Key non-EU Publications on Development

This report addresses the state of Africa-Europe relations, almost one year after the 6th EU-AU Summit, providing a number of policy recommendations to African and European decision makers in four key areas of cooperation : climate change and fair energy transition; food security; peace, security and participatory governance; and development finance.

The next decade will be characterized by environmental and societal crises, driven by underlying geopolitical and economic trends. Cost-of-living crisis is ranked as the most severe global risk over the next two years, peaking in the short term. Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse is viewed as one of the fastest deteriorating global risks over the next decade, and all six environmental risks feature in the top 10 risks over the next 10 years.

At the end of 2022, looking ahead to 2023, there are some surprising grounds for optimism, even though many of the risks pointed to have come to pass. These trends include how multilateralism played a surprisingly successful role in Ukraine, considering as that the Black Sea Grain Initiative and the UN resolutions that passed relating to the conflict, along with agreements during the G20 summit in Bali.

Against the backdrop of COVID-19, world output growth is projected to decelerate from an estimated 3% in 2022 to 1.9% in 2023, marking one of the lowest growth rates in recent decades.

Population ageing is a defining global trend of our time. People are living longer, and more are older than ever before. This change brings both challenges and opportunities as countries strive to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Instead of fixating on infrastructure, African countries should look to the experience of Latin American countries with similar resource endowments: a greater relative abundance of land than low-cost labor.

Despite progress made in the region, Latin America and the Caribbean face important challenges in eradicating hunger and malnutrition, with overweight and obesity of particular concern. High levels of inequality and high costs of a healthy diet worsen the problem.

This paper explores how climate change, violent conflict, the Covid-19 pandemic and the cost-of-living crisis combine to drive rapidly increasing levels of food insecurity. These drivers play out differently across and within regions and countries, and this paper focuses on how a combination of the drivers plays out on the African continent.

This study explores the potential for donor governments and institutions to support the operationalization of the humanitarian, development and peacebuilding (HDP) nexus to respond to the food insecurity crisis in South Sudan and the challenges it presents.

The economic, environmental, political and social contexts at the local, national and regional levels are continually evolving, and regional to global events such as the economic repercussions of Covid-19 are being felt at the local level. This brief aimes to capture how pastoralists, agropastoralists and farmers are coping with and adapting their livelihoods to this dynamism.

La production agricole et alimentaire mondiale est bien insérée dans le commerce en valeur ajoutée internationale mais se protège par des normes sanitaires très strictes, des labels indispensables et des subventions publiques.

This paper investigates the long-term (2070–2099) potential impacts of climate change on global food trade networks of three key crops: wheat, rice and maize. The authors propose a simple network model to project how climate change impacts on crop yields may be translated into changes in trade.

For Africa, like the rest of the world, it is critical to adopt a framework with targets that will not only curb the loss of biodiversity but will enhance opportunities to improve the lives of many Africans especially depending on biodiversity for their survival, bearing in mind the biodiversity priorities identified by and for Africans.

Illegal trade network patterns may be explained by geographic, economic and environmental factors, and may change over time. Rosewood is one of the most valuable taxa in the illegal and unregulated wildlife trade, and we focus on its trade in the Greater Mekong Region.

The Gran Chaco, a global hotspot of deforestation and biodiversity loss, faces the dual challenge of expanding area-based conservation while helping to transition to more sustainable natural resource use in order to maintain traditional livelihoods.

This book deals with the economic potentials of biodiversity and its capacity to support its own conservation aiming to provide livelihood for millions engaged in conservation, both now and for future generations. It highlights the potentials of natural resources which are characterized as capital wealth (as defined in Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)), to finance its own conservation and to provide livelihood means to people who conserve it.

Around 140 UNESCO World Heritage sites in 80 countries over the last three decades have reported impacts from mining, oil and gas and large hydropower projects, among others. As humanity’s legacy to future generations, UNESCO calls on companies to protect World Heritage by refraining from undertaking or funding harmful industrial or other large-scale projects.

The UNESCO World Heritage Centre has coordinated the preparation of the serial transnational World Heritage nomination of the Silk Roads since 2003, in close cooperation with five Central Asian countries and China.

Este libro reúne una selección de los nuevos discursos teóricos sobre las artes visuales en América Latina. Se trata del pensamiento crítico que caracteriza la década del 80 y prosigue hasta hoy. Constituye un corpus con rasgos propios, modificador de los paradigmas prevalecientes desde el arranque de los años 60, cuando se enfocaba al arte latinoamericano con una visión totalizadora, procurándole cierta unidad conceptual.

