Key non-EU Publications on Development

The world is paying a high price for Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. The high humanitarian cost continues to grow and the global economic outlook has darkened further. This Interim Report focuses on the effects of the war on the world economy and the energy crisis.

Global financial stability risks have increased amid a series of cascading shocks. Chapter 1 analyzes the policy response of central banks to high inflation, the risks of a disorderly tightening of financial conditions, and debt distress among emerging and frontier markets. Chapter 2 examines how to narrow the climate financing gap in emerging market and developing economies. Chapter 3 analyzes the contributions of open-end investment funds to fragilities in asset markets.

The report identifies a series of 'deprivation bundles' -- recurring patterns of poverty -- that commonly impact those who live in multidimensional poverty across the world. The data are used to identify the poverty profiles that are more common in certain places. This is a crucial step in designing strategies that address multiple aspects of poverty at the same time.

This publication provides —for the first time— a comprehensive set of indicators for assessing organizational performance in the context of sustainability thresholds and transformative change needed to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. To advance from existing SDG indicators, which assess incremental performance the SDPIs instead assess performance relative to normative sustainability thresholds.

El libro presenta una propuesta original a través de una historia social de las ideas sobre el desarrollo económico latinoamericano: si bien su estructura aborda la trayectoria vital de cada uno de los principales representantes de la primera generación de teóricos del desarrollo en la región, muestra una trama intelectual e ideológica que desborda los periplos individuales y los anuda a un momento histórico en el plano de la evolución de las ideas y a un determinado contexto de las condiciones sociales, culturales y materiales en los que se desarrollaron.

The present report provides a consensus assessment of the ten-year prospects for agricultural commodity and fish markets at national, regional, and global levels, and serves as a reference for forward-looking policy analysis and planning. Projections suggest that SDG 2 on Zero Hunger would not be achieved by 2030 and greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture would continue to increase.

Agricultural automation, which includes anything from tractors to artificial intelligence, can play an important role in making food production more efficient and more environmentally friendly. However, its uneven adoption can also deepen inequalities, especially if it remains inaccessible to small-scale producers and other marginalized groups, such as youth and women.

This paper considers the policy outlook at the climate–biodiversity–food nexus over the current decade, assessing the suitability of proposed action and identifying fundamental inconsistencies that will inhibit progress and worsen outcomes. It explores the critical role of food system transformation in enabling meaningful, joined-up global action on both climate change and biodiversity loss.

This report looks closely at sustainable production and consumption trends in the coffee sector, focusing on how voluntary sustainability standards can make a difference in producers’ livelihoods by, for example, raising farm gate prices or supporting climate resilience and soil and water conservation.

The present book offers a new explanation for the decline in agricultural productivity in developing countries. Transcending the conventional approaches to understanding productivity using agricultural inputs and factors of production, this work brings in the role of formal and informal institutions that govern transactions, property rights, and accumulation.

In its most comprehensive finding to date, this edition shows an average 69% decline in the relative abundance of monitored wildlife populations around the world between 1970 and 2018. Latin America shows the greatest regional decline in average population abundance (94%), while freshwater species populations have seen the greatest overall global decline (83%).

This comprehensive analysis of Convention on Biological Diversity policy documents seeks to better understand trends in the use spatial data and tools for biodiversity policymaking among developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and to evaluate the impact that spatial data use may have on policy outcomes.

Technology offers a critical avenue for nimble, innovative and proactive responses to wildlife crime. Harnessing these opportunities is essential, as wildlife crime is driving the rapid, unsustainable and increasingly irreversible depletion of animal and plant populations. Wildlife crime also poses risks to human security and undermines development and governance.

In 2019, wildfires put the Amazon rainforest once again in the global spotlight and prompted criticism from several leaders. The contrast between the responses of Amazon and global North states becomes a puzzle when one thinks about the concrete consequences of Amazon degradation. In fact, ecosystem degradation does not respect borders. The growing deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon has come to be seen as leading to a tipping point of no return for the entire regional ecosystem, affecting populations in all Amazon countries.

La presente Estrategia Iberoamericana de Cultura y Desarrollo Sostenible se estructura en diferentes objetivos generales y específicos para una mayor adaptabilidad a la diversidad y diferencia del Espacio Cultural Iberoamericano. Su estructuración y desarrollo se concretan en cinco grandes ejes con sus respectivos ámbitos temáticos que conducen a las recomendaciones finales.

This book is about the individual and collective struggles of the religiously marginalised to be recognised and their inequalities, religious or otherwise, redressed. It is also about the efforts of civil society, governments, multilateral actors, and scholars to promote freedom of religion or belief whatever shape they take. The actors and contexts that feature in this book are as diverse as local education authorities in Nigeria, indigenous movements in India, Uganda, or South Africa, and multilateral actors such as the Islamic Development Bank in Sudan and the World Bank in Pakistan.

This paper explores three case studies of the Al-Nouri Mosque, Al-Hadba Minaret, and Lalish Temple in the aftermath of the ISIS war of 2014–17 and the occupation of Nineveh governorate. It analyses the role of these sites as part of northern Iraq’s heritage and the mechanisms in place for their reconstruction and preservation. The paper explores the role of the different actors and how these have influenced different understandings of heritage and therefore different responses and approaches to restoration.

