Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.
PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.
This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:
Supply and use tables (STK_FLOW): the elements of this dimension are the five tables detailing energy supply (questionnaire table A) and use; the total energy use (table B) is the sum of transformation use (table B1) and end use (table B2), and a certain part of it is emission relevant (table C).
Energy product (PROD_NRG): (not relevant for questionnaire table D and E) The flows of energy recorded in PEFA are broadly grouped into natural energy inputs (flows from environment to economy), energy products (flows within economy), and energy residuals (flows from economy to environment mainly). Each of these generic groups is further broken down. In total this dimension distinguishes 31 items which are regulated in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2016/172.
Classification of economic activities - NACE Rev.2 (NACE_R2): (not relevant for questionnaire table E) The supply and use of energy flows is broken down by NACE classification of economic activities. The aggregation level used is A*64 (i.e. 64 branches), fully compatible with ESA supply and use tables. Furthermore, this dimension includes private households, accumulation (e.g. product inventories), the rest of the world economy for imports and exports, and the environment.
Indicators (INDIC_PEFA): (only relevant for questionnaire tables D and E): Various key indicators that can be derived from the physical supply and use tables and so-called 'bridging-items' which present the various elements explaining the differences between the national totals as reported by PEFA vis-a-vis the national totals as reported by Eurostat's energy balances.
Geopolitical entity (GEO): EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries, and potential candidates.
Period of time (TIME): Energy flow data are annual.
Unit (UNIT): Energy flows are reported in Terajoules.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA. As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Three concepts are essential to PEFA: 1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely: a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.; b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.; c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment. 2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA; 3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.
3.5. Statistical unit
Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.
3.6. Statistical population
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.
3.7. Reference area
Denmark
3.8. Coverage - Time
2010-2021
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).
The data refer to the calendar year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts).
Statistics Denmark releases statistics to all users at the same time and always according to the release calendar. All statistics are released in the StatBank.dk to all users at the same time.
Annual
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
The news release of Energy Accounts (PEFA) nationally is in html-format and PDF.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
No regular print publications
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
All Energy Accounts data are released in the online database StatBank.dk
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not applicable.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not applicable
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
National documentation is available in our documentation of statistics - link.
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Statistics Denmark's policies and framework for quality management is documented at our website (link).
11.1. Quality assurance
Statistics Denmark follows the principles in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and uses the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF) for the implementation of the principles. This involves continuous decentralized and central control of products and processes based on documentation following international standards. The central quality assurance function reports to the Working Group on Quality. Reports include suggestions for improvement that are assessed, decided and subsequently implemented.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Statistics Denmark follows the recommendations on organisation and management of quality given in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and the implementation guidelines given in the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF). A Working Group on Quality and a central quality assurance function have been established to continuously carry through control of products and processes.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The energy accounts are used by ministries, governmental agencies and organizations as a part of the surveillance of measures in the field of energy policy. Within Statistics Denmark, the energy accounts are used as basis for a part of the supply use tables of the national accounts and as basis for the compilation of the air emissions accounts (e.g. CO2), which are published as a part of Statistics Denmark's environmental accounts. Finally, the energy accounts are used as basis for input-output model based analyses. The energy accounts is part of the data used for the environmental and climate economic model GreenREFORM which has been developed by DREAM.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
User satisfaction surveys have not been conducted for this statistics. The committee for users of economic-environmental accounts and statistics seats a number of institutions and organizations. The committee meets yearly and gives opportunity for user feedback.
12.3. Completeness
Completeness is good, all mandatory data is reported.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
The overall accuracy can be regarded as good as far as the information on overall supply and use of energy products is concerned. Generally the uncertainty is bigger when it comes to information on the energy use of specific energy products by the individual industries. For some industries observations of the the energy use are available, while for others the information on energy use is based on estimations. In the latter case the accuracy is generally lower.
When compiling the energy accounts it is simultaneously ensured that all parts of the final accounts are completed, so the description is comprehensive for the entire energy balance. It is ensured simultaneously that the different data appears consistent and without conflicts - both across energy products and over time. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions. In practice this means that you base a portion of data on calculations, distributions and in some cases on estimates. This implies that some of the information is subject to considerable uncertainty, and that in some cases is best considered as model calculations that indicate the structure, rather than precise figures for that area.
Stock changes includes also some inconsistencies between different sources.
13.2. Sampling error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3. Non response error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.4. Processing error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not applicable to statistical accounts.
14.1. Timeliness
The first national publication of early estimates for Energy Accounts is 6 months after the end of the reference period.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Not applicable.