Can cultural heritage be adequately protected vis-à-vis economic globalization? This book investigates whether and how international economic law governs cultural phenomena by mapping the relevant legal framework, discussing the relevant disputes concerning cultural elements adjudicated before international economic ‘courts’ (namely the World Trade Organization adjudicative bodies and investment treaty arbitral tribunals), and proposing legal methods to reconcile cultural and economic interests.

This note, co-authored by UNDP, OHCHR, and UNEP, unpacks the elements and importance of the right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment and outlines how diverse stakeholders can play an active role in making the right a reality for all.

This research paper aims to dispel myths about human rights; outline the principal importance of human rights for AI governance; and recommend actions that governments, organizations, companies and individuals can take to ensure that human rights are the foundation for AI governance in future.

This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the right to citizenship in international and regional human rights law. It critically reflects on the limitations of state sovereignty in nationality matters and situates the right to citizenship within the existing human rights framework. It also identifies the scope and content of the right to citizenship by looking not only at statelessness, deprivation of citizenship or dual citizenship, but more broadly at acquisition, loss and enjoyment of citizenship in a migration context.

Avant la « parentocratie », concept d'actualité en Afrique, qui correspond au pouvoir de la parenté dans la sphère publique – au cœur des recherches à venir – l'auteur constate que la « démocratie », pouvoir du peuple, lui a précédé. Mais de quelle démocratie parle-t-on ? En effet, chaque peuple semble avoir une forme de démocratie qui lui est propre. La conception démocratique des Anciens diffère de celle des Modernes et cette dernière semble loin de celle des Contemporains.

Three in four countries have submitted benchmarks, or national targets, to be achieved by 2025 and 2030 for at least some of seven SDG 4 indicators: early childhood education attendance; out-of-school rates; completion rates; gender gaps in completion rates; minimum proficiency rates in reading and mathematics; trained teachers; and public education expenditure.

This report defines and takes the pulse of five vital elements of digital learning. It contributes to the ongoing yet urgent aim of transforming education, and offers steps to recovery through child-centered, equity-driven, and innovative solutions.

Les ressources naturelles sont immenses en Afrique, cependant le meilleur atout qu'elle possède, c'est sa jeunesse. Dans ce livre, l'auteure aide les jeunes africains à comprendre qu'ils vivent une époque intéressante et qu'ils sont capables de participer à la transformation de leur société. La jeunesse africaine doit être fière de vivre à ce moment pour pouvoir être utile à leurs nations respectives et y déclencher des progrès majeurs. Et il n'y a rien qui puisse la freiner si elle est consciente de son pouvoir et déterminée à faire la différence dans l'histoire.

The report covers the extent and consequences of the labour market disruption caused by overlapping economic and geopolitical crises and analyzes global patterns, regional differences and outcomes across groups of workers.

The present report provides a comprehensive review of both main aspects of working time – working hours and working time arrangements (also called work schedules) – and their effects on workers' work-life balance.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are increasingly seen as a way to meet the objectives of several global agreements and can be central to a just transition – if the right mix of just transition policies are implemented. But there is currently no guarantee that NbS will generate decent work.

El presente libro reflexiona sobre la dinámica de las medidas de protección social desarrolladas en los últimos años en América Latina. Dicha temática se presenta como un reto para la sociedad y abre un profundo debate sobre el modelo de Seguridad Social para la región. Los estudios que conforman esta monografía analizan temas específicos, teniendo en cuenta las importantes transformaciones que se están produciendo en las sociedades actuales desde el punto de vista de los modelos de protección social.

This paper looks at possibilities for scaling up renewable energy deployment in African countries in the 2020s and 2030s – not just as a way to increase energy access, but as a clear and timely opportunity for African economies to benefit from the global green transition.

Le continent africain dispose de grands atouts grâce à la disponibilité de ressources renouvelables à des prix compétitifs et grâce à sa proximité du marché européen qui mise sur l’hydrogène pour remplacer les combustibles fossiles dans des secteurs difficiles à décarboner tels que les industries d’acier, chimique et de transport.

To assure financial and environmental sustainability for Indonesia's power sector, this report proposes restructuring PLN, the country's State Electricity Corporation, and details innovative reforms for stronger governance and regulation.

