Data extracted in April 2026
Planned article update: 30 October 2026
Highlights
Year-on-year household gas prices in the second half of 2025 increased in 11 EU countries, decreased in 10 and remained almost unchanged in 2 EU countries.
In the second half of 2025, year-on-year non-household gas prices fell in 16 EU countries, rose in 4, and were broadly unchanged in 4.
Household gas prices in the EU were highest in Sweden (€0.2092 per kWh) and lowest in Hungary (€0.0340 per kWh) in the second half of 2025.
This article highlights the development of natural gas prices for household and non-household consumers within the European Union (EU); it also includes price data from Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine, when available.
The price of energy in the EU depends on a range of different supply and demand conditions, including the geopolitical situation, the national energy mix, import diversification, network costs, environmental protection costs, severe weather conditions, and levels of excise and taxation. Note that prices presented in this article include taxes, levies and VAT for household consumers but exclude refundable taxes and levies and VAT for non-household consumers.
Natural gas prices for household consumers
Highest gas prices in Sweden, the Netherlands and Italy
For household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 20 Gigajoules (GJ) and 200 (GJ), natural gas prices in the second half of 2025 were highest in Sweden (€0.2092 per Kilowatt-hour (kWh)), the Netherlands (€0.1719 per kWh) and Italy (€0.1481 per kWh). They were lowest in Hungary (€0.0340 per kWh), Croatia (€0.0543 per kWh) and Romania (€0.0566 per kWh) (see Figure 1). The price of natural gas for households in Sweden was more than 6 times the price charged in Hungary and 70% higher than the EU average price (€0.1228 per kWh).
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
The average natural gas price for household consumers in the EU, calculated as a weighted average using the most recent consumption data from 2024 and prices from the second half of 2025, was €0.1228 per kWh.
Figure 2 presents the development of natural gas prices for household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. Generally, these prices are higher in the second half of each year. This is due to the seasonal effect and reflected in the zig-zag shape of the lines in Figure 2. However, substantial price changes attenuated this phenomenon, since the first half of 2022 and up to the end of 2023. Overall, in the EU, there was an upward trend in natural gas total prices in the first half of each year, from a low of €0.0562 per kWh in the first half of 2010 to a local peak of €0.0692 per kWh in the first half of 2013. Then, the price decreased until 2017, rose in 2018, and dropped again in 2020. Prices including taxes showed a sharp increase from the second half of 2021 to the first half of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the price of natural gas for household consumers decreased to €0.1141 per kWh, following a peak in the first half of 2023 (€0.1163 per kWh), which was the highest up to that point. In the first half of 2024 the price recorded a further drop, falling to €0.1104 per kWh, before it reaches €0.1244 per kWh, in the second half of 2024, which marked the highest level recorded since the beginning of this data collection. In the first half of 2025, prices showed a drop to €0.1143 per kWh, and they increased in the second half of the year (€0.1228) contributing to the reemergence of the customary zig-zag pattern observed in the time series prior to the crisis.
The proportion of the taxes increased from 25% in the first half of 2008 to 36% in the first half of 2021 and then decreased to 14% in the second half of 2022, reflecting the subsidies and allowances measures taken by the countries to alleviate the burden of high energy prices. In the first half of 2024, the proportion of taxes increased to 27%, in the second half of 2024 to 30%, it increased slightly in 2025 (31% in both semesters), indicating the reduction of the measures and the restoration of the corresponding tax to levels approaching those prior to the sharp price increase. The evolution of gas prices for households excluding taxes peaked in the second half of 2022 (€0.0971 per kWh). After this point, prices showed consecutive declines, falling to €0.0802 per kWh in the first half of 2024, a time point signaling the return to seasonality. In the first half of 2025 (€0.0788 per kWh), prices were slightly below the level a year earlier. They then rose to €0.0847 per kWh in the second half of 2025, but remained 2.7% lower than in the same period the year before.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Weight of taxes and levies differs greatly between EU countries
Figure 3 shows the proportion of taxes and levies in the overall natural gas retail price for household consumers. The relative tax contribution in the second half of 2025 was the lowest in Croatia (4.8%). The highest proportion of taxes was observed in the Netherlands, where total taxes and levies corresponded to 51.8% of the final price. In Denmark this percentage was 48.9%. The VAT in the EU represented 16.04% of the total price. The share of VAT in the total price ranged from 4.8% in Croatia to 21.5% in Hungary. Compared with the first half of 2025, the share of taxes decreased marginally, by 0.07 percentage points (pp), from 31.1% to 31.03%, but increased compared with first half of 2024 (27.4%). These figures reflect government allowances and subsidies introduced to ease high energy costs in the second half of 2022. Support was scaled back in the following years and largely stabilised in 2025. The trends also mirror wider changes in energy prices, supply conditions and network cost components.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Higher increase in gas prices for household consumers in Luxembourg, Croatia and Lithuania
Figure 4 shows the change in natural gas prices for household consumers including all taxes, levies and VAT from the second half of 2024 to the second half of 2025. For comparison purposes, the national currencies were used. These prices increased during the period under consideration in 11 of the 23 EU countries for which data are available, while they were relatively stable in 2 EU countries and decreased in 12 (Cyprus, Malta and Finland do not report natural gas prices in the household sector and for Poland data are confidential). The largest increases were observed in Luxembourg (21.7%), Croatia (19.1%) and Lithuania (14.8%). The largest decreases were reported by Czechia (-9.8%), Italy (-6.6%) and Latvia (-6.1%).
