.1.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):

The energy accounts (incl. PEFA) are based on the same definitions and classifications as the national accounts. 

Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.

PEFA is fully consistens with National Accounts, as the Energy Accounts in physical terms is used as the foundation for monetary energy accounts. These accounts in turn enter the Danish supply-use tables directly for all energy products.

Yes - we use the 'energy first' principle so AEA is compiled based on PEFA. This is done within the same team, so there is close cooperation between experts involved in PEFA and AEA,

Yes - PEFA and AEA are compiled wiithin the same small team of experts, and AEA is always build on PEFA for emissions related to energy use.

Yes - PEFA is adjusted for the residence principle and change-of-ownership principle.

Yes

Yes

Yes - also EW-MFA is compiled in the same team, using the same data sources so there is full consistency.

Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points.

The data for the Eurostat PEFA reporting are produced as part of the national Energy Flow Accounts. These accounts are more detailed than the PEFA reporting, both in terms of energy products and industries. The accounts are also compiled in both physical and monetary terms - and used as an integral part of national SUT's. It is therefore difficult to calculate the cost of producing only Eurostat PEFA. The national Energy Flow Accounts are approximately 12 months FTE. 

Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark, avaialble at https://www.dst.dk/en/OmDS/strategi-og-kvalitet/kvalitet-for-statistikproduktion/revisions-og-fejlpolitik.

After the first publication of figures they are revised the following two years and are then considered final. The first publication of the Energy Accounts is for some parts based on the same distributions of energy consumption as the previous year. For the first revision on the following year most sources for distribution of energy consumption is available which is the cause of revisions. The second revision of the Energy Accounts is balanced with the final National Accounts.

Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.

Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.

Energy Statistics as well as dedicated survey of energy producers from the Energy Agency, Statistics Denmark's survey of energy use by manufacturing industries as well as balancing with other parts of the accounts. 

Energy Statistics compiled by the Danish Energy Agency, foreign trade statistics (imports) as well as PRODCOM statistics.

Energy Statistics compiled by Danish Energy Agency.

Eenergy Statistics from Danish Energy Agency

- Data from 'smartmeters' on electricity consumption

No - as we have an elaborate system for compilation of full Eenergy Accounts, in both physical and monetary terms, taking in a range of sources.

The principal sources are reportings from companies for Balance of payment statistics (expenditure abroad for fuel), annual and sustainability reports from individual companies, price statistics (for converting monetary information to physical).

Data is validated throughout the production of the accounts. This is done through comparison with previous years' data, through checks of the relationship between physical and monetary values (i.e. prices, price development), through checks of the relationship between input and output of energy products in specific NACE, among others.

Energy accounts are compiled using a method of product balancing. Supply and use of each energy product are compiled in a way to ensure their quality and are balanced by utilizing all the relevant information from the available sources.

Statistics Denmark's external trade statistics are used to decide the imports and exports of energy commodities. Statistics Denmark's' production statistics are used to decide the production of certain energy commodities, e.g. petrol, gas oil and fuel oil.

Statistics Denmark's census of the manufacturing industries consumption of energy is used as the source for the manufacturing industries consumption of energy.

Information about the industrial companies' reimbursement of energy taxes is used as a source in the calculation of the consumption of electricity, natural gas, gas oil and fuel oil within parts of the commercial and service sector. These data are collected from the Danish Tax Agency.

Meter data from Energinet is used to calculate electricity consumption. This data has been included from the publication in 2021.

Data from the Danish Energy Authority is used to decide the different inputs of energy in the energy sectors, i.e. production of electricity and heat. The statistics include input at the large-scale and small-scale power units and district heating plants. Furthermore, information from the Energy Authority on the consumption of energy in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and construction as well as private consumption (the households) is used as a source to the physical use of energy. In addition to this, a series of other sources is used to determine the specific values.

Information about the production of crude oil and natural gas in volumes as well as monetary values is also obtained from the Danish Energy Authority.

The calculation of the consumption of fuel oil bunkered by Danish operated ships abroad, jet petroleum bunkered by Danish planes and diesel for danish operated vehicles abroad is based on information obtained from the balance of payments on the companies' expenses for fuel oil and jet petroleum. The physical quantities are calculated by using information from the external trade statistics on the relevant unit price.

Not applicable.

Supply of electricity and heat is assigned not only to NACE D35, but also to NACE E37-39 (waste treatment, i.e. incineration with energy production).

This is fully aligned with ESA supply tables in our national accounts, as these use PEFA as a direct source. In the case of ESA supply table compilation pointing to a need for adjusting supply of energy products (in volume), adjustments will also be made in PEFA.

Energy use for road transport is allocated to NACE industries and households using a model of how much road transport is done by each industry and the household. The model uses data from the digital Danish Vehicle Registry - a complete registry of all motor vehicles with a Danish licence. The registry has data on the vehicle type, manufacturer, fuel, energy efficiency, age, as well as the owner and the user of all vehicles.

The data source for allocation depends on the energy product. 

For the use of natural gas and oil products (for heating), allocation is done using a combination of refundable energy product taxes (from companies' reportings to tax authorities) and employment data (as a proxy for activity).

For the use of electricity, allocation is done mainly using data from smartmeters - but also taking into account employment data.

For the use of fuel for road transport, see the method described in 18.5.3.

For the use of district heating, our only source is employment data at present.

Coherent assignment of energy use to NACE activities across PEFA and AEA, as well as to supply-use tables, is ensured by the 'energy first' principle. The allocation of energy use to NACE activities is the responsibility of the Energy Accounts, and is done only here - all others take the Energy Accounts as input for this, and do not change it. There may be cases where the production and data validation of AEA or SUTs leads to suggestions to improve NACE allocation of energy use, but this is then done at the source by the Energy Accounts experts - and will then be implemented consistently across accounts.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.