In Africa, the energy transition is interlinked with complex energy access challenges. It has emphasized the need to draw attention to the productive sector as an engine for change.

Achieving climate targets will require a rapid transition to clean energy. However, renewable energy (RE) firms face financial, policy, and economic barriers to mobilizing sufficient investment in low-carbon technologies, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Este libro aborda la transformación energética de los países como una necesidad imperiosa para mantener o aumentar la competitividad en los mercados internacionales y así generar valor agregado local e impactar el PIB. Una vez finalizada su lectura, el lector tendrá las herramientas que le permitirán hacer el análisis del mercado energético de cualquier país de América Latina o del mundo, y así identificar oportunidades de negocio relacionadas con la transformación energética.

The authors of the report emphasize and unpack the complex interactions between climate change and other drivers of risk, such as conflicts, pandemics, food crises and underlying development challenges.

Climate change will radically alter how poor countries pursue economic development—with ramifications for national development strategies, the field of global development, and the shape of international security.

These two reports provide analysis for these groups of Climate Promise-supported countries surrounding their NDC status and implementation readiness.

There is a need for a new international institution that would be a repository for global knowledge on climate change, and would advise governments on climate policies, develop green projects across the Global South, mobilize financing for those projects, and support project implementation.

The findings of this survey show that Mauritians who are aware of climate change are solidly behind government action to address the crisis, even if it comes at a significant economic cost.

This paper analyses the climate friendliness of Uganda’s post-COVID-19 recovery strategy and, specifically, its alignment with the country’s targets in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

This paper tackles both the framing and effectiveness of transnational initiatives affecting forest lands and peoples in the Global South, and the quality of relationships between institutions in the Global North and the Global South.

About 30 multilateral development banks (MDBs) operate across the globe today. While the World Bank and major regional MDBs have a high profile, most MDBs are less well known. In light of the serious challenges facing the world and the limitations of other development agencies, it should be a priority to integrate these MDBs into the international agenda and strengthen their capacity.

The European Fund for Sustainable Development Plus (EFSD+) is a core element of EU development cooperation and reflects the EU’s strong commitment to deploying blended finance and guarantees as development financing tools. This paper examines the EU’s intentions concerning how the EFSD+ will be integrated into geographic programmes, focusing on the least developed countries in Africa.

Africa’s sovereign debt markets are not well understood, partly due to a lack of data. This paper introduces the Africa Debt Database (ADD), the most granular and comprehensive dataset on external borrowing by African governments thus far.

Chinese lenders account for 12% of Africa’s private and public external debt, which increased more than fivefold to $696 billion from 2000 to 2020. China is a major creditor of many African nations, but its lending has fallen in recent years and is set to remain at lower levels.

This book presents a comparative analysis of the policy responses of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean to the challenges that greater external financial openness and price and exchange-rate flexibility pose to economic stability.

This synthesis report offers an examination of national development banks (NDBs) in Africa, drawing from case studies in four countries: Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire, Rwanda and Tunisia. It discusses their evolution in governance structures and operations, their financial and developmental performance, and the challenges they face within their operating environments.

Financing nature-positive development pathways in Southern countries is a central issue in the implementation of the Global Biodiversity Framework, and links to two streams: the need expressed by Southern countries to receive support for biodiversity protection through public finance from Northern countries; and the issue of aligning all financial flows with biodiversity objectives.

The world took a dangerous turn in 2022. As if Taiwan and Ukraine were not enough to worry about, several disputes in other parts of the world also became more menacing in 2022, notably those involving Iran and North Korea.

Inspections in the 1990s and early 2000s in South Africa, Iraq and Libya were designed to discover the details of nuclear weapon programmes and destroy any remnants. As the global norm against nuclear weapons strengthens, the international community may once more require verification of a state’s denuclearization

Insurgents have established bases in an important nature reserve spanning parts of Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. They pose a growing danger to local ecosystems and people living around the park. The three countries need to collaborate more closely to keep the threat at bay.

Located in the heart of Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is riddled in the East by the presence of rebel groups on its territory, from within but also neighboring countries, leading to armed clashes, human rights violations and internal displacements.