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Gas prices in purchasing power standard
In Map 1, gas prices for household consumers in the second half of 2025 are shown in purchasing power standard (PPS) grouping the available countries in 6 categories. The final burden for the consumers is calculated based on their own consumption. The gas prices per 100 kWh, expressed in purchasing power standard were highest in Sweden (17.16 PPS), Portugal (17.04 PPS) and Italy (15.48 PPS). The lowest gas prices based on the PPS were observed in Hungary (4.67 PPS), Luxembourg (6.75 PPS) and Slovakia (7.58 PPS).
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Natural gas prices for non-household consumers
Gas prices for non-household consumers highest in Sweden and Finland
For non-household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 10 000 GJ and 100 000 GJ), natural gas prices in the second half of 2025 were highest in Sweden (€0.1065 per kWh), where they were 75% above the EU average, followed by Finland (€0.0863 per kWh) and Germany (€0.0713 per kWh). Sweden and Finland have very little natural gas consumption. The lowest prices were recorded in Bulgaria (€0.0414 per kWh) and Greece (€0.0424 per kWh) (see Figure 5).
The EU average price — a weighted average using the most recent (year 2024) data for natural gas consumption by non-household consumers — was €0.0605 per kWh.
c.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Figure 6 shows the development of natural gas prices for non-household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. These prices for non-household consumers do not display the seasonal effect observed for household consumers (see Figure 2). 4 peaks are observed in the natural gas total price for non-household consumers since the data collection started. The first peak is observed in the second half of 2008. After falling to €0.0310 per kWh in the second half of 2009, the price increased each half year peaking at €0.0420 per kWh in the first half of 2013. Then, it decreased every semester, reaching a low of €0.029 in the second half of 2017. After this point, we observe an increase until the first half of 2019, followed by a decrease until the first half of 2021. From the second half of 2021 the price recorded increases reaching €0.0867 per kWh in the second half of 2022, which was the all times high. After this point, non-household gas prices recorded drops till the first half of 2024 (€0.0619 per kWh). After this point, prices excluding recoverable taxes recorded small increases and reached €0.0660 per kWh in the first half of 2025, but decreased in the second semester of the year to €0.06059 per kWh. The price excluding taxes was €0.0552 per kWh in the first half of 2025. It then fell to €0.0509 per kWh in the second half, a 7.8% decrease compared with the first half of the year
The weight of all the taxes increased from around 7.1% in 2008 to around 20.5% in the first half of 2021 and then dropped to 6.6% in the second half of 2022. After this time point, tax increased gradually to 16.4% in the first half of 2025 and slightly lower to 15.9% in the second half.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Figure 7 presents the proportion of taxes and levies in the total natural gas price that non-household consumers cannot recover. For non-household consumers, the share of these non-recoverable taxes in the second half of 2025 was 42.7% in the Netherlands, 32.6% in Denmark and 31.4% in Sweden. Lithuania (1.0%), Poland (1.7%) and Romania (1.8%) found themselves at the other end of the spectrum, registering the lowest shares of taxes.
b.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Development of gas prices for non-household consumers
Figure 8 shows the change in natural gas prices for non-household consumers including all non-recoverable taxes and levies from the second half of 2024 to the second half of 2025. For comparison purposes, the national currencies were used. These prices increased in 4 and decreased in 16 of the 25 EU countries, that reported data (Cyprus and Malta do not report natural gas prices in the non-household sector), while it remained almost unchanged in 4 countries. Highest increases were reported by Lithuania (6.5%), the Netherlands (6.3%) and Romania (3.4%). The biggest decreases were reported by Czechia (-14.6%) and Hungary (-14.4%).
_b.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Source data for tables and figures (MS Excel)
Data sources
Defining household consumers
Throughout this article, references to household consumers relate to the medium standard household consumption band with an annual consumption of natural gas (only piped gas is considered) between 5 555 kWh and 55 555 kWh (20 GJ and 200 GJ). All figures are consumer retail prices and include taxes, levies and VAT. Cyprus, Malta and Finland do not report natural gas prices in the household sector. The full datasets for gas prices for households consumers are available at:
- Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_202)
- Gas prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_202_c)
and
Defining non-household consumers
Throughout this article, references to non-household consumers relate to the medium standard non-household consumption band with an annual consumption of natural gas between 2 778 GWh and 27 778 GWh (10 000 GJ and 100 000 GJ). Prices correspond to the basic price for natural gas, including all non-recoverable taxes and levies. Cyprus and Malta do not report natural gas prices in the non-household sector. Quantities of natural gas used for chemical processes or electricity and/or combined heat and power production are excluded from these data. The full datasets for gas prices for non-households consumers are available at:
- Gas prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_203)
- Gas prices components for non-household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_203_c)
and
Methodology
Prices in national currencies are converted into euro using the average exchange rate of the period for which the prices were reported.
Prices are always compared with the prices of the same semesters (i.e. year on year) in order to avoid seasonal effects.
In 2016, Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 entered into force. It defines the obligation for the collection and dissemination of natural gas prices for household and non-household consumers. Until 2016, the domain of non-household consumers was defined as industrial consumers, but reporting authorities were allowed to include other non-household consumers. With Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952, the definition was changed from industrial to non-household consumers to have a unique methodology for all reporting countries. Until January 2017, the reporting authorities provided their price data for the household sector on a voluntary basis.
Natural gas tariffs or price schemes vary from one supplier to another. They may result from negotiated contracts, especially for large non-household consumers. For smaller consumers, they are generally set according to a number of characteristics including the amount of natural gas consumed. Most tariffs also include some form of fixed charge. There is, therefore, no single price for natural gas. In order to compare prices over time and between EU Member States, this article shows information for consumption bands for household consumers and for non-household consumers. Natural gas prices for household consumers are divided into three annual consumption bands and, for non-household consumers, into six different consumption bands.
The prices collected cover average prices over a period of 6 months (a half-year or semester) from January to June (first semester) and from July to December (second semester) of each year. Prices include the basic price of natural gas, transmission and distribution charges, metre rental, and other services. Natural gas prices for household consumers presented in this article include taxes, levies, non-tax levies, fees and value added tax (VAT) as this generally reflects the total price paid by household consumers. As non-household consumers are usually able to recover VAT and some other taxes, prices for non-household consumers are shown without VAT and other recoverable taxes/levies/fees. The unit for natural gas prices is that of euro per kilowatt-hour (€ per kWh).
Methodological note: In Sweden, from the first semester of 2024, gas prices are calculated using weighted averages of gas grids and are differently impacted by network costs. This cost is fixed, leading to a higher cost per unit for low consumption and a lower cost per unit for high consumption. This is reflected in the data as a (b): Break in time series.
Methodological note: As of S1 2025, there was a revision of electricity and natural gas prices in the Netherlands. Updated prices for network are based on administrative sources. This is the new methodology applied from 2025S1 and also for the historical data since 2017S1.
Allowances in the reference period 2025 Semester 2
- Belgium
With regard to household consumption of electricity and gas, in Belgium, the lower TVA rate of 6% introduced by the Government in 2023, remained at the same level for S1 2024. No further update for 2025.
- Bulgaria
Measures for Electricity and natural gas prices S2-2025
1. ELECTRICITY In the second half of 2025, the government approved a continuation of the electricity compensation program for all non-household customers, but with a higher threshold for receiving them. The specifics of the compensations are as follows: The program applies to non-household customers only when the weighted average baseload price of the ‘Day Ahead’ segment of the Bulgarian Independent Energy Exchange (IBEX) for the respective six-month period (from 01.07.2025 to 31.12.2025 and from 01.01.2026-30.06.2026) is above 240 BGN/MWh. The compensation is calculated in a maximum amount as support for each 1 MWh consumed in the amount of the difference between the achieved weighted average price for the relevant six-month period for the basic product of the Day Ahead segment of the IBEX and a base price of BGN 240/MWh. In the case of customers with a weighted average price for the relevant six-month period exceeding the base price by an amount smaller than the amount of the compensation, compensation is paid in an amount such that the weighted average price for the customer for the six-month period after compensation is not lower than the base price. Compensation for customers with prices below the base price is not expected. Given the above, there is no actual payment/granting of compensation to non-household customers as the weighted average six-month price (as proposed by the Program) is about BGN 205/MWh.
2. NATURAL GAS All price compensations and support measures started December 2021 and ended until 1 July 2023. There are no subsidies affecting natural gas prices in 2025 in Bulgaria. Measures for Electricity prices S1-2025
The government's support only to non-household customers, in order to address the consequences of significant and adverse fluctuations in electricity prices, continues in the first semester of 2025, concretely only in the months January - March. It is implemented again according to two programs approved by the Bulgarian government, which foresee the support to be provided, as in previous periods, through electricity suppliers in the form of monthly compensations, calculated for each individual customer and reflected in the monthly invoices.
The specifics of the current compensations are as follows: 1. First programme (it has started since 1st semester 2024): The compensations are aimed at a specific group of non-household customers (kindergartens, nurseries, schools, children's sports schools, community clubs, churches and monasteries of registered religions), which are equated with household customers in the respective license territory of one of the four final suppliers in the country. The compensation is calculated as the difference between the average base load price of the Independent Bulgarian Energy Exchange, in the Day-Ahead segment for the respective month and the regulated price approved by the Energy and Water Regulatory Commission and applicable in the first semester of 2025 for the respective license territory in which the specific facility is located, at which end suppliers sell electricity to household customers, excluding VAT. Compensation of customers with prices below the regulated price are not applied. 2. Second programme: The compensations are aimed at all other non-household customers, which do not meet the conditions for being equated to household customers under the first program. The amount of the envisaged compensation, specifically, is calculated as 100 percent of the difference between the real average monthly exchange price for base load of the ‘Day Ahead’ segment of the Independent Bulgarian Energy Exchange, for the relevant month from the period January - March 2025 and the base price of 180 BGN/MWh for final non-household customers, regardless of which network they are connected to. In the case of customers with a price exceeding the base price of 180 BGN/MWh by an amount less than the amount of compensation, compensation is paid in an amount such that the resulting price for the customer after compensation is not lower than 180 BGN/MWh. For customers with prices below the base price of 180 BGN/MWh, the compensation is not applied. The way of reporting of these compensations for the semester is fully in accordance with the latest instructions of Eurostat as follows: they are deducted in the 2nd level Electricity prices, excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and are also recalculated so that the difference between 3rd level prices and 2nd level prices is only 20% VAT.
- Czechia
- Electricity:
No price compensation for all end-consumers in the year 2025.
Fee for supported energy sources (POZE) – is waived for all end-consumers from 1 January 2026.
- Natural gas:
No price compensation for all end-consumers in the year 2025.
- Denmark
- Gas:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark. However, the model for distribution costs for natural gas has changed with a resulting increase in fixed cost share of total cost. This has resulted in an increase in the average costs for households with low annual consumption.
- Electricity:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark.
- Germany
Electricity: In 2025, capacity-related charges were adjusted upwards. The offshore levy increased to 0.816 ct/kWh, up from 0.656 ct/kWh in 2024, and the StromNEV levy rose to 1.558 ct/kWh, compared to 0.643 ct/kWh the previous year. The Combined Heat and Power Act levy (KWKG-Umlage) increased to 0.277 ct/kWh as of January 1, 2025, from 0.275 ct/kWh in 2024.
Natural gas: The gas storage neutrality charge (Gasspeicherumlage) increased to 0.299 ct/kWh on January 1, 2025, up from 0.250 ct/kWh in 2024, while the CO₂ levy rose to 0.998 ct/kWh, compared to 0.816 ct/kWh the previous year.
- Ireland
Electricity:
Due to the increases in energy prices from 2022, Ireland has introduced measures to alleviate the burden on final consumers. VAT on gas and electricity bills has been reduced from 13.5% to 9% since 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to December 2030.
Ireland Household Prices: Domestic electricity customers, including pay as you go customers, received €1500 worth of credits on their electricity cost, spread over their bills as follows: April/May 2022: €200, November/December 2022: €200, January/February 2023: €200, March/April 2023: €200, December 2023: €150, January 2024: €150, March 2024: €150, November/December 2024: €125, January/February 2025: €125. Qualifying households also receive a fuel allowance to help with the cost of heating their homes during the winter months. In September 2025, this rate was €33 per week. This allowance is not accounted for in the prices.
Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
Gas:
To tackle rising energy costs, VAT on gas and electricity bills has been cut from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to December 2030.
Ireland Household Prices: Qualifying households receive a fuel allowance to help with the cost of heating their homes during the winter months. In September 2025, this rate was €33 per week. This allowance is not accounted for in the prices.
Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
Gas:
Ireland Household Prices: To tackle rising energy costs, VAT on gas and electricity bills has been cut from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to October 2025. Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS)[1] was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
- Greece
No support measures were taken for second semester 2025
- Electricity:
For 2025 support measures concern only the first quarter 2025 as outlined below: i. For household customers, specific measures were set for consumers with non fixed per kWh price, contract. Specifically, only consumers whose final electricity price, exceeded €140 per megawatt-hour (MWh) were eligible for the subsidy. The subsidy amount was calculated based on actual electricity consumption. ii. Certain categories of non-household consumers meeting specific criteria received compensation for January and February 2025. Beneficiaries were classified into four categories based on either their 2023 gross income or the company’s NACE code.These compensations were granted by July 2025.
- Natural gas 2024:
There were no support measures affecting prices in the first semester of 2025. .
- France
- Gas:
From January 1, 2025 to July 31, 2025, the standard rate of excise duty on gas is 17.16/MWh and will drop to 15.43 €/MWh on August 1, 2025. Reduced rates are unchanged. Subsidies to collective housings are no longer in force in 2025.
- Electricity:
On February 1, 2025, electricity excise duty for households and businesses with a contract power of less than 36 kVA has been raised from 21 €/MWh to 33.70 €/MWh, before being lowered to 29.98 €/MWh on August 1, 2025. On February 1, 2025, electricity excise duty for businesses with a contract power of more than 36 kVA and less than 250 kVA, and more than 250 kVA, raised from 20,50 €/MWh to 26.23 €/MWh and 22,50 €/MWh respectively. Since August 1, 2025, electricty excise duty for businesses with a contract power of more than 36 kVA is 25.79 €/MWh Reduced rate of excise duty on electricity for eligible businesses remained at 0.50€/MWh. The rate freeze on regulated electricity sales tariffs, eligible for households and small businesses is no longer in force. In 2025, other support measures such as electricity buffer or benefits to medium-sized energy-intesive companies were suspended.
- Subsidies for low income households :
Households with gross disposable income of less than 11.000 € per consumption unit benefit from subsidies from 48€ up to 277 euros to alleviate energy bill burden.
- Italy
- Natural Gas
In order to mitigate the significant burden borne by vulnerable families and micro-enterprises due to the increase in international natural gas prices affecting the final cost of energy products, the Italian Government adopted the Decree-Law 28 febbraio 2025, n. 19, known as the “Decree on Bills”. The decree introduced a one-time extraordinary contribution of 200 euros for families in poor economic conditions in 2025. Specifically: For households with an Equivalent Economic Situation Indicator (ISEE) value less than or equal to 9,530 euros (or less than or equal to 20,000 euros if they have at least four dependent children), who already benefit from the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation and regulations, the contribution provided by decree 19/25 is considered an additional support. It is paid for the consumption period from April 1, 2025, to July 31, 2025, in daily installments of 1.64 euros per day, added to the ordinary amounts established for the social electricity bonus.
For households with an ISEE value greater than 9,530 euros and up to 25,000 euros with fewer than four dependent children, and for households with an ISEE exceeding 20,000 euros but not surpassing 25,000 euros with at least four dependent children, they are not entitled to the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation. However, they are eligible for the extraordinary contribution in 2025 provided by decree 19/2025. In this case, the benefit will be paid starting from June 2025 in daily installments of 2.25 euros, up to a total of 200 euros. Since the list of these households is not available in the information system managing the regular bonus disbursements, the start date of the extraordinary contribution for these households depends on when their details are entered into the system. The payments will therefore be distributed in the following months.
Additionally, the decree introduced a measure to reduce electricity costs for businesses by eliminating, for a six-month period from April 1 to September 30, 2025, the ASOS component applied to power consumed by non-domestic customers connected at low voltage with available power exceeding 16.5 kW.
- Austria
- Natural Gas
The natural gas levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,066 €/m³ to 0,01196 €/m³.
- Electricity
The electricity levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,015 €/kWh to 0,001 €/kWh. For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the energy price up to 2,900 kWh per year has been limited with 10 Cent/kWh. That applies from 1 December 2022 to 31 December 2024. Households with four or more people get additional money which has been paid out in three tranches. Tranche 1: 1 December 2022 to 30 June 2023 - 61.25 Euro per additional person, Tranche 2: 1 July 2023 to 31 December 2023 - 52.50 Euro per additional person, Tranche 3: 1 January 2024 to 30 June 2024 - 52.50 Euro per additional person and Tranche 4: 1 July 2024 to 31 December 2024 – 52.50 Euro per additional person For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the financial support was extended until 30 June 2025. Households get a voucher of 150 € for energy cost compensation. This voucher has been paid out with the yearly bill. The vouchers have been taken into account from the first half-year of 2022 to the end of 2023. The network tariffs have been reduced for households with low income from 1 January 2023 to 30 June 2024. The network tariffs for those households are reduced up to 75%. Several provinces have additional financial support for their inhabitants. Lower Austria (October 2022 – September 2023): Fixed amount depending on the household size: One person household € 169,58, Two-person household € 272,36, Three-person household € 374,44, Four-person household € 415,80, Five-person household € 457,07, For each additional person € 41,27. Vorarlberg: In 2022 each household got 33,33 € and households with low income got 120 €. From 1 April 2023 to 30 June 2024 the energy price has been reduced by 3 Cent/kWh Salzburg: price cap for hot water boiler (load profiles ULA and ULB) up to 1,000 kWh per year with 10 Cent/kWh.
- Croatia
Gas
- VAT remains at 5%
- Decision on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply:
- support for households - subsidies for households amounted 0,0090 EUR/kWh in average in period of June-September 2025, and 0,0042 EUR/kWh in average in period of October-December 2025, according to the Government decisions on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply for households;
- support for non-households, annual gas consumption of up to 10 GWh - no subsidies of the final price for non-households.
