These indicators were selected in order to capture the main elements of a circular economy. The list is constructed to be short and focused. It uses available data while also earmarking areas where new indicators are in the process of being developed, in particular for green public procurement and food waste.

About half of the indicators in this framework come from Eurostat; others are produced by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (DG GROW). The indicator on patents comes from the European Patent Office.

The monitoring framework which is depicted in the image below provides a snapshot of what we know today. To ensure consistent reporting, Eurostat will regularly update the monitoring framework available in this website section. The European Commission will continue to elaborate the indicators which need further developments, in particular regarding the methodology and/or data collections.

Monitoring the production and consumption phase is essential for understanding progress towards the circular economy. Households and economic sectors should decrease the amount of waste they generate. In the longer term, this behaviour may contribute to an increasing self-sufficiency of selected raw materials for production in the EU.

Increasing recycling is part of the transition to a circular economy. This area focuses on the share of waste which is recycled and actually returned into the economic cycle to continue creating value. The graphic below provides a short overview; the most recent data are available in the database.

To close the loop, material and products need to be re-introduced into the economy, for example in form of new materials or products. Recycled materials replace newly extracted natural resources, reduce the environmental footprint of production and consumption and increase the security of the future supply of raw materials.

The circular economy contributes to the creation of jobs and growth, as illustrated below. The development of innovative technologies improves product designs for easier re-use and promotes innovative industrial processes.