Il y a un risque important que les erreurs qui ont nourri le jihadisme au Sahel soient reproduites par les pays côtiers comme par les Européens. La possibilité d’anticiper le phénomène oblige, au contraire, à une réponse ambitieuse et transversale, avec un focus important sur les fractures politiques, économiques et sociales susceptibles de représenter un terreau fertile de recrutement et d’implantation d’Al Qaïda ou de l’État Islamique.

In 2022, the armed conflict in Colombia worsened and led to increased levels of violence that affected at least 12 departments, most notably in the Pacific region and along the borders with Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. This risk report seeks to inform humanitarian decision makers and facilitate response planning. It provides an update on previous risks and the the identification of new risks.

This publication provides an insight into the lens through which countries of the Global South view the current period of successive crises, brought about by an ongoing global pandemic and a war in Europe.

Le présent ouvrage aborde la brûlante question du terrorisme en Afrique de l'Ouest. Préservée jusqu à un passé relativement récent des effets néfastes du jihad international, l'Afrique de l'Ouest se trouve à ce jour dans le viseur d Al-Qaida au Maghreb Islamique et de l État islamique.

As a result of fervent activism and international campaigning, the flagship case of "conflict minerals" has captured global attention. This term groups together the artisanal tin, tantalum (coltan), tungsten and gold originating from war zones in Central Africa. Known as "digital minerals" for their use in high-end technology, their exploitation and trade has been singled out in numerous media and United Nations reports as a key driver of violence, provoking an unprecedented popular outcry and prompting transnational efforts to promote 'conflict-free', ethical mining.

Girls and women are at greater risk of gender-based violence as a result of global food shortages, according to this new report. Girls risk becoming “invisible” victims as a combination of the climate crisis, conflict in Ukraine and other countries, and economic shocks have left 50 million people worldwide on the brink of starvation.

This study brings together evidence from across the globe on how the pandemic has impacted women’s unpaid care work, as well as exploring measures implemented by governments and the degree to which these mainstream a gender perspective.

El trabajo doméstico supone en promedio, alrededor del 11% del empleo de las mujeres en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), siendo una de las fuentes de ingreso más importantes para las mujeres, sobre todo para las mujeres indígenas urbanas, afrodescendientes y migrantes, que están sobrerrepresentadas en el trabajo doméstico.

Women play a key role in environmental protection and social and economic development in mountain areas. They are often the primary managers of mountain resources, guardians of biodiversity and keepers of traditional knowledge. Empowering rural women is crucial to eradicating hunger and poverty.

Findings of this survey show that Batswana view gender-based violence (GBV) as the most important women’s-rights issue that the government and society must address, overwhelmingly reject the use of physical force to discipline women, consider domestic violence a criminal matter rather than a family affair, are confident that the police treat reported GBV cases seriously

Survey findings show that gender-based violence ranks at the top of Ugandans’ priorities among women’s-rights issues that need government and societal attention. Most citizens reject a husband’s use of physical force to discipline his wife, but half report that violence against women and girls is a common occurrence in their community.

In the spirit of learning, and in keeping with its commitment to gender equality and sexual and reproductive health and rights for adolescent girls, UNFPA supported this synthesis of lessons learned over the 15 years of implementing Empowerment and Livelihood for Adolescents programme, for the benefit of the wider development community.

Poor access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services threatens population health and contributes to gender and social inequalities, especially in low-resource settings.

The 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) shows that most countries are failing to stop corruption. The global average remains unchanged for over a decade at just 43 out of 100. Despite concerted efforts and hard-won gains by some, 155 countries have made no significant progress against corruption or have declined since 2012

This paper summarises the key findings and recommendations of a recent evaluation of the EU’s support to rule of law and anticorruption in partner countries between 2010 and 2021, which analysed what has and hasn’t worked and how the EU can improve its policies.

Une large majorité des Gabonais estiment que la corruption s’est accrue dans leur pays au cours des 12 derniers mois. Aux yeux des citoyens, les officiels de la Présidence, les policiers/gendarmes et les députés à l’Assemblée Nationale seraient trempés dans des affaires de corruption ainsi que des agents des services publics de l’éducation et de la santé.

This report examines how organized crime is intertwined with armed conflict and hybrid governance systems in three states (Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mali) that currently host United Nations stabilization missions.

This article shows a sharp North–South divide emerging when the South demands just and equitable solutions that are redistributive from North to South. As the North opposes redistribution, international lawyers and diplomats from the global South have devised legal strategies to circumvent opposition.