Chez les Ngàmbáyes la musique vocale est associée à la vie de tous les jours et, pour cette raison, susceptible d'être chantée à n'importe quel moment par n'importe qui. Elle ponctue les cérémonies liées au mariage, à la naissance, à l'initiation ou aux funérailles, tantôt aux travaux des champs, au retour de la chasse. Les chants de ce recueil constituent un échantillon significatif de ce patrimoine ancestral de l'ouïe. Des notes et variantes permettront au lecteur de replacer chaque chant dans le contexte d'émission, d'en définir les modalités et les différents niveaux de signification, et de s'interroger sur les fonctions qu'ils remplissent dans la société traditionnelle ngàmbáye, dont le peuple vit à l'extrême sud du Tchad .

This report shows how Puma Energy, majority-owned by global commodity giant Trafigura, has played a key role in supplying the Myanmar military since 2015 through its Myanmar entities. It also shows how global and regional oil companies, as well as maritime insurers, vessel owners, shipping agents and truck distributors, also play a part in this supply chain. Without the provision of aviation fuel, the Myanmar military would have no means to power the aircraft responsible for air strikes amounting to crimes.

In the changing dynamics of today’s world, globalisation and sovereignty remain centrally important. Simultaneously, international commerce in the form of global value chains is playing an increasingly significant role in linking and mediating the overlap of globalisation and sovereignty. Nation-state governments use law to manage this overlap. By examining the intersection of laws regarding foreign investment and human rights, it becomes possible to gain insight into the constraints that national governments face in regard to protecting local interests while catering to the demands of global commerce. Human rights protections, after all, benefit local welfare but inhibit investment because they impose costs on companies.

While many of the atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge regime during the Cambodian genocide have been well documented, forced marriage remains poorly understood. This article documents the perspectives of women and men who experienced forced marriage under the Khmer Rouge, using primary data from interviews with 28 women and 30 men. The interviews reveal the profound violence, coercion and threats that surrounded the experience of forced marriage, with similarities and differences in the experiences of men and women.

Reparations for slavery have become a reinvigorated topic for public debate over the last decade. Most theorizing about reparations treats it as a social justice project - either rooted in reconciliatory justice focused on making amends in the present; or, they focus on the past, emphasizing restitution for historical wrongs. Olúfemi O. Táíwò argues that neither approach is optimal, and advances a different case for reparations - one rooted in a hopeful future that tackles the issue of climate change head on, with distributive justice at its core. This view, which he calls the "constructive" view of reparations, argues that reparations should be seen as a future-oriented project engaged in building a better social order; and that the costs of building a more equitable world should be distributed more to those who have inherited the moral liabilities of past injustices.

The 2022 edition focuses on tertiary education, looking at the rise of tertiary attainment and the associated benefits for individuals and for societies. A specific chapter is dedicated to the COVID crisis and the shift from crisis management to recovery. Two new indicators on professional development for teachers and school heads and on the profile of academic staff complement this year's edition.

This study investigates the extent to which lockdowns and school closures affected households and low-cost private schools in four urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. Its findings indicate that measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 significantly reduced household incomes, and among the coping strategies adopted by some households was to transfer learners from private schools to public schools, especially for learners in primary schools, because public primary schools do not charge tuition and enjoy government-paid teachers.

By 2050, virtually every child on earth – over 2 billion children – is forecast to face more frequent heatwaves, regardless of whether the world achieves a ‘low greenhouse gas emission scenario’ with an estimated 1.7 degrees of warming in 2050 or a ‘very high greenhouse gas emission scenario’ with an estimated 2.4 degrees of warming in 2050. These findings underscore the urgent need to adapt the services children rely on as unavoidable impacts of global heating unfold.

The quality of the current climate change education is in question. 70% of the youth surveyed say that they cannot explain climate change, or can only explain its broad principles, or do not know anything about it, putting into question the quality of climate change education in our schools today. The younger the respondents, the higher the level of satisfaction of their learning experiences on climate change education.

Over the past decade, hundreds of youth leadership initiatives have been established globally with the mission of grooming a new generation of leaders. This paper examines this largely unstudied and rapidly expanding leadership pipeline based on an ongoing study, which has collected data on 277 programmes that: target African youth, offer educational training or professional development, and have goals of cultivating leaders who will contribute to African development; and interviewed and surveyed 240 youth participants.

In low-income communities, pressure to share income with others may disincentivize work, distorting labor supply. This paper documents that across countries, social groups that undertake more interpersonal transfers work fewer hours. Using a field experiment, it enables piece-rate factory workers in Côte d’Ivoire to shield income using blocked savings accounts over 3-9 months.

This report focuses on firms and labor markets in Latin America and the Caribbean during the COVID-19 crisis and the highly uncertain recovery phase now underway. The ongoing Russian war in Ukraine, volatility in international financial markets, and fears of global stagflation (low growth and high inflation) combine with the impacts of the pandemic to make the economic environment particularly challenging.

Despite its fragmented competences on labour migration, the EU still has room to play to increase the attractiveness of its Member States’ labour markets and to facilitate the involvement of the private sector in recruiting candidates internationally. This policy brief seeks to provide insights into the role of the EU to improve private sector engagement and develop a sustainable and competitive ecosystem for future labour mobility schemes.

Child labour is a serious problem in the cocoa industry in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, with children often trafficked from neighbouring countries to work in the cocoa fields. This paper delves into the cocoa industry in the two countries and its challenges. It argues that multinational corporations operating in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana should be held criminally responsible for their role in cocoa production when it involves illicit activities and explores how national and regional laws can be used as a tool to do so.

The claim that social protection is a luxury good—with a national income elasticity exceeding unity—has been influential. The paper tests the “luxury good hypothesis” using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts.