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Not applicable.
14.2. Punctuality
Not applicable.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines, specifically the SEEA Central framework as well as Eurostat guidelines. Comparability across countries should be considered good.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable.
15.2. Comparability - over time
PEFA is generally comparable across the full time series reported. However, the years 2016 onwards have been compiled using an updated system for production of the national Energy Accounts. The system update (modernisation, revision of keys/sources) has led to some small breaks in time series at the most detailed level of industry breakdowns, which should be taken into account when comparing to data for 2015 (and before).
Please see the table in 15.2.1.1.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
15.2.1.1. Comparability - over time detailed
Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):
Year (of the break in series)
Questionnaire table(s)
Columns (NACE Rev. 2 activity, households etc.)
Rows (natural energy inputs, energy products, energy residuals)
Reason for' break in time series'
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
The energy accounts (incl. PEFA) are based on the same definitions and classifications as the national accounts.
Other energy statistics, for instance the Danish Energy Agency's energy statistics accounts for the consumption of energy, which can be classified by both Danish residents as well as by non-residents within the Danish territory. The Danish Energy Authorities energy statistics is based on the guidelines from the International Energy Agency (IEA). Compared to other energy statistics this implies that the energy accounts based on the national accounts principles also include the consumption of energy caused by international transport activities carried out by Danish residents. That is, the consumption of fuels for Danish operated vehicles, planes and ships abroad are included in these energy accounts. Diesel, jet petroleum and fuel oil purchased abroad are indicated a separate products.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
PEFA is fully consistens with National Accounts, as the Energy Accounts in physical terms is used as the foundation for monetary energy accounts. These accounts in turn enter the Danish supply-use tables directly for all energy products.
15.3.3. Do you cooperate with national colleagues compiling AEA?
Yes - we use the 'energy first' principle so AEA is compiled based on PEFA. This is done within the same team, so there is close cooperation between experts involved in PEFA and AEA,
15.3.4. Are there compilation elements that PEFA compilers jointly undertake with AEA compilers (e.g. distribution of road transport fuel use and emissions by NACE)?
Yes - PEFA and AEA are compiled wiithin the same small team of experts, and AEA is always build on PEFA for emissions related to energy use.
15.3.5. Do you report in PEFA imports and exports according to the SEEA-CF concepts for trade in goods (see SEEA-CF section 3.3.3, paras. 3.121 ff., and para. 1.46)?
Yes - PEFA is adjusted for the residence principle and change-of-ownership principle.
15.3.6. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between your PEFA data on air transport versus OECD's data on CO2-emissions of air transport?
Yes
15.3.7. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and corresponding data points in energy statistics (see PEFA validation rules)?
Yes
15.3.8. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and the corresponding data points in economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) (see PEFA validation rules)?
Yes - also EW-MFA is compiled in the same team, using the same data sources so there is full consistency.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points.
The data for the Eurostat PEFA reporting are produced as part of the national Energy Flow Accounts. These accounts are more detailed than the PEFA reporting, both in terms of energy products and industries. The accounts are also compiled in both physical and monetary terms - and used as an integral part of national SUT's. It is therefore difficult to calculate the cost of producing only Eurostat PEFA. The national Energy Flow Accounts are approximately 12 months FTE.
After the first publication of figures they are revised the following two years and are then considered final. The first publication of the Energy Accounts is for some parts based on the same distributions of energy consumption as the previous year. For the first revision on the following year most sources for distribution of energy consumption is available which is the cause of revisions. The second revision of the Energy Accounts is balanced with the final National Accounts.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT.
18.1. Source data
Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.
18.1.1. Which are the main data sources you employ for the use of natural energy inputs (i.e. who is extracting)?
Energy Statistics as well as dedicated survey of energy producers from the Energy Agency, Statistics Denmark's survey of energy use by manufacturing industries as well as balancing with other parts of the accounts.
18.1.2. Which are the main data sources you employ for supply of energy products (e.g. electricity, refinery products etc.)?
Energy Statistics compiled by the Danish Energy Agency, foreign trade statistics (imports) as well as PRODCOM statistics.
18.1.3. Which are the main data sources you employ for the transformation use by energy transforming entities (NACE 2-digit divisions)?
Energy Statistics compiled by Danish Energy Agency.
18.1.4. Which are the main data sources you employ for the end use by end user entities (including non-energy use)?
Eenergy Statistics from Danish Energy Agency
Statistics on energy use by manufacturing industries, collected by Statistics Denmark
18.1.5. Which auxiliary data do you use to develop 'distribution keys' to assign energy use to the detailed breakdown of production activities (NACE 2-digit divisions) and categories of household consumption?