African legislatures remain understudied, yet democratisation, development and peacebuilding all depend on these key political institutions. This book provides an in-depth analysis of Ethiopia’s parliament, a country of key political and strategic importance to the whole region.

Globally, nearly 10.5 million new cases and over 90 000 deaths were reported in the last 28 days (9 January to 5 February 2023), a decrease of 89% and 8%, respectively, compared to the previous 28 days. As of 5 February 2023, over 754 million confirmed cases and over 6.8 million deaths have been reported globally.

This paper summarizes the implications of the macroeconomic context and broader financing outlook for domestic and external health spending and proposes a “menu” of policy options to keep health spending on track and blunt negative impacts on health systems and population health around the world.

The results of the report clearly show that in 2020, a year dominated by the emergence of COVID-19 and its associated health and economic crises, governments around the world rose to the challenge. Sharp increases in government spending on health at all country income levels underpinned the rise in health spending to a new high of US $9 trillion (approximately 11% of global GDP)

This document outlines the working structure and guiding principles for collaboration of COVAX, the Vaccines pillar of the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A). The working structure of COVAX continues to adapt to emerging needs and the changing trajectory of the pandemic.

In the Sahel countries and their neighbours, the high prevalence of infectious diseases, including malaria, coupled with challenges in terms of the availability and affordability of and access to healthcare, creates an environment in which the demand for medical products and services is not fully met through formal channels.

La santé est un bien suprême pour l'être humain. En effet, la santé n'est pas seulement physique mais aussi morale, spirituelle et environnementale. Elle englobe les relations horizontales et verticales de l'être humain. Dans toutes les sociétés et cultures, il y a des tradipraticiens ou tradithérapeutes, hommes et femmes qui prennent non seulement soin des corps malades mais aussi du bien-être des individus.

Using novel methods and metrics, the present report forecasts the impact that large-scale transport infrastructure projects currently underway or planned in 137 countries will have on wildlife populations, carbon storage and nitrogen retention, in comparison to the anticipated boosts to jobs and countries’ GDP.

La construction de villes nouvelles sur le continent africain est en vogue. Des pôles urbains multifonctionnels en passant par les écoquartiers, les images qui accompagnent l’annonce de ces projets promeuvent un futur urbain africain basé sur la modernité et la technologie.

This report presents case studies that highlight how ADB's teams are working together to design innovative urban projects across the Asia and Pacific region that leverage its value-added services and support sustainable economic growth.

Cities and urban leaders play a critical role to help ensure countries reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase climate resilience and enhance adaptive capacity to achieve the global 1.5⁰C target.

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted infrastructure investment flows and, at the same time, highlighted the need for parallel action on social infrastructure. The reduction in infrastructure investment due to the pandemic has affected progress in reducing the annual financing gap for infrastructure in Africa.

This book investigates the history, political economy and spatiality of Chinese railway projects in Africa. It examines the financial governance of Sino-African railway projects, their socio-cultural, political and economic effects as well as the regional dimension of Africa’s new railway architecture and its function within China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

The world faces a number of crises that interact with increasing velocity and impact, a situation that is described as a state of “global polycrisis”. A new migration environment is shaped by the continued effects of long-term trends and drivers, increasing economic and demographic imbalances, climate change, growing geopolitical competition and the instrumentalisation of migration as a means of hybrid aggression.

Respecting, protecting and fulfilling the human rights of all migrants, regardless of their migration status, benefit migrants and countries alike. Addressing the adverse drivers and structural factors that hinder people from building and maintaining sustainable livelihoods in their own countries and communities can reduce the pressure to migrate.

The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) indicator framework is the backbone of the biennial GCR indicator report supporting assessment of progress towards the objectives of the Global Compact and its cross-cutting ambition to operationalize the principle of burden- and responsibility-sharing.

This report from MEDAM (Mercator Dialogue on Asylum and Migration in Europe) reviews European Union (EU) policy developments-both in response to recent geopolitical conflicts and with respect to the broader reform agenda for the EU asylum system.

This report provides a snapshot of the trafficking patterns and flows detected during the COVID-19 pandemic. It covers 141 countries and provides an overview of the response to the trafficking in persons at global, regional and national levels, by analysing trafficking cases detected between 2018 and 2021.

There is growing interest in understanding and acting on the intersection of risks from disaster management, climate, peacebuilding and development perspectives. The humanitarian-development-peace (HDP) nexus seeks to galvanise action in light of persistently high humanitarian needs and overlapping crises across economic, environmental, human, political, security, and societal dimensions..

Authorities are keen to return or resettle the millions of people who fled homes in Borno state, the epicentre of fighting with Islamist militants in north-eastern Nigeria. But risks abound. The government should slow down its effort, focusing on protecting the displaced from further harm.

Will the fast expansion of cash-based programming in poor countries increase international migration? Theoretically, cash transfers may deter migration by increasing its opportunity cost or favor migration by relaxing liquidity, credit, and risk constraints. This paper evaluates the impact of a cash-for-work program on migration.

Exploring the public–private partnership (PPP) environment in Kazakhstan, this report assesses the country’s progress in creating better conditions for PPPs, to increase its infrastructure funding and improve service delivery.

This paper studies the economic performance of Latin American Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) during the pandemic using disaggregated and high-frequency administrative banking deposits and income data from Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, and Peru.

This paper identifies how leaders have created the space for change and stresses the importance of intrapreneurs driving action.

Digital connectivity through information and communications technologies (ICTs) has been recognised as critical for every country’s future development and prosperity. And while access to ICTs is an objective in its own right, ICTs have cross-cutting effects and are important for the achievement of many of the other SDGs as well.

While digital technologies are a powerful tool that enable refugees to rebuild their lives in host societies, they can also harm them in less visible ways: datafication of refugees, surveillance or gig-work precarious conditions are a few examples.

Many low-income countries are increasingly digitising various tax services, usually motivated by efforts to increase efficiency and transparency and reduce the burden of compliance for taxpayers. However, where awareness and adoption are suboptimal, tax e services may produce only partial benefits.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) comprise 20 conditions that disproportionately affect 1 billion people in impoverished communities worldwide. Mobile health solutions have been used to aid and speed up diagnosis of NTDs. But despite notable advances in technology to support diagnosis, there is a gap in global diagnostics, specifically in quality, reliability, accuracy, and timeliness.

The current transformation of the society under the influence of digital technologies has no historical analogue in terms of its spread and the pace of development. The future will heavily depend on digital technologies.

This article focuses on whether and how refugees’ ICT use maps onto the policy concept of refugee self-reliance, focusing on the economic, educational, administrative, health, and security/protection domains of self-reliance in informal urban settings.

Globalization is far from finished, but is changing in nature through countries’ emphasis on stronger regional links and the formation of economic blocs for sensitive and strategically important sectors. Full-scale decoupling from China is neither achievable nor desirable for the G7 and like-minded partners.

Economic integration has been high on the African policy agenda since the early days of independence in the 1950s and 1960s, concretised in the Abuja Treaty of 1991. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), launched in 2021, is the culmination of those early continental ambitions, and is cited as Africa’s response to the economic damage caused by COVID-19.

In a rapidly shifting global order and faced with increasing risks to Africa's peace and security, the African Union (AU) is compelled to strengthen its relationships with external partners. Refocusing its engagement with these organisations to meet continental peace and security priorities has been part of its institutional reform process started in 2016.

Trade policy provides a powerful set of levers for accelerating a transition to more inclusive and sustainable agricultural practices.

According to this report, the price of food has increased everywhere, reaching historic levels in 2022. This is a challenge for food security globally, but particularly for net food-importing developing countries. And unlike in previous food crises, they now face a double burden.

Free trade zones are vulnerable to illicit trade; despite many governments and zone operators taking steps to mitigate these vulnerabilities, they remain especially acute in trading operations of specific goods. High-risk gold originating in Latin America and the Caribbean is often laundered within the region before advancing to destination markets.

Multinational profit shifting by mis-pricing of intra-firm trade is a major concern for less developed countries (LDCs). This paper offers a first empirical assessment, drawing on data for more than 120 low and middle income countries for a 30-year-period.

Cet ouvrage est une contribution à la création de la monnaie unique de la CEDEAO. Il aborde les opportunités d'une intégration monétaire de la CEDEAO, clarifie la nature de ses potentiels avantages dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation et de la globalisation, et par conséquent, fournit des pistes permettant d'accélérer le processus d'intégration monétaire.

Water desalination is gradually emerging as the leading solution to cope with increasing water stress: i.e., the imbalance between water demand and quantities available. The United Nations estimates that by 2025, two-thirds of the world’s population will be affected by such challenges.