The report associates the multiple crises and increasing inequalities we are facing with policy choices promoted during the age of neoliberal hyperglobalization. It unpacks the implications for sustainable development and for disadvantaged social groups through the lenses of intersectionality and power.

Cet ouvrage traite du cadre institutionnel de la gouvernance de l'emploi, des concepts et définitions, décrit d'une part la situation de l'emploi, les caractéristiques du marché de l'emploi, les perspectives et les politiques de l'emploi mises en œuvre au cours de la période 1980-1990 et aborde, d'autre part, les questions liées au chômage des diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, de la politique de l'ivoirisation des cadres, de la reconnaissance du secteur informel en 1987 comme grand secteur pourvoyeur d'emplois. Ce livre devrait inspirer les responsables publics des politiques de l'emploi, des ressources humaines, du secteur privé en Côte d'Ivoire, ailleurs dans la sous-région de l'espace UEMOA et en Afrique.

With the world in the midst of the first global energy crisis – triggered by Russia's invasion of Ukraine – the present report provides indispensable analysis and insights on the implications of this profound and ongoing shock to energy systems across the globe. Based on the latest energy data and market developments, it explores key questions about the crisis: Will it be a setback for clean energy transitions or a catalyst for greater action? How might government responses shape energy markets? Which energy security risks lie ahead on the path to net zero emissions?

Reaching net zero by 2050 will mean a complete transformation of our global energy system, with a switch to lower emissions electricity production and increased energy efficiency at the heart of the worldwide response. But the transition to clean energy calls for investment in improved weather, water and climate services that can be used to ensure our energy infrastructure is resilient to climate-related shocks and inform measures to increase energy efficiency across multiple sectors.

This report highlights the implications of 1.5°C scenarios for the phase-out of fossil fuels and the scale-up to renewables, barriers to transitions and solutions to such challenges, and tools for governments and financial institutions to navigate the current energy crisis while maintaining climate ambition. It also looks at the implications of the war in Ukraine for energy systems and explores whether Europe can meet its gas demand without the Russian supply.

An energy transition partnership that is to be just–in a distributive, procedural and restorative sense–cannot be negotiated behind closed doors. Transparency in the negotiations with international partners is key and often lacking across the three country studies. So is a pluralistic debate in the elaboration of a country-driven plan that involves multiple stakeholders.

Renewable mini-grids are a promising technology to electrify remote communities with a substantial productive demand, mainly from agro-processing. Mini-grids have experienced fast growth and there are now around 2,200 systems in the sub-Saharan Africa region. However, their economic case in the sub-continent is unclear. Most mini-grids are struggling not only to obtain a profit but also to recover costs.

Following a wave of oil discoveries in Africa, this book offers new perspectives and critical reflections on the prevalent academic discourses on oil in Africa. It brings together researchers from the social sciences to challenge simplified readings of the complex realities of oil politics, economies and societies through theoretical critique and ‘on the ground’ ethnographic methods. Climate change highlights the need to understand the intricate ways societies are built on and for oil energy. The book analyses the effects of oil production and the global energy structure, offering relevant insights and avenues for future research on oil.

In 2021, concentrations of the three main greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide – continued to reach record highs. The annual increase in methane concentration was the highest on record, which is especially significant given that methane is more than 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. Real time data from specific locations show levels of the three gases continued to increase in 2022.

Climate change poses a major threat to long-term development objectives, especially poverty reduction, and accelerated emission reductions are needed, particularly in high-income and other high-emitting countries. Reducing emissions can be done without comprising development: taken together, CCDR low-carbon development strategies reduce emissions by 70%, without significant impact on growth, provided that policies are well designed and financing is available. Financing needs average 1.4% of GDP, a manageable amount with appropriate private sector involvement. But in lower-income countries, financing needs can exceed 5%, which will require more support from high-income countries, including increased concessional resources.

The present report provides a comprehensive assessment of the global gap in climate action across the world’s highest-emitting systems, highlighting where recent progress made in reducing GHG emissions, scaling up carbon removal, and increasing climate finance must accelerate over the next decade to keep the Paris Agreement’s goal to limit warming to 1.5°C within reach.

Africa has contributed less than any other region – just 3.8% of global carbon emissions – to the climate crisis, but the continent faces a disproportionately high impact on its economy and human well-being. This climate injustice has to be rectified.

COP27 is of paramount importance if ambitious global climate action is to be achieved. Lack of action will have dire consequences for Africa, other developing regions and the world more broadly. Despite complex global geopolitical dynamics, climate action, and specifically policy implementation, must remain high on the political agenda of all countries. It is crucial to minimise the gap between current pledges and what is needed to avoid devastating climate change for Africa.

As growing climate change impacts are experienced across the globe, the message that greenhouse gas emissions must fall is unambiguous. Yet this report finds that the international community is falling far short of the Paris goals, with no credible pathway to 1.5°C in place. Only an urgent system-wide transformation can avoid climate disaster.

Climate change is landing blow after blow upon humanity and the planet, an onslaught that will only intensify in the coming years even if the world begins to bring down greenhouse gas emissions. The present report finds that the world must urgently increase efforts to adapt to these impacts of climate change.

This publication outlines current understanding of how a circular economy can help avert the climate crisis. It outlines nine calls-to-action decision makers and researchers can take to maximise circular economy benefits in order to help limit warming to 1.5 ̊C and avoid the worst impacts of climate change.

Although least developed countries (LDCs) have barely contributed to climate change, they are on the front lines of the climate crisis. Over the last 50 years, 69% of worldwide deaths caused by climate-related disasters occurred in LDCs. Building resilience via a green structural transformation, and making growth sustainable by generating decent jobs, domestic savings, diversification of the economy and exports, and a shift away from dependence on primary commodities, is moving to the forefront of the national development agenda in LDCs.

This report notes that in the coming decades, heatwaves are predicted to meet and exceed human physiological and social limits in regions such as the Sahel, the Horn of Africa and South and South-West Asia. Extreme heatwaves in these regions would result in large-scale suffering and loss of life, population movements and further entrenched inequality.

This report synthesizes information from the 166 latest available nationally determined contributions communicated by 193 Parties to the Paris Agreement and recorded in the registry of nationally determined contributions as of 23 September 2022.

This guide provides a framework to strengthen the role of development co-operation for mobilising foreign direct investment (FDI) and enhancing its positive impact in developing countries

This study, consisting of research, data analysis, interviews and case studies, reviews trends in development finance since 2015 and finds that little has changed within pre-existing development banks since the Sustainable Development Goals were agreed upon and the Addis Ababa commitments made. Its purpose is to ask why there is such a lack of progress and share five key actions development banks and their policy advisors can take now to achieve the Addis Ababa Action Plan on Financing for Development.

This paper takes stock of the unfolding debt crisis across developing low- and middle-income countries and discusses how to break with the inertia in debt restructurings under the Common Framework for Debt Treatments. Using data on credit ratings, debt sustainability ratings, and sovereign bond spreads the paper identifies 54 developing economies with severe debt problems.

After a decade-long period of low borrowing costs, a confluence of rising interest rates, inflation, and commodity shocks have raised the likelihood of overlapping debt crises in developing countries. The International Monetary Fund now estimates that 30% of emerging market countries and 60% of low-income countries could face trouble paying down their debts or will soon.

This ebook provides a comprehensive overview of the financing gap that emerging and developing countries face to meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Paris climate goals. It provides detailed country- and region-level analysis of the challenges and opportunities of scaling up sustainable finance and investment and discusses the range of instruments that could be used to reach these climate and development objectives.

This research paper maps the political landscape on Loss and Damage finance, with the aim of increasing understanding of different countries’ perspectives and identifying pragmatic, politically realistic steps that could be taken in the near term to start building consensus among governments around a way forward.

Les pays en développement (PED) ont des problèmes structurels de financement de leurs économies. La dégradation des finances publiques depuis la crise économique de 2008 y a engendré des déséquilibres budgétaires importants avec pour corollaire un endettement très élevé faisant redouter l'insoutenabilité de la dette publique et des finances publiques. Le déficit structurel et le risque d'insoutenabilité de la dette sont un problème récurrent pour les pays en développement et marchés émergents. L'intervention des partenaires techniques et financiers à travers différents programmes de réformes, notamment d'ajustement structurel, n'a pas produit les effets escomptés. C'est pourquoi les grandes puissances ont décidé de restructurer de façon coordonnée les dettes des PED, à l'occasion du G20.

Armed forces in the Indo-Pacific region remain dependent on weapon systems imported from foreign suppliers. This is despite the efforts of many governments in the Indo-Pacific to implement policies that support the development of local arms industrial capabilities with the aim of increasing self-reliance. This report develops three indicators to give a score and regional ranking of self-reliance in arms production to 12 jurisdictions in the Indo-Pacific region.

This paper provides a broad overview of how multilateral peace operations have responded to cholera and Ebola epidemics and the HIV/AIDS and Covid-19 pandemics over the past 20 years. Such public health crises can be especially lethal in fragile and conflict-affected areas.

Born in the chaotic days after the disputed election of 2010, violent youth gangs, dubbed microbes by the local population, terrorised the streets of the poorest areas of Côte d’Ivoire’s capital. Marginalised and deprived of hope, these microbes are easy prey for the vié pères who run the criminal economy of the city, especially its drug markets. They are also used by politicians to intimidate opposition supporters.

This article identifies a gap in studies of ‘hybrid warfare’ and introduces the new concept of ‘hybrid balancing’. While previous studies have predominantly focused on Russian behaviours in Crimea and Ukraine, this article uses ‘hybrid balancing’ to examine China's hybrid warfare in the Indo-Pacific, against the backdrop of harsh geopolitical competition between China and the US.

Africa lies at the centre of the international community’s peacebuilding interventions, and the continent’s rich multitude of actors, ideas, relationships, practices, experiences, locations, and contexts in turn shapes the possibilities and practices of contemporary peacebuilding. This handbook surveys and analyses peacebuilding as it operates in this specifically African context. It begins by outlining the evolution and the various ideologies, conceptualizations, institutions, and practices of African peacebuilding. Then, it considers how different actors sustain, construct, and use African infrastructure to identify and analyse converging, differing, or competing mandates, approaches, and interests. Finally, it analyses specific thematic issues such as gender, justice, development, democracy, and the politics of knowledge before ending with in-depth analyses of case studies drawn from across the continent.

Terrorism on Africa has been the global threat against which global war must now be fought. Whether the terrorizing country was peaceful or violent, no country should be granted the right to seize and restrict the development of a region. Europeans have crippled the rich native African civilizations for their own political and economic gain for centuries. No matter the reason, no intelligence, knowledge, or technology permits one country or countries to terrorize another or other countries like the terrorized and victimized in Africa.

Mainstreaming the gender perspective in national statistical systems makes it possible to produce information that reflects the circumstances of women and men in all their diversity, and thus to shed light on inequalities in different aspects of life. This document presents the current situation of statistical production with a gender perspective in Latin America and the Caribbean, the factors that have been key to making progress in this area and the remaining challenges.

It is crucial to prioritize women’s and girl’s empowerment when addressing protection risks, including gender-based violence, in the context of displacement and climate change. Adopting a gender lens helps to identify and respond to specific risks and needs, and it highlights the essential roles women can take on in leading sustainable transformations.

Designing cities that work for women creates wider social, economic, and environmental benefits, along with safer, healthier, and more inclusive spaces, not just for women but for entire households and communities and is integral to the achievement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development across urban areas around the world.

Organismos internacionales y regionales, con especial énfasis en los que integran el Task Force Interamericano sobre Liderazgo de las Mujeres, así como el movimiento feminista y de mujeres, han destacado que la presencia de mujeres en espacios clave de toma de decisión es fundamental para que la respuesta y recuperación de las crisis que atraviesan el mundo y la región latinoamericana sean sostenibles y no profundicen las brechas preexistentes.

The veneer of good governance that successfully conceals the hollowness of Liberia's state structures has long-term implications, and leaves states vulnerable to organised crime. The current system is characterised by widespread corruption in the context of enhanced state capacity and absent meaningful oversight mechanisms, occupying an illicit economy sweet spot.

Governments can use artificial intelligence to design better policies and make better and more targeted decisions, enhance communication and engagement with citizens, and improve the speed and quality of public services. The Latin America and the Caribbean region is seeking to leverage the immense potential of AI to promote the digital transformation of the public sector.

Globally, the number of new weekly cases decreased by 15% during the week of 31 October to 6 November 2022, as compared to the previous week, with over 2.1 million new cases reported. The number of new weekly deaths decreased by 10%, as compared to the previous week, with about 9400 fatalities reported. As of 6 November 2022, 629 million confirmed cases and 6.5 million deaths have been reported globally.

At 8 November 2022, a total of 12,103,931 COVID-19 cases and 256,066 deaths (CFR: 2.1%) have been reported by the 55 African Union (AU) Member States (MS). This represents 2% of all cases and 4% of all deaths reported globally. Since the detection of COVID-19 on the African continent (in February 2020), 53 (96%) AU MS have experienced three distinct COVID-19 waves, 48 (87%) MS have experienced four waves, 28 MS have experienced five waves, and five MS (Algeria, Burundi, Kenya, Mauritius and Tunisia) have experienced a sixth wave.

On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan health authorities declared an Ebola outbreak after the confirmation of one case in Madudu subcounty of Mubende district (the central region of Uganda) on 19 September. As at 7 November, there were 135 confirmed cases and 53 associated deaths. More than 1,000 doctors, pharmacists, and nurses protested on 6 November over delayed payments and wage conditions. They also denounced the inadequate supply of personal protective equipment. And there is a high risk of the death toll increasing. The Government has projected 500 fatalities by April 2023.

The COVID-19 crisis brought home the high costs of pandemics, triggering a historic setback in the fight against poverty. It also reinforced the interconnections between people, planet and economy, calling attention to the zoonotic nature of pathogens spilling over from animals to people. To decrease their burden, the world must focus on prevention.

This system-wide evaluation report assesses the effectiveness of the United Nations Development System’s (UNDS) Socio-Economic Response to COVID-19. As the first UNDS system-wide evaluation, this report provides stakeholders with an overarching perspective that allows a look at the UNDS as a whole and assesses the extent to which it has been able to collectively bring its strengths and capacities to bear for countries in their recovery towards the Sustainable Development Goals.

Several outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics have raised alarms about the lack of capacity to deal with these health crises at national and global levels. The Ebola and Zika outbreaks, and now monkeypox, highlight the lack of investment in research and development (R&D) for diseases endemic in the South. They also proved that the existing international system for R&D is not adequate for effective pandemic preparedness and response.

This report shows that women’s and children’s health has suffered globally, as the impacts of conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change converge with devastating effects on prospects for children, young people and women. Data presented in the report show a critical regression across virtually every major measure of childhood wellbeing, and many key indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals.

This paper reports the results of a horizon-scanning exercise to source opportunities for global health research and development investment — that is, high-value potential biomedical innovations which are currently underfunded but which could be transformative for health, quality of life, and health security in low- and middle-income countries and around the world.

The mental health of the elderly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is a largely neglected subject, both by policy and research. We combine data from the health and retirement family of surveys in seven LMICs (plus the US) to document that depressive symptoms among those aged 55 and above are more prevalent in those countries and increase sharply with age

During the COVID-19 pandemic, global health governance—especially the World Health Organisation—failed by design. Not because the WHO was too weak, or captured by China, but because, like many other global governance regimes, it pursued an illusory globalist approach that failed to build capacity where it was really needed: at the level of nation-states.

More robust measures on transport decarbonization are needed by 2030 to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius, including reducing vehicle kilometers travelled and electrifying vehicles. Sustainable modes of travel, such as public transport, can and must play a crucial role in reducing the growth of private motor vehicle use, while at the same time bus fleets must be electrified.

Sur la base de données recueillies auprès de plus de 4 millions d'individus et d'entreprises, issus de 2 600 villes de 34 pays africains, ce rapport montre que l'urbanisation contribue à l’amélioration des résultats économiques et du niveau de vie. Dans la plupart des dimensions socio-économiques, les villes obtiennent des résultats nettement supérieurs aux pays au sein desquels elles sont situées.

Despite some outmigration from the largest cities during the COVID-19 pandemic, urbanization will continue, and by 2035, 62.5% of the world’s population is expected to reside in urban areas. However, given the need to retrofit, replace and upgrade deteriorating urban infrastructure, and to meet the challenges of climate change, including the urban heat island effect, droughts and more intense flooding, many experts and policymakers see in these demands an opportunity to reinvent cities as greener, less prone to pandemics, and more liveable.

La patrimonialisation des marqueurs socioculturels et identitaires, caractéristique de la ville soudano-sahélienne, en raison de l'originalité et de la beauté qu'elle transmet, a imposé l'intérêt de cet ouvrage. Il interroge la prise en compte des marqueurs identitaires dans les politiques de planification et d'aménagement urbains. Le lecteur retiendra que l'accompagnement de la dynamique urbaine par des actions institutionnelles concertées qui tiennent suffisamment compte des réalités locales est porteur d'enjeux de développement urbain durable et de préservation du capital culturel et identitaire régional.

The 2022 edition analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants. It includes a special chapter on the policy responses by OECD countries to the large inflow of refugees from Ukraine as well as a series of three short chapters on international students analysing respectively recent trends, attraction and retention policies as well as the economic impact of international students.

An extensive array of international agreements and frameworks attest to the urgency of addressing climate change and human mobility together, as climate change, environmental degradation and disasters reshape contemporary human mobility patterns. It is now time to put these agreements into practice and step-up implementation on human mobility in contexts of climate change.

Between January–September 2022, more than 150,000 people crossed into Panama from Colombia through the Darién Gap. Of this number, 71% were Venezuelans. Around 14,500 were Children. Although migrants have historically used the Darién route to reach Central America, the flow considerably increased: the 133,000 migrants that crossed in 2021 is greater than the number of all crossings between 2010–2020.

The 59-page report, ‘“Those Who Returned Are Suffering’: Impact of Camp Shutdowns on People Displaced by the Boko Haram Conflict in Nigeria” documents the effect of the shutdowns, which have disrupted food support for internally displaced people and compelled them to leave the camps.

Longtemps considérés comme les oubliés de la migration internationale de travail, les migrants âgés sont devenus visibles depuis la fin des années 1980 dans l'espace public français. Ce livre, qui prend pour exemple ceux de l'ethnie soninké s'intéresse particulièrement aux stratégies qu'ils déroulent à la fin de leurs carrières socioprofessionnelles. Ainsi, conjuguant avec les politiques migratoires changeantes de la France contemporaine et les nombreuses évolutions du foyer d'origine, ils s'activent dans la navette migratoire, optent pour le retour définitif dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal ou pour l'inscription de leur fin de vie dans la société d'accueil française.

This working paper outlines how to scale up the private sector's involvement in climate adaptation and harness its financial clout, technical know-how, and ingenuity to help build climate resilient economies in the Asia and Pacific region. It assesses the role businesses currently play and looks at the technical, financial, and institutional hurdles they face. It explores financing options and underscores the importance of companies becoming “solution providers”.

Avant de poser le champ de la consommation en Afrique, il faut d'abord parler de l'Afrique qui est un continent de diversité et qu'il est utopique de réduire à une unité homogène. Cet ouvrage s'intéresse à la compréhension des comportements des consommateurs africains et met en lumière des entreprises africaines qui ont su transformer le contexte local en opportunités. Le marketing de l'offre et le marketing de la demande trouveront leur place dans cet ouvrage.

Innovation is crucial for resilient and sustainable economic growth. Economic growth, which can be captured by the total output produced in an economy, is driven by capital, labor, and total factor productivity. Innovation can be created within ecosystems through the dynamic interactions of entrepreneurs, researchers and policy makers.

El uso de la inteligencia artificial ya es una realidad y se ha probado en el mundo y en la región. No obstante, es importante descifrar y comprender su potencial, su alcance, los desafíos y las posibilidades a las que nos enfrentamos. Este reporte regional sobre el uso estratégico y responsable de la inteligencia artificial en el sector público en América Latina, al que han contribuido expertos en la materia, presenta conceptos fundamentales sobre esta temática.

Across Africa, rising mobile phone penetration, improving broadband Internet, and growing use of mobile money are creating new opportunities for governments, businesses, and individuals. While Africa’s digital revolution has been impressive, the continent has further to go to close gender digital divide. Four hundred million women in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain unconnected. Digital technologies can and have played a key role in mitigating the economic effects of the COVID-19 crisis

This book provides a developing country perspective on the internationalization of science and the role of Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy (STID) in leveraging scientific cooperation for sustainable development. In articles by individuals from government departments and academic & research institutions in nine developing countries, it provides a conceptual understanding of the subject and reveals the prevailing perceptions on its praxis/practices. The articles highlight the significance of international cooperation at bilateral, regional and multilateral levels and the need for strengthening the role of STID in foreign policy and strategies of governments.

The Asia-Pacific region continues to be the largest contributor to the worldwide build-up of preferential trade agreements (PTAs), accounting for about half of PTAs worldwide. PTAs have become bigger, deeper, more digital and increasingly supportive of sustainable development, with the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) exemplifying these trends.

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) has great potential to contribute to the realisation of structural transformation on the continent. Our assessment of the initial tariff offers under the AfCFTA agreement suggests that there is real value in the market access that will result from the implementation of the agreement. The impact of trade facilitation and a reduction in non-tariff barriers (NTBs) would be even more significant.

A sharp global growth slowdown and concerns about an impending global recession are weighing on commodity prices. In many economies, however, prices in domestic-currency terms remain elevated because of currency depreciations. This could deepen the food and energy crises already underway in a number of countries. As the global growth slowdown intensifies, commodity prices are expected to ease in the next two years, but they will remain considerably above their average over the past five years. Energy prices are expected to fall by 11% in 2023 and 12% in 2024. Agricultural and metal prices are projected to decline 5% and 15%, respectively, in 2023 before stabilizing in 2024. This outlook, however, is subject to numerous risks both in the short- and medium-term.

A specific ‘Asian view’ that is not open to regional initiatives has been mentioned, but this is challenged as digitalisation raises similar issues in all countries and a lack of harmonisation of rights protection can hinder trade. The nature of rights in the digital environment, with standards and less ‘political’ rights may speak in favour of greater possibilities for a regional approach in Asia.

This handbook aims to provide support to parliamentarians, in order to contribute to their understanding of the legal, political, and programmatic implications of realizing the human rights to water and sanitation and achieving the related Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.

This report is a comprehensive survey of what is known about the links between water, health, and development, with actionable recommendations to reach Sustainable Development Goal targets on access to safe drinking water. It is illustrated by many examples of how countries have addressed the challenge of providing safely managed drinking water to their populations.

Ethiopia has a long history of land restoration and watershed management; however, land and watershed degradation persist, threatening agricultural productivity, water supplies, and livelihoods.

Sub-Saharan Africa’s recovery has been abruptly interrupted. Last year, activity finally bounced back, lifting GDP growth in 2021 to 4.7%. But growth in 2022 is expected to slow sharply by more than 1% to 3.6%, as a worldwide slowdown, tighter global financial conditions, and a dramatic pickup in global inflation spill into a region already wearied by an ongoing series of shocks

The region is expected to grow at a slower pace of 4.7% in 2022—due to the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine war, which is already putting pressure on energy and food prices—before recovering to 5.5% in 2023. The projected strong growth is not homogenous across the region, with four countries (Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, and South Sudan) expected to grow above 5% in both 2022 and 2023. Growth will likely be subdued in Comoros, Somalia, and Sudan below 3% in 2022, while all the East African countries (except Comoros and Eritrea) should experience a growth rate of more than 4% in 2023.

Based on needs assessments carried out in the nine affected states, flooding had affected more than 900,000 people as at 11 October. Floods have damaged or destroyed buildings and transport infrastructure. There have been crop and livestock losses, which could worsen food insecurity.

Today's African political class is much more diverse in character and aspiration than the one that overcame colonial rule and inaugurated independent governments. Sons of early liberation leaders now jostle for power in a few countries (Chad, Kenya), descendants of successful autocrats perpetuate family rule in others (Gabon), several long-serving hegemons remain in control after decades in office (as in Cameroon, Djibouti, Rwanda and Uganda), a clutch of kleptocrats continue to defraud citizens (as in Equatorial Guinea and Zimbabwe), upstart soldiers oust elected placeholders (Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali), and here and there democratic stalwarts (Botswana, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia) are delivering authentic, uplifting, leadership to their followers.

Regulation as a tool for pursuing equitable national development and the provision of adequate goods and services is an often enigmatic and inadequately understood subject. This book unravels the subject from theory to practice. It explains the rationale for, and objectives of, regulation in several economic sectors and addresses the policy, legal and institutional arrangements and mechanisms normally employed as well as the advantages and pitfalls of alternative approaches. The examples given elucidate these aspects not only on Tanzania and other African countries but also include cases from across the globe.

After the strong rebound of 6.5% posted in 2021, growth in Asia and Pacific is expected to moderate to 4.0% in 2022 amid an uncertain global environment and rise to 4.3% in 2023. Inflation has risen above most central bank targets, but is expected to peak in late 2022. As the effects of the pandemic wane, the region faces new headwinds from global financial tightening and an expected slowdown of external demand.

Southeast Asia is one of the most economically and developmentally successful regions in the world. However, the ability of the region’s developing economies to sustain this success is increasingly in question. The key question is does Southeast Asia need a new development model? There are no easy answers.

Regulatory reforms have long been a focus for Southeast Asian nations, often as a way to improve the business climate and policy frameworks for trade and investment. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has spurred countries around the world to review and update their regulatory policies to respond to the current crisis and prepare for the next one.

Los actuales desafíos políticos mundiales deberían contribuir a impulsar una renovada presencia de Iberoamérica en los problemas y debates internacionales, aportando ideas y el compromiso con valores universales, así como con el desarrollo de sus recursos económicos y humanos. Además, la presente situación de crisis agrega responsabilidades y oportunidades a la comunidad iberoamericana poseedora de valiosos recursos naturales, en particular agua potable, tierras cultivables, recursos forestales, minerales y energéticos, que le permiten constituirse en socios activos en la recuperación y el desarrollo económico y social del mundo.

La evolución económica reciente en las Américas ha estado dominada por el impacto de dos shocks mundiales distintos: la pandemia de COVID19 y luego la invasión de Rusia a Ucrania. Un tercer shock —el endurecimiento de las condiciones financieras— está ahora incidiendo en las perspectivas.

El libro recoge una serie de investigaciones de gran valor empírico que hasta ahora no eran accesibles al público: informes elaborados por los especialistas en participación política de pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de varias Misiones de Observación Electoral desplegadas por la Organización de Estados Americanos en los últimos años. Bajo el paraguas institucional de la OEA, los autores de los informes tuvieron acceso a documentación y a informantes (políticos de alto nivel, candidatos) al que los investigadores académicos normalmente no suelen poder acceder.

Written by experts across three continents, contributions to this edited volume explore the bilateral relations that China has developed with almost all Latin American and Caribbean countries, charting both the benefits they have brought and the problems that these relations have created for local actors. The book analyses the emergence of new forms of "dependence", considers issues such as the existence of a deindustrialization phenomenon throughout Latin America and ultimately questions whether China and the United States are engaged in a zero-sum game in the region.

Russian and Russian-controlled forces have committed war crimes and likely crimes against humanity by unlawfully transferring or deporting civilians from certain occupied parts of Ukraine. Russian and Russian-controlled authorities also forced civilians through an abusive screening process known as ‘filtration,’ where some were arbitrarily detained, subject to torture or other ill-treatment, and separated from their children.

Data from 22 countries across the region featured in the study shows children are bearing the heaviest burden of the economic crisis caused by the war in Ukraine. While children make up 25% of the population, they account for nearly 40% of the additional 10.4 million people experiencing poverty this year.

The report presents a snapshot – but by no means a comprehensive picture – of the damage inflicted on Ukraine’s environment and the potential environmental and public health impacts, informing priorities for field-level verification work. Initial information shows that Ukraine, already burdened by a host of legacy environmental challenges, is now facing a compounded, multi-dimensional environmental crisis that has either exacerbated existing issues or added new ones.

This report focuses on the current status of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises business activity across different regions and industries, on critical challenges and issues caused by the war and on significant changes that have occurred compared to the pre-war period.

This report shows how the Black Sea Grain Initiative signed in July 2022 to resume exports of Ukrainian grain via the Black Sea amid the ongoing war has offered hope and shown the power of trade in times of crisis. Thanks to the initiative, port activity in Ukraine is picking up and large shipments of grain are reaching world markets.

Le processus complexe de l’adhésion d’un État de 603 500 kilomètres carrés et 45 millions d’habitants est-il une réponse adéquate à la détresse d’un pays en guerre ? Est-ce bien aider l’Ukraine qu’apporter une réponse à long terme à un problème de sécurité qui se pose avec une très grande acuité à court terme ? Même en faisant la part des circonstances, une Union qui n’a pas d’armée est-elle bien placée pour peser sur un rapport de forces de nature militaire?

This article draws on the security policies of one-time neutral countries like Austria, Finland and Moldova, to probe the case for Ukraine as a sovereign but potentially neutral state. For Ukraine, a form of armed neutrality outside NATO could be a way to preserve sovereignty and statehood beyond the current war with Russia. The article has implications for western policy-making on the Russia-Ukraine war.

In a worsening global environment, economies in the Middle East and Central Asia are being buffeted by a confluence of shocks: a global slowdown, high and volatile food and energy prices, faster and stronger than expected tightening of financial conditions, and the risk of fragmentation. The region’s emerging market and middle-income economies and low-income countries are hit hard, with many facing curtailed access to market financing, while oil-exporting countries are being buffered by still-high energy prices.

Despite some pre-pandemic gains in poverty reduction, literacy, and lifespans, many economies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have struggled to ensure that the benefits of economic development and diversification accrue equitably to all segments of their populations. Among the main issues that remain unresolved are the high share of inactive youth (who are not engaged in employment, education, or training); large gaps in economic opportunities for women; fragmented social protection systems; and underdeveloped private sectors with tight regulation, absence of a level playing field, and limited access to credit that stifle the creation of new firms and growth, employment, and incomes.

The authors of this paper present the findings of a bespoke sociological and political survey of more than 1,000 residents of the Baghdad closed district known as Sadr City, and analyse the shifting trajectory of the Sadrist movement and its implications for Iraq.

Les recherches sur les partis islamistes et les partis démocrates-chrétiens européens restent le plus souvent cloisonnées, donnant lieu à des études monolithiques. Partant, une analyse des trajectoires de l'islamisme tunisien et du parti démocrate-chrétien italien comble ce déficit et révèle les limites du nouveau projet islamiste. Conscient de sa nouvelle conjoncture, le parti actualise son approche du fait politique en renouvelant ses modalités de recrutement et d'endoctrinement. Ce livre insiste sur le rôle matriciel des espaces de socialisation (universités, prison...) dans l'édulcoration progressive de l'idéologie intransigeante primaire et sa mutation des deux côtés de la Méditerranée.

The Lowy Institute Pacific Aid Map is an analytical tool designed to enhance aid effectiveness in the Pacific by improving coordination, alignment and accountability of foreign aid through enhanced transparency of aid flows. The Pacific Aid Map has collected data on more than 57,000 projects and activities across all the Pacific Islands from 67 donors from 2008 onwards. This raw data has been made freely available on this interactive platform, allowing users to drill down and manipulate the data in a variety of ways.

Tonga faces many of the challenges typical in small island economies, including geographic isolation, limited human and financial resources, and high costs of doing business and providing basic services. The economy has a narrow base, dependent on inflows of remittances and external assistance and is vulnerable to external shocks. Tonga’s economy had a 2.4% averaged growth rate during fiscal years 2015–2019 ending in June. The gross domestic product contracted by 0.8% in fiscal year 2020 and 5.3% in fiscal year 2021 are, due to the impacts of disasters and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Global development is a collective enterprise, and multilateral institutions leverage UK resources. In addition, overseas development assistance usually has its greatest impact when it is used in developing countries by the people living in those countries. Aid also has its greatest impact on global poverty if spent in the world’s poorest countries.