- Data from 'smartmeters' on electricity consumption
- Data from vehicle registry
- Data on refunds of energy product taxes
- Activity indicators as proxies (employment by NACE)
18.1.6. Do you use the PEFA builder? If yes: for populating the PEFA Tables, or for control only?
No - as we have an elaborate system for compilation of full Eenergy Accounts, in both physical and monetary terms, taking in a range of sources.
18.1.7. Which data sources do you use to make adjustments for the residence principle?
The principal sources are reportings from companies for Balance of payment statistics (expenditure abroad for fuel), annual and sustainability reports from individual companies, price statistics (for converting monetary information to physical).
18.2. Frequency of data collection
18.3. Data collection
18.4. Data validation
Data is validated throughout the production of the accounts. This is done through comparison with previous years' data, through checks of the relationship between physical and monetary values (i.e. prices, price development), through checks of the relationship between input and output of energy products in specific NACE, among others.
18.5. Data compilation
Energy accounts are compiled using a method of product balancing. Supply and use of each energy product are compiled in a way to ensure their quality and are balanced by utilizing all the relevant information from the available sources.
Statistics Denmark's external trade statistics are used to decide the imports and exports of energy commodities. Statistics Denmark's' production statistics are used to decide the production of certain energy commodities, e.g. petrol, gas oil and fuel oil.
Statistics Denmark's census of the manufacturing industries consumption of energy is used as the source for the manufacturing industries consumption of energy.
Information about the industrial companies' reimbursement of energy taxes is used as a source in the calculation of the consumption of electricity, natural gas, gas oil and fuel oil within parts of the commercial and service sector. These data are collected from the Danish Tax Agency.
Meter data from Energinet is used to calculate electricity consumption. This data has been included from the publication in 2021.
Data from the Danish Energy Authority is used to decide the different inputs of energy in the energy sectors, i.e. production of electricity and heat. The statistics include input at the large-scale and small-scale power units and district heating plants. Furthermore, information from the Energy Authority on the consumption of energy in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and construction as well as private consumption (the households) is used as a source to the physical use of energy. In addition to this, a series of other sources is used to determine the specific values.
Information about the production of crude oil and natural gas in volumes as well as monetary values is also obtained from the Danish Energy Authority.
The calculation of the consumption of fuel oil bunkered by Danish operated ships abroad, jet petroleum bunkered by Danish planes and diesel for danish operated vehicles abroad is based on information obtained from the balance of payments on the companies' expenses for fuel oil and jet petroleum. The physical quantities are calculated by using information from the external trade statistics on the relevant unit price.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
Not applicable.
18.5.2. Do you assign all supply of electricity and heat to NACE D35, or do you assign some to other NACE divisions than D35? Is the assignment you did fully aligned to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by your country?
Supply of electricity and heat is assigned not only to NACE D35, but also to NACE E37-39 (waste treatment, i.e. incineration with energy production).
This is fully aligned with ESA supply tables in our national accounts, as these use PEFA as a direct source. In the case of ESA supply table compilation pointing to a need for adjusting supply of energy products (in volume), adjustments will also be made in PEFA.
18.5.3. Which method do you use for the allocation of road transport energy use to NACE industries and households?
Energy use for road transport is allocated to NACE industries and households using a model of how much road transport is done by each industry and the household. The model uses data from the digital Danish Vehicle Registry - a complete registry of all motor vehicles with a Danish licence. The registry has data on the vehicle type, manufacturer, fuel, energy efficiency, age, as well as the owner and the user of all vehicles.
18.5.4. Which method do you use for the allocation of energy use to detailed service industries (i.e. NACE 2-digit divisions 55-98)?
The data source for allocation depends on the energy product.
For the use of natural gas and oil products (for heating), allocation is done using a combination of refundable energy product taxes (from companies' reportings to tax authorities) and employment data (as a proxy for activity).
For the use of electricity, allocation is done mainly using data from smartmeters - but also taking into account employment data.
For the use of fuel for road transport, see the method described in 18.5.3.
For the use of district heating, our only source is employment data at present.
18.5.5. How do you ensure a coherent assignment of energy use to economic activities (i.e. the use of energy products by a given production activity (NACE A*64 division) reported in PEFA must be coherent with the emissions reported in AEA)?
Coherent assignment of energy use to NACE activities across PEFA and AEA, as well as to supply-use tables, is ensured by the 'energy first' principle. The allocation of energy use to NACE activities is the responsibility of the Energy Accounts, and is done only here - all others take the Energy Accounts as input for this, and do not change it. There may be cases where the production and data validation of AEA or SUTs leads to suggestions to improve NACE allocation of energy use, but this is then done at the source by the Energy Accounts experts - and will then be implemented consistently across accounts.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable.
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables.
PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.
This national metadata refers to the PEFA questionnaire delivered to Eurostat: data on supply (table A), use (table B), transformation use (table B1), end use (table B2) and emission-relevant use (table C), key indicators of physical energy flow accounts by NACE Rev. 2 activity (table D), and physical energy flow accounts totals bridging to energy balances totals (table E).
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. PEFA constitute satellite accounts to the National Accounts (NA). Hence, the statistical concepts and definitions of PEFA are derived from those of NA. As far as applicable PEFA is also compliant with the statistical concepts and definitions internationally established for energy statistics: the International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES). Three concepts are essential to PEFA: 1) The concept of three generic types of energy flows as established in SEEA, namely: a) natural energy inputs: flows from the natural environment into the economy such as fossil energy carriers in solid, liquid and gaseous form, biomass, solar radiation, kinetic energy in form of hydro and wind, geothermal heat etc.; b) energy products: output flows from production processes as defined in national accounts (ESA); typically products produced by extractive industries, refineries, power plants etc.; c) energy residuals: mainly energy in form of dissipative heat arising from the end use of energy products, flowing from the economy into the natural environment. 2) The accounting framework of (physical) supply and use tables as established in NA and SEEA; 3) The residence principle as established in NA and SEEA, i.e. PEFA records energy flows related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.
Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households.
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.
Denmark
The data refer to the calendar year.
The overall accuracy can be regarded as good as far as the information on overall supply and use of energy products is concerned. Generally the uncertainty is bigger when it comes to information on the energy use of specific energy products by the individual industries. For some industries observations of the the energy use are available, while for others the information on energy use is based on estimations. In the latter case the accuracy is generally lower.
When compiling the energy accounts it is simultaneously ensured that all parts of the final accounts are completed, so the description is comprehensive for the entire energy balance. It is ensured simultaneously that the different data appears consistent and without conflicts - both across energy products and over time. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions. In practice this means that you base a portion of data on calculations, distributions and in some cases on estimates. This implies that some of the information is subject to considerable uncertainty, and that in some cases is best considered as model calculations that indicate the structure, rather than precise figures for that area.
Stock changes includes also some inconsistencies between different sources.
The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ).
Energy accounts are compiled using a method of product balancing. Supply and use of each energy product are compiled in a way to ensure their quality and are balanced by utilizing all the relevant information from the available sources.
Statistics Denmark's external trade statistics are used to decide the imports and exports of energy commodities. Statistics Denmark's' production statistics are used to decide the production of certain energy commodities, e.g. petrol, gas oil and fuel oil.
Statistics Denmark's census of the manufacturing industries consumption of energy is used as the source for the manufacturing industries consumption of energy.
Information about the industrial companies' reimbursement of energy taxes is used as a source in the calculation of the consumption of electricity, natural gas, gas oil and fuel oil within parts of the commercial and service sector. These data are collected from the Danish Tax Agency.
Meter data from Energinet is used to calculate electricity consumption. This data has been included from the publication in 2021.
Data from the Danish Energy Authority is used to decide the different inputs of energy in the energy sectors, i.e. production of electricity and heat. The statistics include input at the large-scale and small-scale power units and district heating plants. Furthermore, information from the Energy Authority on the consumption of energy in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, and construction as well as private consumption (the households) is used as a source to the physical use of energy. In addition to this, a series of other sources is used to determine the specific values.
Information about the production of crude oil and natural gas in volumes as well as monetary values is also obtained from the Danish Energy Authority.
The calculation of the consumption of fuel oil bunkered by Danish operated ships abroad, jet petroleum bunkered by Danish planes and diesel for danish operated vehicles abroad is based on information obtained from the balance of payments on the companies' expenses for fuel oil and jet petroleum. The physical quantities are calculated by using information from the external trade statistics on the relevant unit price.
Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts.
Annual
The first national publication of early estimates for Energy Accounts is 6 months after the end of the reference period.
Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines, specifically the SEEA Central framework as well as Eurostat guidelines. Comparability across countries should be considered good.
PEFA is generally comparable across the full time series reported. However, the years 2016 onwards have been compiled using an updated system for production of the national Energy Accounts. The system update (modernisation, revision of keys/sources) has led to some small breaks in time series at the most detailed level of industry breakdowns, which should be taken into account when comparing to data for 2015 (and before).