This report presents a sustainability assessment method that can identify strengths and weaknesses of different sanitation systems across the sanitation service chain, in the context of Montero, Bolivia.

The present report is an urgent appeal to practitioners at every level, both public and private, and across sectors, to come together to champion integrated water storage solutions—natural, built, and hybrid—to meet a range of human, economic, and environmental needs for the 21st century.

Somalia is currently facing the longest drought it has experienced in at least 40 years. Since late 2020, the country has registered five consecutive below-average rainy seasons. The next rainy season in 2023 is forecast to have below-average rainfall levels as well, worsening the crisis and increasing the number of people in need.

The duration and severity of the current drought in Ethiopia, which began in late 2020, has surpassed the droughts of 2010–2011 and 2016–2017, with the country facing a fifth failed rainy season. By September 2022, an estimated 24.1 million people were affected by the drought, up from 13.8 million people in August.

Integrated Water Resource Management relies intensive coordination, vertically across different levels of government and horizontally across policy sectors, as many decisions affecting water resources are taken outside the water sector (e.g., in agriculture, industry).

The present volume of the Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals is dedicated to SDG 6 "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all". Water and sanitation are fundamental to human well-being. Integrated water resources management is essential to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all and to the realization of Sustainable Development.

Africa’s economic recovery is currently threatened by multiple crises and a precarious external environment. The war in Ukraine and global surge in inflation have ripped open the scars of the pandemic. Fragility in parts of the continent and adverse weather conditions are also key concerns. With these challenges, it is easy to be pessimistic about Africa’s prospects, and yet, Africa has proved resilient—time and time again.

Despite the challenging external environment, Africa has demonstrated continued resilience, with all but one country maintaining positive growth in 2022 and with outlooks stable for 2023 and 2024. Africa’s GDP growth is projected to average about 4% in 2023 and 2024, higher than the projected world averages of 2.7% and 3.2%, respectively.

What are China’s objectives in Africa, how valid is the concept of ‘debt trap’ diplomacy, and what are China’s military ambitions in the region?

To assess public opinion of Russia on the continent—and, by extension, the potential success of Moscow’s Africa strategy—SAIIA reviewed analysis of social media data from Twitter in thirteen African countries from February to October 2022.

Europe should prioritize the prerequisites for lasting peace in Ethiopia, rather than its own geopolitical concerns.

Ce livre consiste à comparer deux ensembles, l'Afrique et le monde russe, avec le choix de ne pas envisager les différences, notamment historiques ou culturelles, que chacun connaît. L'objectif est de montrer les points communs des deux aires. Fruit d'une observation attentive de la part de deux spécialistes qui ont arpenté de nombreux pays des deux zones, ce travail inédit s'adresse à tout lecteur curieux, à l'heure d'un possible rapprochement entre certains États africains et une Russie devenue à bien des égards infréquentable.

Three decades after the Soviet Union’s collapse, Russia has transformed from a fringe player to a resurgent great power in Africa. This book presents a chronological examination of Russia’s post-Cold War foreign policy towards Africa, and outlines the factors that have enabled and impeded the growth of its influence. It pays special attention to the non-material factors behind this rising power.

This book wants to start the process of talking by finding who is to blame for the political and economic problems of the country and suggesting how to solve them. It still tackles Zimbabwe, even as it tackles life in exile, especially for those Zimbabweans who left for South Africa; what they had to deal with, especially the xenophobia of year 2008.

The stellar performance of the four East Asian Tiger economies during the last quarter of the twentieth century is contrasted with that of middle-income countries in Southeast Asia and Latin America over the past two decades. On balance, the Southeast Asian countries have done better than Latin American countries by pursuing export-led industrial strategies, however, unlike the Tigers, neither group has been able to enter the ranks of high-income countries.

This report shows how smart trade and investment policies, and regulatory cooperation in the Asia and Pacific region can help economies tackle climate change, recover from the pandemic, and support resilient and sustainable development.

Asia’s pension systems urgently need to be reformed to ensure that they are both financially sustainable and provide adequate retirement incomes. This report examines the retirement-income systems of 11 non-OECD countries in the region, comparing the results with a selection of OECD countries.

The August 2021 fall of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and its replacement by the Taliban ended a two decade chapter of economic and social development. As of December 2021, 98% of the population lacked sufficient food and 90% were projected to be living in poverty. By summer 2022, the economy had shrunk by 20-30%.