Annual asylum statistics
Data extracted on 15 March 2023 (parts on asylum applications, unaccompanied minors, first instance decisions and decisions granting temporary protection).
Planned article update: 27 April 2023 (part on final decisions will be added to the article).
Highlights
First-time asylum applicants (non-EU citizens), EU, 2008–2022
This article outlines recent developments in relation to the number of asylum applicants in the European Union (EU). Asylum is a form of international protection given by a state on its territory. It is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in their country of citizenship and/or residence, in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
Full article
Almost 1 million asylum applicants in 2022
As Figure 1 shows[1], there was a gradual increase in the number of asylum applications up to 2012. After that, the number of asylum seekers rose more rapidly, to peak at around 1.3 million in 2015.
In 2016, the number levelled off at around 1.2 million, and fell significantly until 2018 (0.6 million applications). In 2019, the number of asylum seekers climbed to 0.7 million, but decreased again in 2020, with 0.5 million asylum seekers lodging applications for international protection. Since then the number has risen, with the 2022 figure reaching almost 1 million applicants (962 160) - it exceeded the number of applicants in 2021 by more than half (52.1%) and was the highest since 2016.
,_EU,_2008%E2%80%932022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
First-time applicants – 881 220 in 2022
The number of first-time asylum applicants in the EU [2] in 2022 was 881 220. A first-time applicant for international protection is a person who lodged an application for asylum for the first time in a given EU country. This excludes repeat applicants (in that country) and so more accurately reflects the number of newly arrived people applying for international protection.
This latest figure for 2022 marks an increase of 343 865 (or 64.0%) first-time applicants across the EU compared with the year before (537 355) and is the highest since the peaks of 2015 and 2016 (over 1 million applicants in both years) related to the war in Syria.
Additionally, starting from the reference year 2021, Eurostat collects statistics on subsequent applicants (people who reapplied for asylum after a decision had been taken on a previous application). According to available data (missing data for Denmark, Cyprus and Sweden), there were 74 800 subsequent asylum applicants recorded in the EU in 2022, down by 16.6% compared with 2021.
Citizenship of first-time applicants – mainly Syrian, Afghan, Venezuelan and Turkish
Syrians, Afghans, Venezuelans and Turks lodged the most applications for asylum – together accounting for almost 40% of all first-time asylum applicants in EU Member States in 2022.
Since 2013, Syria remains the main country whose citizens seek asylum in the EU. In 2022, the number of Syrian first-time asylum applicants in the EU increased to 131 970 (from 98 900 in 2021), however their share in the total EU first-time asylum applicants decreased from 18.4% to 15.0%.
Afghan was the second main citizenship for a fourth year in a row (113 495, or 12.9% of the EU total). Applicants from Venezuela and Türkiye each represented almost 6% of the EU total, with 50 050 (5.7%) and 49 720 (5.6%) applications, respectively. Colombian was the fifth main citizenship in 2022, totalling 42 420 applicants (4.8% of the EU total).
Following Russia's military aggression against Ukraine, there was a large increase in Ukrainian first-time asylum applicants (361.2% persons more compared with 2021). In 2022, the number of first-time asylum applicants with Ukrainian citizenship ranked 11th among all citizenships, with 24 720 applications (2.8% of the EU total).
Among the 30 most common groups of citizenship of first-time applications[3] in 2022, the number of applicants increased in all except one. The largest increases in absolute terms compared with 2021 were observed for Syrians (33 070 more applications), followed by Venezuelans (32 675 more), Turks (29 405 more), Colombians (29 280 more) and Afghans (28 940 more). The most substantial increases in relative terms were recorded for citizens of India (+605.6%), Burundi (+536.8%), Ukraine (+361.2%) and Peru (+315.4%).
The number of asylum applicants slightly decreased for citizens of Iraq (605 fewer applications, or -2.3%).
,_EU,_2021_and_2022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
Main countries of destination – Germany, France, Spain and Austria
With 217 735 applicants registered in 2022, Germany accounted for 24.7% of all first-time asylum applicants in the EU. It was followed by France (137 510, or 15.6%), Spain (116 135, or 13.2%) and Austria (106 380, or 12.1%). The lowest numbers of first-time asylum applicants were observed in 2022 in Hungary (45), Slovakia (500) and Latvia (545).
Among Member States with more than 5 000 first-time asylum seekers in 2022, the number of first time applicants rose in every country. The largest relative increases, compared with the previous year, were in Ireland (+421.8%, or 11 030 more first-time asylum seekers in 2022 than in 2021), Croatia (+367.9%, or 10 025 more) and Austria (+181.4%, or 68 580 more).
,_2021_and_2022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
Table 1 provides an overview of the five largest groups of first-time asylum applicants (by citizenship) in each EU and EFTA country.
In 2022, Syrian was the main citizenship of asylum seekers in seven EU Member States, Afghan in six, and Venezuelan and Turkish in one. For Syrians, Afghans and Turks, the largest numbers were recorded in Germany (53.8% of all Syrian asylum seekers in the EU, 32.0% of Afghans and 48.1% of Turks). Of the 50 050 Venezuelans and 42 420 Colombians who applied for asylum for the first time in the EU in 2022, the vast majority were registered in Spain (respectively 90.4% and 83.7%).
Interestingly, Ukrainian was the main citizenship of asylum seekers in six EU countries in 2022, with the largest number registered in Romania (4 365; 17.7% of all Ukrainians seeking asylum in the EU). Whereas, the citizens of Belarus topped the citizenships lists in two EU countries - Poland (2 880) and Lithuania (400).
,_2022_(number).png)
(number)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
Age and sex of first-time applicants
Almost 80% of first-time asylum seekers in the EU in 2022 were under 35 years old (see Figure 4):
- 53.9% were aged 18–34 years
- 25.2% were minors (under 18 years).
This age distribution was common in almost all EU Member States, with the largest share of applicants aged 18–34.
_by_age_groups,_2022_(%25).png)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
Distribution by sex
The distribution of first-time asylum applicants by sex shows that more men (70.8%) than women (29.2%) sought asylum in 2022.
The only age group where female applicants were a majority in 2022 was 65 and over – although this age group accounts for just 0.8% of the total number of first-time applicants.
_by_sex_and_age,_EU,_2022_(%25).png)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctza)
Applications by unaccompanied minors
An unaccompanied minor is a person under the age of 18 who arrives on the territory of an EU Member State without an accompanying responsible adult, or who is left unaccompanied after arrival.
Based on aggregated annual data on unaccompanied minors calculated from monthly results, in 2022 the largest numbers were in Austria (13 095 persons) and Germany (7 275). More than 2 000 unaccompanied minors applied for asylum for the first time in the Netherlands (4 170), Belgium (3 840), Bulgaria (3 370) and Greece (2 820). In all these six EU countries the number of unaccompanied minors rose compared with 2021, with the highest absolute increase observed in Austria (7 505 applicants more) and the highest relative increase observed in Belgium and Greece (respectively +380.0% and +378.0%).
_applying_for_asylum_for_the_first_time,_2021_and_2022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (mgr_asyumactm)
First instance decisions on asylum applications
Data on decisions on asylum applications are available for two stages in the process: first instance decisions (initial decisions) and final decisions taken on appeal or review. