Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Please, use the box below if you wish to complement or amend the information provided by Eurydice.
This link refers to the website of the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth. The different levels and types of education can be visited for further study by clicking the ‘Education System’.
All Educational Institutions that provide formal education (public, private and government-depended).
2.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The data are compiled according to the concepts and definitions of the UOE data collection manual.
2.5. Statistical unit
Each Educational Institution that provides formal education.
2.6. Statistical population
All pupils and students attending formal education programmes, as well as the personnel in these institutions.
2.7. Reference area
Government controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.
2.8. Coverage - Time
Available data as from 1999.
2.9. Base period
Not applicable.
3.1. Source data
For each UOE table, please list the source(s) used to compile information: UOE table, name, type, date of availability and responsibility.
Sources used for data on enrolments
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on entrants
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on personnel
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. Additionally, For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3, administrative data from the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth is used.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on enrolments at regional level
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
Not applicable
Sources used for data on foreign languages learning
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on graduates
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on education expenditure
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
Public expenditure (a)
Government Budget
Administrative data
CYSTAT
Public expenditure (b)
Other sources
Other administrative and survey data that are necessary for the correct allocation of public expenditure to the different ISCED levels and the different categories of expenditure.
CYSTAT
Private expenditure to private institutions
Services survey
Survey carried out every year to private educational institutions.
CYSTAT
Other household expenditure
HBS
Survey carried out every 5 years to households.
CYSTAT
Expenditure of non profit organisations
Parents associations' expenditure
Survey for the scholarships offered by private bodies
Survey carried out every year to parents’ associations.
Survey carried out every year to private bodies that offer scholarships to students.
CYSTAT
3.2. Frequency of data collection
Annual.
3.3. Data collection
ISCED LEVELS 0-3: Electronic (EXCEL), or paper questionnaires are sent to each educational institution that offers formal education.
ISCED LEVELS 5-8: Electronic (EXCEL) questionnaires are sent to each educational institution that offers formal education.
3.4. Data validation
ISCED LEVELS 0-3:
Each questionnaire is individually checked and coded, in order to identify errors and/or inconsistencies. When necessary, the educational institution is contacted in order to correct the errors. All questionnaires are then entered in BLAISE software where many validation and consistency checks are implemented. The final edited file for each ISCED level is imported in SAS. All the files are recoded and checking rules are implemented in order to identify errors or inconsistencies. Finally, the cleaned data files are used for the the analysis.
ISCED LEVELS 5-8:
Each questionnaire is individually checked in order to identify errors or inconsistencies. When necessary, we contact the educational institutions again to correct the errors. Then, the individual files are merged in a single file. Using SAS, the file is being coded and the final-cleaned file is used for the final editing and analysis.
3.5. Data compilation
Operations performed on data to derive new information according to a given set of rules.
Weighting methods
Weighted figures for differing reference periods
Weighted figures for differing theoretical ages
Conversion factors from part-time to full-time equivalent (FTE) data
Not applicable
Not applicable
ISCED 2 and 3 students: FTE=Full Time + 0,75Part Time
Not applicable
Not applicable
ISCED 5-8 students: FTE=Full Time + 0,5 Part Time
Not applicable
Not applicable
Teaching Personnel:
ISCED 01 and 02: FTE=Full Time+(teaching periods of Part Time/Normal teaching periods of a Full Time teacher)
ISCED 1,2,3: FTE=(Teaching periods of Full-Time and Part-Time teachers)/Normal teaching periods of a Full Time teacher
Estimations methods used in the UOE questionnaires
Type of data
Detailed variables concerned
ISCED level
Reference year(s)
Data source (internal to UOE or not)
Data type (sample-based or not)
Data source name in English
Reason
Description of the estimation method
Personnel data
Teaching personnel at ISCED levels 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2000 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Annual survey on education
Breakdown of teaching personnel at ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 (general education) is not available
The private institutions of Secondary General Education include both ISCED2 and ISCED3-General levels. Therefore, the teaching personnel teaches pupils enrolled at both ISCED levels. In order to separate the teaching personnel to each level we take into account the number of the students enrolled at these levels. For public institutions the ISCED levels are separated and the above estimation methodis used only for some institutions that have both levels united. These institutions, though, represent only a small number of pupils enrolled in public secondary institutions.
Finance data
Government Expenditure by ISCED level for specific cases
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government Budget
Breakdown of expenditure by ISCED level is not available for specific cases (administration of the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth, the Educational Service Commission and expenditure for pupils transportation)
We separate these expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils/students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year. (e.g. for financial year 2007 we used 2/3*(SchoolYear2006/2007)+1/3*(SchoolYear2007/2008).
Finance data
Pupils' loans at tertiary education level
1997-ISCED 5A, 5B & 6 or 2011-ISCED 5,6-8
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government Agency for the Equal Distribution of burdens
Separation of the pupils loans at
1997-ISCED levels 5A, 5B and 6
OR
2011-ISCED 5,6-8.
The Government Agency that provides the student loans can give us only the total amount of the student loans that was given the reference year. However, the Agency can provide the amount of the student loans that was approved this year (separated for students that study in Cyprus or abroad and by ISCED level). We also use the data from the Annual Survey on Tertiary Education, where we have information concerning the number of Cypriot students that study in Cyprus. Combining these two sources of information, we can separate the amount of student loans that was given, for the specific year.
Finance data
Grants and other benefits, Child allowance at ISCED levels 5A/6 and 5B
ISCED 5A, 5B & 6
2001 - 2011
internal to UOE
population-based
Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus
Separation of the child allowance at ISCED levels 5A/6 and 5B
The total amount of the child allowance that the students' families receive was given from the Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus until 2011. We separate this amount using the weighted enrolments of the students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Grants for tuition fees
1997-ISCED 5A, 5B & 6 or 2011-ISCED 5,6-8
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus
Separation of the student grands to grands attributable for tuition fees to educational institutions.
The Government offers every year a grant to students eligible for this financial aid.
This amount accounts to €1709 if the student does not pay tuition fees. The students' grant increases by €854 for the students that pay tuition fees and €854 if the students' family has 3 or more children. For the students that pay tuition fees, the 1/3 is considered to be attributable for tuition fees to educational institutions.
Finance data
Compensation of the teaching personnel by ISCED level 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government's Treasury
Breakdown of the compensation of the teaching personnel by ISCED level for ISCED2 and ISCED3-General is not available.
We separate this amount using the weighted data on the number of the teaching personnel by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Compensation of the non-teaching personnel by ISCED level
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government's Treasury
Breakdown of the compensation of the non-teaching personnel by ISCED level is not available.
We separate this expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils and students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Expenditure for pensions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
external to UOE
population-based
Public Administration and Personnel Department
The amount of the expenditure for retirement for the current personnel is not known.
The pension system in Cyprus is a 'pay as you go' system. Therefore, we must impute the amount for retirement of the current personnel. From a study that took place some years ago, estimations were made that the expenditure for retirement of the current personnel is estimated to 30% on the salary of the personnel.
Finance data
Private expenditure to independent private institutions by ISCED 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2001 - 2022
mixed
mixed
Services survey
The breakdown of private expenditure to private educational institutions of ISCED level 2 and 3 (General) is not available.
Private expenditure to private educational institutions is collected from the Services Survey (conducted by CYSTAT). The breakdown of the data by ISCED level for ISCED2 and ISCED3 (General) is not available. We allocate this expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Compensation of teaching and non-teaching personnel in private institutions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
mixed
mixed
Services survey
The separation of the compensation to teaching and non-teaching personnelin private institutions is not available.
To separate the total amount of the compensation of the personnel (teaching and non-teaching) we take into account the separation of the previous year and the weighted data on the number of the teaching and non-teaching personnel by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year. Combining this information, we estimate the proportion that we must use to separate the amount of the compensation of the personnel to teaching and non-teaching personnel.
Finance data
Household expenditure for educational services and goods, outside the educational institutions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
external to UOE
sample-based
Household Budget Survey
Expenditure of the households for educational purposes (e.g. stationery, school books, expenditure for dormitories etc.), is not available.
Since this survey is not conducted every year the inflation rate is taken into account for the years between the HBS surveys.
3.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
4.1. Quality assurance
The quality of statistics in CYSTAT is managed in the framework of the European Statistics Code of Practice which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 11 of the Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics.
The quality of the data is considered to be very satisfactory.
During the checking phase of each questionnaire, phone calls were made (where necessary) to the educational institutions, by a well trained and experienced person in order to correct any inconsistencies. In addition, validation and consistency checks were applied to the final data file.
5.1. Relevance - User Needs
Main users of the education statistics are:
Ministry of Educations, Sport and Youth;
Other Ministries of the Government;
Human Resource Development Authority;
Universities and other educational institutions;
Students and researchers;
international organizations;
Other.
5.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Since 2008 (with the exception of 2010, 2013 and 2020) CYSTAT carries out an annual online “Users Satisfaction Survey”. The results of the surveys are available on CYSTAT’s website at the link attached below.
Overall, the users of statistical data published by CYSTAT are satisfied.
The extent to which all statistics that are needed are available.
ISCED levels not covered
Enrolments
Entrants
Personnel
Foreign languages learning
Regional enrolments
Graduates
Education expenditure
Data not covered
None
None
None
None
Not applicable
None
None
Reasons for unavailable data and, planned actions to improve coverage
5.3.1. Data completeness - rate
All Educational Institutions that provide formal education are covered.
6.1. Accuracy - overall
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.2. Sampling error
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3. Non-sampling error
See below.
6.3.1. Coverage error
Divergence between the frame population and the target population.
Vocational training
Programmes shorter than one semester (or Implementation of the semester rule)
Are vocational and technical training programmes in enterprises included in the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
If Yes, how is the 10% school based component over the whole length of the programme assessed?
Do (formal) programmes of shorter duration than one semester, full time equivalent duration as defined nationally, exist (YES/NO)?
If Yes, how their duration (shorter than one semester) is assessed?
Are all programmes of shorter duration than one semester, full time equivalent duration as defined nationally excluded from the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
If NO, how does the coverage deviate from the UOE Manual recommendation?
No
No
Early childhood education programmes
ISCED 01 programmes
Reporting of Age in ISCED 0
Personnel in ISCED 0
What is the starting age of compulsory Primary education (ISCED 1)? This is needed for the calculation of ECE indicators such as 'Pupils aged between 4 years old and the starting age of compulsory education, by sex - as % of the population of the corresponding age group'
Do Early Childhood Educational Development programmes (ISCED 01) exist in the country (YES/NO)?
If Yes, are these programmes included in the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
Are children under the age of 3 reported as participating in ISCED 02 Pre-primary education programmes? (YES/NO)
If YES, please explain why.
Are Classroom Teachers and Teacher Aides reported separately in the UOE data collection? (YES/NO)
If NO, why? How are they reported?
What is the minimum level of qualification required to become a Classroom Teacher at ISCED 01 and 02? Please give ISCED level.
What is the minimum level of qualification required to become a Teachers’ Aide at ISCED 01 and 02? Please give ISCED level.
YES
YES
YES
In Cyprus, Day-Nurseries offer ISCED01 programmes and Kindergartens offer ISCED02 programmes. Some private Kindergartens may accept children less than 3 years old, but please note that the children's age is reported at completed years (meaning that a child of 2 years and 11 months old is reported as a 2 years old child).
YES
For ISCED01 minimum qualification = ISCED 5.
For ISCED02 minimum qualification = ISCED 5.
For both ISCED01 and ISCED02 minimum qualification = ISCED 3.
6
Special education needs (SNE) programmes
Are students in special education included in the data provided on enrolments, entrants, graduates and regional data (YES/NO)?
If NO, could you please specify for which questionnaires and explain why?
YES
Adult education programmes and "continuing education"
Are adult education programmes included in the data? (YES/NO)
If NO, why?
If YES, does the national definition of “adult” or “continuing” education fully comply with the category as defined by the UOE manual?
If the national definition of “adult” or “continuing” education programmes does not fully comply with the category as defined by the UOE manual, how it is assessed that the national “adult” or “continuing” programmes are similar or equivalent to corresponding initial education?
YES
YES
Students enrolled in educational institutions organised by ministries other than ministry of education
Do educational programmes organised by Ministries other than Ministry of education exist in the country (YES/NO)?
If Yes, what is the coverage of these programmes in the UOE data collection?
If Yes, and if relevant, which of those programmes are excluded from the UOE data collection?
YES
Full coverage (of all formal programmes).
None formal programme is excluded.
Domestic educational activities
Distance learning / e-learning programmes
Are all country’s domestic educational activities reported in the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
If NO, which domestic educational activity (e.g. for example Distance learning/e-learning involving two countries, commuting students, foreign campus, European administration schools, etc.) are not reported and why?
Are distance learning programmes data reported in the UOE questionnaires? (YES / NO / Partially / Not relevant)
If NO, please explain why.
If Partially, which ones are excluded and for what reasons?
If distance students are included in the data, are national distance learners in programmes organised by institutions outside your country excluded?
Yes (for the Government controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus)
Yes
Yes
Students participating in exchange programmes (credit mobile students)
Foreign languages learning
Are students in short term postings (i.e. exchange programmes (credit mobility)) excluded from the population of students in the data collection (YES/NO)?
If Yes, how the length of their stay abroad is assessed?
If NO, why they are not excluded?
Are students with SNE (Special Needs Education) enrolled in special schools excluded from the data on foreign languages? (YES/NO)
Apart from SNE pupils, is the scope of the population the same as the total of students enrolled? (YES/NO)
If NO, which pupils are not included?
Outgoing students from educational institutions in Cyprus are not excluded.
Incoming students from educational institutions abroad are excluded.
Outgoing students from educational institutions in Cyprus are considered as active enrollments.
Yes
Yes
National programmes not covered by the UOE data collection, by ISCED level - Reasons why they are not covered
Programmes not covered at ISCED 0-Early childhood education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 1-primary level of education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 2-lower secondary level of education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 3-upper secondary level of education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 4-post-secondary non-tertiary education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 5-short-cycle tertiary education
Programmes not covered at ISCED 6– Bachelor's or equivalent level
Programmes not covered at at ISCED 7 – Master's or equivalent level
Programmes not covered at ISCED 8 – Doctoral or equivalent level
None
None
None
None
Not applicable
None
None
None
None
Graduates: unduplicated count
Is the method of unduplicated count used for calculation of Graduates in the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
If YES, please explain the method.
No
Tertiary education programmes (ISCED Levels (5-8)
Orientation of programme in tertiary education
Personnel in tertiary education, Academic staff
Does the orientation (general/academic, vocational/professional) in tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 to 7) exist in the country (YES/NO)?
If YES, what is the national definition of the programme orientation?
Are PhD candidates who are employed and hold titles such as teaching assistant, teaching associate, teaching fellow, research assistant reported as academic staff in the UOE data collection (YES/NO)?
No (but all ISCED 5 programmes are considered to be vocational/professional programmes).
No
6.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.2. Measurement error
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.3. Non response error
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.4. Processing error
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.4.1. Imputation - rate
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.3.5. Model assumption error
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
6.4. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable.
6.5. Data revision - policy
A data revision policy is in place at CYSTAT. It is published on CYSTAT’s website.
CYSTAT also publishes a list of scheduled revisions (regular or major revisions), also published on its website.
B. Deviations between the national methodology and the UOE Manual: financial data
Expenditure at the pre-primary level - the childcare component
Reference period
Expenditure at the pre-primary level: is the childcare component excluded (yes/no/partially)?
If yes, which is exactly the share of "day care component" to be excluded from the data on the pre-primary level? If no, which estimation method is used to determine the share?
Expenditure for teaching/academic hospitals
Ancillary services expenditure
Evening child care
No deviation
No
There are no academic hospitals.
No deviation
Extended public day school expenditure is included
Cost of a dual-system programme to the employer.
Adjustment of enrolments in case there is no data on expenditure at the workplace
Expenditure for contributions on pension schemes
Households' payments for private tutoring
Student living costs
Ancillary services coverage
Not applicable
Not applicable
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
8.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable.
8.2. Comparability - over time
The extent to which statistics are comparable or reconcilable over time.
Main changes compared to data transmitted for the previous reference period
Enrolments
Entrants
Personnel
Foreign languages learning
Regional data
Graduates
Education expenditure
Changes in the educational system
Yes
No changes
No changes
See Annex 1
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Changes in the coverage
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Changes in the methodology
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Other changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Main changes over time
Type of data
Detailed variables concerned
Reference year(s)
Changes in the educational system
Changes in the coverage
Changes in the methodology
Other changes
Education expenditure
Expenditure of private institutions
2003 UOE (for 2001)
Exclusion of depreciation of educational enterprises and exclusion of private Day-Nurseries (which were included before).
Non Monetary data: Languages data
Enrolments of pupils in Upper Secondary level by language learnt
2004 UOE (for 2002/2003)
The Unified Lyceum was introduced, allowing the students to choose from a variety of subjects and form their own personal curriculum. For the Language part of the curriculum, it became compulsory to choose any 2 languages from the 6 languages offered. The outcome of this change was a big decrease in French and an increase in Italian.
Education expenditure
Households' expenditure
2004 UOE (for 2002)
Households' expenditure, for educational services and goods are estimated using the results of the HBS. These data were missing before.
Education expenditure
Financial aid to students (from public sources)
2005 UOE (for 2003) - 2013 UOE (for 2011)
Child allowance (given to students, from the age of 18 until the age of 23 for girls or 25 for boys) was a financial aid that lasted from 2003 until 2011.
Education expenditure
Private expenditure of private educational institutions at ISCED 0 level.
2007 UOE (for 2005)
Preprimary education became compulsory for children 4 8/12 years in September (1 year before entrance to primary education) as an impact, enrolments increased as well as private expenditure to private institutions.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants and Personnel data at ISCED Level 0.
Enrolments, Entrants and Personnel at ISCED Level 0.
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
Preprimary education became compulsory for children 4 8/12 years in September (1 year before entrance to primary education) and as a result the number of enrolments and personnel at ISCED level 0 has increased considerably.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments data at ISCED 1 Level.
Number of enrolments at ISCED Level 1
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
Pupils of special education schools are included under primary education (ISCED level 1). In the previous years they were not covered.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants and Graduates data, at ISCED 5 & 6 Levels.
Enrolments, Entrants and Graduates at ISCED Levels 5 & 6:
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
A new data collection method for the Tertiary Educational Institutions has been introduced. Until now, the data were collected using a questionnaire asking for summary statistics. The new data collection method is a student register from each institution. This change did not produce any significant changes in the tertiary level data.
Education expenditure
Private expenditure at ISCED level 5/6
2009 UOE (for 2007)
The 3 largest ISCED 5B private institutions established new ISCED 5A institutions. Most of the students moved from 5B to 5A level.
Education expenditure
Public expenditure for the education personnel salaries
2009 UOE (for 2007)
New estimation method to distinguish the teaching personnel that has no teaching responsibilities.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants, Graduates and Personnel data at ISCED 5&6
Enrolments, Entrants, Graduates and Personnel at ISCED Level 5 & 6
2009 UOE (for 2007/2008)
Significant changes have occurred in the Tertiary Education System of Cyprus. The 3 largest ISCED5B level private institutions have established new ISCED5A institutions and as a result, a big number of students have moved from ISCED5B level to ISCED5A. Therefore, students in 2006/2007 that were studying at ISCED5B level have been transferred in 2007/2008 in ISCED 5A
Non Monetary data: ISCED 4 Level.
Enrolments, Entrants, Personnel and Graduates at ISCED 4 Level.
2014 UOE (for 2012/2013)
Educational Programmes at this ISCED level commenced their operation as from school year 2012/2013 (for public sector only).
Non Monetary and Monetary data
All variables
2014 UOE (for 2012/2013)
New International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED) was implemented. This has had some impact only within the Tertiary Level data (now ISCED5-8, before ISCED5-6), as programmes are now differently broken down.
Non Monetary data
Enrolments and Entrants at ISCED Levels 3-8
2016 UOE (for 2014/2015)
New International Standard Classification of fields of Education 2013 (ISCED-F) was implemented.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments and Entrants data
Enrolments and Entrants at ISCED Level 3
2017 UOE (for 2015/2016)
As from the school year 2015/2016, the Subject Orientation Groups were introduced in grade I of the Lyceum cycle, leading to six respective Directions of study for grades II and III.
Non Monetary data: ISCED 4 Level.
Enrolments, Entrants, Personnel and Graduates at ISCED 4 Level.
2019 UOE (for 2017/2018)
Educational Programmes at this ISCED level ceased to exist as from this academic year 2017/2018. (The Public Institutions that offered these programmes were upgraded in 2017 and their programmes are now classified under ISCED5).
Non Monetary data: ISCED 1 Level.
Enrolments
2022 UOE (for 2020/2021)
The minimum compulsory age for enrolment in Primary education changed from 5 8/12 to 5 10/12 as from school year 2020/2021.
Non Monetary data: ISCED 1 Level.
Enrolments
2023 UOE (for 2021/2022)
The minimum compulsory age for enrolment in Primary education changed from 5 10/12 to 6 as from school year 2021/2022.
8.2.1. Length of comparable time series
Data are comparable from school/academic year 1998/1999 until 2011/2012. After that, because of the implementation of the revised ISCED for the Levels of Education, there is a break in time series, and data are comparable from the school/academic year 2012/2013 onwards.
8.3. Coherence - cross domain
The extent to which statistics are reconcilable with those obtained through other data sources or statistical domains.
Name of the national publication
Coherence issues
Economic Statistics on Education
Data in this report refers only to expenditure of educational institutions, whereas the UOE covers total education expenditure.
Annual Report of the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth
The data refer to different collection period.
8.4. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not applicable.
8.5. Coherence - National Accounts
The extent to which statistics are reconcilable with National Accounts.
Calculation method
Scope of education
The UOE educational expenditure are compiled according to the recommendations of the UOE manual. All public expenditure provided by all the ministries offering formal education programmes are included.
1. In the UOE data collection, students loans are included in the data, whereas the National Accounts do not consider these as educational expenditure.
2. In the UOE the imputed expenditure to finance retirement benefits for the current education personnel is included, whereas in National Accounts the retirement expenditure of the former education personnel (who is already retired) is included.
3. In the UOE data collection, compulsory acquisition of land for school buildings is included in the data, whereas the National Accounts include all acquisitions of land for the public sector under the Department of Lands and Surveys.
4. In the UOE data collection, students' transportation is included in the data, whereas the National Accounts include this amount under the Ministry of Transport, Communications and Works.
8.6. Coherence - internal
The coherence of the data between the various data sets of the UOE is ensured by applying strictly the UOE manual.
9.1. Dissemination format - News release
Key Figures on Education Statistics were made available in December 2021 concerning the school/academic year 2019/2020.
Detailed PX-WEB tables on Education Statistics were uploaded at CYSTAT's website in March 2023. The tables concern data on pupils, students, graduates and personnel for the school/academic year 2021/2022, as well as data on education expenditure for the financial year 2021.
A press release presenting the main results of these tables 'ANNUAL SURVEY ON EDUCATION, 2021/2022' is available at CYSTAT's website as well.
CYSTAT-DB, data from school year 2019/2020 are only presented as PX-WEB tables.
9.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Not applicable.
9.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Statistical micro-data from CYSTAT’s surveys are accessible for research purposes only and under strict provisions as described below:
Under the provisions of the Statistics Law, CYSTAT may release microdata for the sole use of scientific research. Applicants have to submit the request form "APPLICATION FOR DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES" giving thorough information on the project for which micro-data are needed.
The application is evaluated by CYSTAT’s Confidentiality Committee and if the application is approved, a charge is fixed according to the volume and time consumed for preparation of the data. Micro-data may then be released after an anonymisation process which ensures no direct identification of the statistical units but, at the same time, ensures usability of the data. The link for the application is attached below.
Indication of the cost associated with the collection and production of a statistical product and burden on respondents.
Time spent (in working days)
Comments
Approximately 900 working days
The data collection, the data cleaning and analysis, as well as the compilation and dissemination of data takes approximately 2 years. Two Statistics Officers working Full Time and one Statistics Officer working Part time, as well as and one Statistics Research Assistant working Full Time and one Statistics Research Assistant working Part Time, are involved during the whole procedure. Each year, two school/academic years are examined at the same time.
11.1. Confidentiality - policy
Official statistics are released in accordance to all confidentiality provisions of the following:
National Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 (especially Article 16 on statistical confidentiality).
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and its later amendments (especially Chapter 5 on statistical confidentiality).
European Statistics Code of Practice (especially Principle 5 on statistical confidentiality).
CYSTAT's Code of Practice for the Collection, Publication and Storage of Statistical Data.
Please, use the box below if you wish to complement or amend the information provided by Eurydice.
This link refers to the website of the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth. The different levels and types of education can be visited for further study by clicking the ‘Education System’.
The data are compiled according to the concepts and definitions of the UOE data collection manual.
Each Educational Institution that provides formal education.
All pupils and students attending formal education programmes, as well as the personnel in these institutions.
Government controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.
Not Applicable
Not applicable (exhaustive survey).
Not Applicable
Operations performed on data to derive new information according to a given set of rules.
Weighting methods
Weighted figures for differing reference periods
Weighted figures for differing theoretical ages
Conversion factors from part-time to full-time equivalent (FTE) data
Not applicable
Not applicable
ISCED 2 and 3 students: FTE=Full Time + 0,75Part Time
Not applicable
Not applicable
ISCED 5-8 students: FTE=Full Time + 0,5 Part Time
Not applicable
Not applicable
Teaching Personnel:
ISCED 01 and 02: FTE=Full Time+(teaching periods of Part Time/Normal teaching periods of a Full Time teacher)
ISCED 1,2,3: FTE=(Teaching periods of Full-Time and Part-Time teachers)/Normal teaching periods of a Full Time teacher
Estimations methods used in the UOE questionnaires
Type of data
Detailed variables concerned
ISCED level
Reference year(s)
Data source (internal to UOE or not)
Data type (sample-based or not)
Data source name in English
Reason
Description of the estimation method
Personnel data
Teaching personnel at ISCED levels 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2000 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Annual survey on education
Breakdown of teaching personnel at ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 (general education) is not available
The private institutions of Secondary General Education include both ISCED2 and ISCED3-General levels. Therefore, the teaching personnel teaches pupils enrolled at both ISCED levels. In order to separate the teaching personnel to each level we take into account the number of the students enrolled at these levels. For public institutions the ISCED levels are separated and the above estimation methodis used only for some institutions that have both levels united. These institutions, though, represent only a small number of pupils enrolled in public secondary institutions.
Finance data
Government Expenditure by ISCED level for specific cases
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government Budget
Breakdown of expenditure by ISCED level is not available for specific cases (administration of the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth, the Educational Service Commission and expenditure for pupils transportation)
We separate these expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils/students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year. (e.g. for financial year 2007 we used 2/3*(SchoolYear2006/2007)+1/3*(SchoolYear2007/2008).
Finance data
Pupils' loans at tertiary education level
1997-ISCED 5A, 5B & 6 or 2011-ISCED 5,6-8
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government Agency for the Equal Distribution of burdens
Separation of the pupils loans at
1997-ISCED levels 5A, 5B and 6
OR
2011-ISCED 5,6-8.
The Government Agency that provides the student loans can give us only the total amount of the student loans that was given the reference year. However, the Agency can provide the amount of the student loans that was approved this year (separated for students that study in Cyprus or abroad and by ISCED level). We also use the data from the Annual Survey on Tertiary Education, where we have information concerning the number of Cypriot students that study in Cyprus. Combining these two sources of information, we can separate the amount of student loans that was given, for the specific year.
Finance data
Grants and other benefits, Child allowance at ISCED levels 5A/6 and 5B
ISCED 5A, 5B & 6
2001 - 2011
internal to UOE
population-based
Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus
Separation of the child allowance at ISCED levels 5A/6 and 5B
The total amount of the child allowance that the students' families receive was given from the Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus until 2011. We separate this amount using the weighted enrolments of the students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Grants for tuition fees
1997-ISCED 5A, 5B & 6 or 2011-ISCED 5,6-8
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Grants and Benefits Service of Cyprus
Separation of the student grands to grands attributable for tuition fees to educational institutions.
The Government offers every year a grant to students eligible for this financial aid.
This amount accounts to €1709 if the student does not pay tuition fees. The students' grant increases by €854 for the students that pay tuition fees and €854 if the students' family has 3 or more children. For the students that pay tuition fees, the 1/3 is considered to be attributable for tuition fees to educational institutions.
Finance data
Compensation of the teaching personnel by ISCED level 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government's Treasury
Breakdown of the compensation of the teaching personnel by ISCED level for ISCED2 and ISCED3-General is not available.
We separate this amount using the weighted data on the number of the teaching personnel by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Compensation of the non-teaching personnel by ISCED level
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
internal to UOE
population-based
Government's Treasury
Breakdown of the compensation of the non-teaching personnel by ISCED level is not available.
We separate this expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils and students by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Expenditure for pensions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
external to UOE
population-based
Public Administration and Personnel Department
The amount of the expenditure for retirement for the current personnel is not known.
The pension system in Cyprus is a 'pay as you go' system. Therefore, we must impute the amount for retirement of the current personnel. From a study that took place some years ago, estimations were made that the expenditure for retirement of the current personnel is estimated to 30% on the salary of the personnel.
Finance data
Private expenditure to independent private institutions by ISCED 2 and 3-general
ISCED 2 & 3
2001 - 2022
mixed
mixed
Services survey
The breakdown of private expenditure to private educational institutions of ISCED level 2 and 3 (General) is not available.
Private expenditure to private educational institutions is collected from the Services Survey (conducted by CYSTAT). The breakdown of the data by ISCED level for ISCED2 and ISCED3 (General) is not available. We allocate this expenditure using the weighted enrolments of the pupils by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year.
Finance data
Compensation of teaching and non-teaching personnel in private institutions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
mixed
mixed
Services survey
The separation of the compensation to teaching and non-teaching personnelin private institutions is not available.
To separate the total amount of the compensation of the personnel (teaching and non-teaching) we take into account the separation of the previous year and the weighted data on the number of the teaching and non-teaching personnel by ISCED level. The weight we use is [2/3*(SchoolYear t-1/t)+1/3*(SchoolYear t/t+1)], where t=the reference year. Combining this information, we estimate the proportion that we must use to separate the amount of the compensation of the personnel to teaching and non-teaching personnel.
Finance data
Household expenditure for educational services and goods, outside the educational institutions
All ISCED levels
2001 - 2022
external to UOE
sample-based
Household Budget Survey
Expenditure of the households for educational purposes (e.g. stationery, school books, expenditure for dormitories etc.), is not available.
Since this survey is not conducted every year the inflation rate is taken into account for the years between the HBS surveys.
For each UOE table, please list the source(s) used to compile information: UOE table, name, type, date of availability and responsibility.
Sources used for data on enrolments
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on entrants
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on personnel
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. Additionally, For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3, administrative data from the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth is used.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on enrolments at regional level
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
Not applicable
Sources used for data on foreign languages learning
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on graduates
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
All variables
Annual Survey on Education
Census carried out on all Educational Institutions providing Formal Education. For ISCED 2 and ISCED 3 the Census is carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, Sport and Youth.
CYSTAT
Sources used for data on education expenditure
Detailed variables concerned
Name of the source
Type (Survey / Register / Estimation / Other)
Responsible of the source (UOE data provider / Other: which-one?)
Public expenditure (a)
Government Budget
Administrative data
CYSTAT
Public expenditure (b)
Other sources
Other administrative and survey data that are necessary for the correct allocation of public expenditure to the different ISCED levels and the different categories of expenditure.
CYSTAT
Private expenditure to private institutions
Services survey
Survey carried out every year to private educational institutions.
CYSTAT
Other household expenditure
HBS
Survey carried out every 5 years to households.
CYSTAT
Expenditure of non profit organisations
Parents associations' expenditure
Survey for the scholarships offered by private bodies
Survey carried out every year to parents’ associations.
Survey carried out every year to private bodies that offer scholarships to students.
CYSTAT
Not Applicable
Length of time between data availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Typically includes:
Information related to the latest reference year (academic year t-t+1, or financial year t)
Data collection
Post-collection phase
Dissemination/publication in your country
Additional comments on deadlines and timeliness
Type of data
Start date
End date
Start date
End date
Start date
End date
Data on pupils and personnel for ISCED Levels 0-3
October year t
June year t+1
July year t+1
October year t+1
March year t+3
On going
Data on graduates for ISCED Levels 0-3
October year t+1
June year t+2
July year t+2
October year t+2
Pending
Pending
Data on students, personnel and graduates for ISCED Levels 4-8
October year t+1
December year t+1
January year t+2
August year t+2
March year t+3
On going
Finance data
March year t+1
August year t+2
March year t+1
November year t+2
March year t+3
March year t+3
The extent to which statistics are comparable between countries.
A. Deviations between the national methodology and the UOE Manual: non financial data
Reference period
Data collection period
Reference date for student and personnel ages
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
Enrolment: data collection period
Enrolment in multiple fields of education
Count of students: if relevant, detailed list of variables for which double counting are significant and why.
Regional enrolment
Foreign languages learning
No deviation
No deviation
No double counting
Not applicable
No deviation
Entrants
New entrants by field of education
Graduates from specific programmes
Graduates by field of education
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
Educational personnel in work- and school-based combined programmes
B. Deviations between the national methodology and the UOE Manual: financial data
Expenditure at the pre-primary level - the childcare component
Reference period
Expenditure at the pre-primary level: is the childcare component excluded (yes/no/partially)?
If yes, which is exactly the share of "day care component" to be excluded from the data on the pre-primary level? If no, which estimation method is used to determine the share?
Expenditure for teaching/academic hospitals
Ancillary services expenditure
Evening child care
No deviation
No
There are no academic hospitals.
No deviation
Extended public day school expenditure is included
Cost of a dual-system programme to the employer.
Adjustment of enrolments in case there is no data on expenditure at the workplace
Expenditure for contributions on pension schemes
Households' payments for private tutoring
Student living costs
Ancillary services coverage
Not applicable
Not applicable
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
No deviation
The extent to which statistics are comparable or reconcilable over time.
Main changes compared to data transmitted for the previous reference period
Enrolments
Entrants
Personnel
Foreign languages learning
Regional data
Graduates
Education expenditure
Changes in the educational system
Yes
No changes
No changes
See Annex 1
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Changes in the coverage
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Changes in the methodology
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Other changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
No changes
Not applicable
No changes
No changes
Main changes over time
Type of data
Detailed variables concerned
Reference year(s)
Changes in the educational system
Changes in the coverage
Changes in the methodology
Other changes
Education expenditure
Expenditure of private institutions
2003 UOE (for 2001)
Exclusion of depreciation of educational enterprises and exclusion of private Day-Nurseries (which were included before).
Non Monetary data: Languages data
Enrolments of pupils in Upper Secondary level by language learnt
2004 UOE (for 2002/2003)
The Unified Lyceum was introduced, allowing the students to choose from a variety of subjects and form their own personal curriculum. For the Language part of the curriculum, it became compulsory to choose any 2 languages from the 6 languages offered. The outcome of this change was a big decrease in French and an increase in Italian.
Education expenditure
Households' expenditure
2004 UOE (for 2002)
Households' expenditure, for educational services and goods are estimated using the results of the HBS. These data were missing before.
Education expenditure
Financial aid to students (from public sources)
2005 UOE (for 2003) - 2013 UOE (for 2011)
Child allowance (given to students, from the age of 18 until the age of 23 for girls or 25 for boys) was a financial aid that lasted from 2003 until 2011.
Education expenditure
Private expenditure of private educational institutions at ISCED 0 level.
2007 UOE (for 2005)
Preprimary education became compulsory for children 4 8/12 years in September (1 year before entrance to primary education) as an impact, enrolments increased as well as private expenditure to private institutions.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants and Personnel data at ISCED Level 0.
Enrolments, Entrants and Personnel at ISCED Level 0.
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
Preprimary education became compulsory for children 4 8/12 years in September (1 year before entrance to primary education) and as a result the number of enrolments and personnel at ISCED level 0 has increased considerably.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments data at ISCED 1 Level.
Number of enrolments at ISCED Level 1
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
Pupils of special education schools are included under primary education (ISCED level 1). In the previous years they were not covered.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants and Graduates data, at ISCED 5 & 6 Levels.
Enrolments, Entrants and Graduates at ISCED Levels 5 & 6:
2007 UOE (for 2005/2006)
A new data collection method for the Tertiary Educational Institutions has been introduced. Until now, the data were collected using a questionnaire asking for summary statistics. The new data collection method is a student register from each institution. This change did not produce any significant changes in the tertiary level data.
Education expenditure
Private expenditure at ISCED level 5/6
2009 UOE (for 2007)
The 3 largest ISCED 5B private institutions established new ISCED 5A institutions. Most of the students moved from 5B to 5A level.
Education expenditure
Public expenditure for the education personnel salaries
2009 UOE (for 2007)
New estimation method to distinguish the teaching personnel that has no teaching responsibilities.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments, Entrants, Graduates and Personnel data at ISCED 5&6
Enrolments, Entrants, Graduates and Personnel at ISCED Level 5 & 6
2009 UOE (for 2007/2008)
Significant changes have occurred in the Tertiary Education System of Cyprus. The 3 largest ISCED5B level private institutions have established new ISCED5A institutions and as a result, a big number of students have moved from ISCED5B level to ISCED5A. Therefore, students in 2006/2007 that were studying at ISCED5B level have been transferred in 2007/2008 in ISCED 5A
Non Monetary data: ISCED 4 Level.
Enrolments, Entrants, Personnel and Graduates at ISCED 4 Level.
2014 UOE (for 2012/2013)
Educational Programmes at this ISCED level commenced their operation as from school year 2012/2013 (for public sector only).
Non Monetary and Monetary data
All variables
2014 UOE (for 2012/2013)
New International Standard Classification of Education 2011 (ISCED) was implemented. This has had some impact only within the Tertiary Level data (now ISCED5-8, before ISCED5-6), as programmes are now differently broken down.
Non Monetary data
Enrolments and Entrants at ISCED Levels 3-8
2016 UOE (for 2014/2015)
New International Standard Classification of fields of Education 2013 (ISCED-F) was implemented.
Non Monetary data: Enrolments and Entrants data
Enrolments and Entrants at ISCED Level 3
2017 UOE (for 2015/2016)
As from the school year 2015/2016, the Subject Orientation Groups were introduced in grade I of the Lyceum cycle, leading to six respective Directions of study for grades II and III.
Non Monetary data: ISCED 4 Level.
Enrolments, Entrants, Personnel and Graduates at ISCED 4 Level.
2019 UOE (for 2017/2018)
Educational Programmes at this ISCED level ceased to exist as from this academic year 2017/2018. (The Public Institutions that offered these programmes were upgraded in 2017 and their programmes are now classified under ISCED5).
Non Monetary data: ISCED 1 Level.
Enrolments
2022 UOE (for 2020/2021)
The minimum compulsory age for enrolment in Primary education changed from 5 8/12 to 5 10/12 as from school year 2020/2021.
Non Monetary data: ISCED 1 Level.
Enrolments
2023 UOE (for 2021/2022)
The minimum compulsory age for enrolment in Primary education changed from 5 10/12 to 6 as from school year 2021/2022.