Electricity
- In September 2025, the Government of the Republic of Croatia extended the Regulation on amendments to the Regulation on eliminating disturbances on the domestic energy market until March 31, 2026.
- Spain
The Government of Spain has maintained the measures adopted during 2021 and reinforced them during 2022. The idea is to continue cushioning the impact of electricity prices on final consumers. These measures have focused on the "taxes, fees and charges" component, such as applying reduced rates to both VAT and the Special Electricity Tax, as well applying a new reduction in electricity charges applicable during 2023, comparing them with those of the previous year.
No further update for 2025.
- Cyprus
The only supportive measure for 2024 S1 in Cyprus both for households and part of commerce is "A percentage subsidy imposed by the Ministry of Finance on specific categories of consumers based on scaled consumption as from September 2022 to October 2024".
No further update for 2025.
- Latvia
Electricity prices:
In the 1st and 2nd half of 2024, households have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff, but non-households do not have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff. Since 1P 2024, new distribution and transmission tariffs have come into effect for electricity in Latvia.
No further update for 2025. Natural gas prices:
In the 1st half of 2024, there is no discount on natural gas prices for households and non-households. Since the 1st half of 2024, new distribution tariffs have come into effect for natural gas.
No further update for 2025.
- Lithuania
- Electricity
The State Energy Regulatory Council has set a zero price for public interest services (VIPS) for 2024. There are no longer any subsidies or allowances for the price of electricity in Lithuania.
No further update for 2025.
- Poland
Measures for electricity: The support system from 2023 was extended by law for the first half of 2024. For the second half of 2024, a support system for households was also established, with the maximum price reduced to 500 PLN/MWh excluding excise and VAT (previously it was 693 PLN/MWh). In the first half of 2025 (and until the end of September 2025), the maximum electricity price for households was still 500 PLN/MWh (excluding excise duty and VAT). This price has been extended until the end of 2025. In 2026 maximum electricity price for households from 2025 are no longer in force. In 2026, there is no longer any support for household end users, tariffs or other prices allowed by law (e.g., dynamic) apply, or the option to change the supplier is used. For small non-household end users - energy cooperatives or clusters and purchasing groups can be formed, which due to the scale of purchase may obtain lower prices. The largest consumers (using from 100 GWh annually) and industrial consumers have certain exemptions in promotion of renewable taxes as result of EU regulations. Also, large energy-intensive users have certain compensations resulting from high costs (the Act of 19 July 2019 on the compensation system for energy-intensive sectors and subsectors) – this is also result of EU regulations.
Measures for gas: In 2025, there was some support for gas prices in Poland, but it was limited and mainly concerned households and some public entities. What were the main forms of support? • Freezing and partial protection of gas prices The government extended elements of the "energy shield" also until 2025, including: by freezing or limiting increases in energy prices for households; the stated goal was to keep gas prices at a certain level for most of 2025. • Reduced gas tariffs for households From July 1, 2025, the Energy Regulatory Office approved a lower gas sales tariff for the largest seller of gas to households, the price was approximately PLN 204.26/MWh which means a decrease of approximately 14.8% compared to the previous tariff. • Gas allowance/surcharge (gas allowance) in 2025, the natural gas supplement program continued in 2025, aimed at protecting the neediest households from sharp price increases. In 2025, the program was modified (including income criteria), but it still functions as an element of the energy shield. In 2025, the gas allowance was a one-off payment for households using natural gas as the main heating source, and its amount depended mainly on the number of people in the household and the amount of gas consumption. Indicative amounts (2025) • For most municipalities, the amounts in 2025 were similar to: • one-person household: approx. PLN 200–250 at a time, • 2–4 people: approx. PLN 300–350 in total, • 5 and more people: approx. PLN 400 in total. • These are approximate values; the final amount was calculated by the commune / Municipal Social Welfare Centers based on gas fees and VAT refund, so there may have been a slight variation depending on the city What no longer applies? • Some subsidy programs from the previous period have ended or been significantly limited (e.g. VAT refund for gas in the form of a "gas allowance"), and from July 2025, tariffs approved by the Energy Regulatory Office and the full VAT rate will apply.
- Portugal
Support Measures for Electricity and Natural Gas in Portugal (2025)
With the aim of protecting consumers from the effects of energy market volatility and ensuring fairer access to energy, the Portuguese Government has implemented and extended several measures in the electricity and natural gas sectors: 1. Extension of Regulated Tariffs The Government has extended the validity of regulated electricity and natural gas tariffs until 31 December 2027 for low voltage electricity consumers under contracted power of 41.4 kVA (BTN < 41,4) and for low pressure gas under 10 000 m3/year (BP< 10 000 m3), respectively. This measure aims to protect household consumers from sharp price fluctuations, allowing consumers to contract a more stable energy price. 2. Social Electricity Tariff The social electricity tariff remains in force, aimed at economically vulnerable consumers. This support provides a reduction applied on network access tariffs paid by consumers. 3. Reduction of VAT Rate on Electricity and natural gas The reduced VAT rate on electricity has been maintained and extended to cover a larger number of families, as established by Law No. 38/2024, published in August 2024. The 6% reduced rate is now applied to electricity consumption of up to 200 kWh per month for contracts with a contracted power of up to 6.9 kVA. For large families (households with five or more members), the limit is increased to 300 kWh per month. Consumption above these thresholds remains subject to the standard VAT rate of 23%. Additionally, electricity consumers with a contracted power of up to 3.45 kVA, and natural gas consumers with a contract of low-pressure gas under 10 000 m3/year, also benefit from the reduced VAT rate, 6%, on the fixed term component of the network access tariffs approved by ERSE. The other components that make up the fixed-term price are subject to the standard VAT rate of 23%. 4. Social Natural Gas Tariff The social natural gas tariff has been maintained for economically vulnerable consumers on low-pressure networks, applied to network access tariffs paid by consumers. 5. Return to the Regulated Natural Gas Market Consumers still have the option to return to the regulated natural gas market, where tariffs are set by the National Regulator (ERSE). 6. Discounts under the energy intensive customer statute Following the European Commission's decision of 24 April 2025 to approve the electricity levy reduction for energy-intensive users in Portugal as part of the State Aid decision process, customers under the energy intensive customer statute, have a discount of 75% or 85% on the costs of general economic interest included in the electricity network access tariffs. The result was a reduction of the electricity network access tariffs, mainly reflected in the billing issued in the second semester of 2025, for energy intensive customers on Consumption Bands ID, IE, IF and IG, with particular intensity in the IF and IG. The main component of the costs of general economic interest consists of costs incurred in supporting renewable energy.
- Romania
- Electricity prices
The national law applied since 2022 (namely Government Emergency Ordinance no. 27/2022 with subsequent amendments and completions) has been in force only for the first semester of 2025, the electricity prices invoiced to final clients being capped depending on both client type (household/non-household) and consumption level (0.68 lei/kWh, 0.80 lei/kWh 1, lei/kWh or 1.3 lei/kWh (VAT included)). Effective July 2025, Government Emergency Ordinance no. 27/2022 was no longer in force, thereby eliminating the electricity price caps. Consequently, suppliers applied market-based pricing across all types of clients and consumption levels. As a result, the electricity price for the second semester of 2025 have escalated across all consumption categories, especially for the lower consumption categories of households, that benefited of the lowest price cap before. The datasets for both semesters of 2025 followed a consistent methodology, based on the collection of final invoiced electricity prices from suppliers.
- Gas prices
Unlike the electricity domain, the national law provisions establishing price caps have been extended for the entire year 2025 (through Government Emergency Ordinance no. 6/2025), therefore the natural gas prices invoiced to final clients remained capped in 2025 (0.31 lei/kWh - for household clients, respectively 0.37 lei/kWh - for non-household clients, VAT included). The capped values were applied to household/non-household clients regardless of their consumption levels.
- Slovenia
In order to mitigate the consequences of high energy prices of electricity and natural gas for final consumers certain measures were still in place in first half of 2025 in Slovenia.
1. Electricity prices - measures
- One of the first measures that is in place from February 2022 is the amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty, which reduced the excise duty for final consumers of electricity for 50 % with an annual consumption:
from 0 to 10,000 MWh from EUR 3.05 per MWh to EUR 1.53 per MWh, above 10,000 MWh from EUR 1.800 per MWh to EUR 0.90 per MWh.
- With a government Regulation the maximum permitted tariff items for the price of electricity for household customers and for the supply of electricity in common areas of multi-apartment buildings and mixed multi-apartment-commercial buildings, without VAT, amounted to:
Higher tariff (VT): 0.08400 EUR/kWh Lower tariff (NT): 0.07000 EUR/kWh Uniform tariff (ET): 0.07700 EUR/kWh
- The prices were regulated for 100% of the electricity consumption (i.e. total) from 1 November 2024 until 28 February 2025. From 1 March 2025 the measure was omitted and market prices applied for 100% of the electricity consumption.
- Before that, from 1 January 2024 and 31 October 2024 the electricity prices were regulated for 90% of the consumed electricity with the following rates:
- - Higher tariff (VT): 0.11800 EUR/kWh
- - Lower tariff (NT): 0.08200 EUR/kWh
- - Uniform tariff (ET): 0.09800 EUR/kWh
- Amended government Regulation on the method of determining and calculating contributions for providing support for the production of electricity in cogeneration with high efficiency and from renewable energy sources exempted household electricity consumers from paying the RES+CHP contribution until the end of June 2025. RES+CHP contribution is reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables for electricity prices.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing electricity prices for industry in 2023) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (electricity prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/elektricna-energija/
2. Natural gas prices - measures
- The amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty reduced the excise duty for final consumers of natural gas used for heating to 0.00086 EUR/kWh. All excise duties are reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables (annual data).
- In previous periods, from 1 January 2024 to 30 April 2024 the highest permitted tariff rate for natural gas in the amount of EUR 0.05990 kWh (excluding VAT) applied to household customers and joint household customers, replacement and basic natural gas distribution for household customers and joint household customers, and distributors for district heating that supply heat to household customers.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing natural gas prices for industry in 2023, omitting CO2 contribution and regulating natural gas price at 0,073 EUR/kWh for households and small businesses) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (natural gas prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/zemeljski-plin/
- Finland
- Household electricity:
There were no measures to compensate electricity costs in S2/2025.
- Non-household electricity:
Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in electricity costs. Non-household Natural gas : Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in natural gas costs.
- Sweden
There was a national tariff in Sweden Which has stopped. Some grid owners still have the tariff applied, and it has affected the statistics for the second semester of 2025 a small amount.
- Slovakia
In 2025, the maximum price of the commodity and the regulated part of the supply price for households and selected vulnerable consumers for both electricity and natural gas were determined
- Norway
The government of Norway introduced a support scheme from December 2021 onwards where all households receive an amount of support per kWh electricity used. This amount varies from month to month depending on the average electricity spot price. This support is paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill, in all months where the wholesale electricity price is above a certain threshold. From October 2025, the compensation scheme “Norway price”, was additionally introduced as a voluntary scheme for households and holiday homes, with the purpose of providing a predictable fixed electricity price throughout the year, before supplier markups, taxes, and grid tariffs, by either giving a deduction or an addition on the grid tariff invoice. From 1 October 2025, households could choose either to be connected to the ordinary electricity support scheme or to the Norway price support scheme. Both support schemes are paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill. The temporary electricity support schemes for households is expected to last at least until the end of 2029.
Context
The price and reliability of energy supplies are key elements in a country's energy supply strategy. Natural gas prices are of particular importance for international competitiveness, as natural gas might represent a significant proportion of total energy costs for industrial and service-providing businesses. Contrary to the price of fossil fuels, which are usually traded on global markets with relatively uniform prices, natural gas prices vary widely among EU Member States.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Emergency - preparing, purchasing and protecting the EU together, COM2022(553) final, coordinates solidarity efforts, secures the energy supply, stabilises price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Tackling rising energy prices: a toolbox for action and support, COM2021(0660) final, points out the observed increase of wholesale energy prices. It is expected that it will be reflected in the final consumer prices in the official statistics for this reference period. The energy prices evolution in the second half 2021 will be available as European official statistics level in April 2022.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, COM2022(108) final, paves the way to reach independence from Russian gas well before the end of the decade.
In 2019, the European Commission presented the Clean energy for all Europeans package. The Commission completed a comprehensive update of its energy policy framework to facilitate the transition away from fossil fuels towards cleaner energy and to deliver on the EU's Paris Agreement commitments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The Fit for 55 legislative proposals cover a wide range of policy areas including climate, energy, transport and taxation, setting out the ways in which the Commission will reach its updated 2030 target in real terms.
Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas aims to introduce common rules for the transmission, distribution, supply and storage of natural gas with the objectives of providing market access and enabling fair and non-discriminatory competition.
Regulation (EU) 2019/942 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 establishing a European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators. ACER, among others, assists the regulatory authorities in carrying out, at EU level, the regulatory tasks performed in the EU Member States.
Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 tackles data weaknesses led to the recommendation to improve the detail, transparency and consistency of energy price data collection. An energy prices and costs report would be prepared every 2 years.
The 5th report on energy prices and costs was published in March 2024. It assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on the recent evolution of energy prices; but it also focuses on EU policies and emergency measures aimed at dealing with the consequences of the 2 crises.
Increased transparency for gas and electricity prices should help promote fair competition, by encouraging consumers to choose between different energy sources (oil, coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources) and different suppliers. Energy price transparency is more effective when publishing and broadcasting as widely as possible prices and pricing systems.
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Database
- Energy Statistics - prices of natural gas and electricity (nrg_price)
- Energy Statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc)
- Energy Statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (until 2007) (nrg_pc_h)
- Energy Statistics - prices (t_nrg_price)
- Gas prices by type of user (ten00118)
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External links
- Eurogas — Statistics
- Europe's Energy Portal
- European Commission — Energy
- Weekly oil bulletin (weekly pump prices)
- State of the energy union reports (State of the energy union reports)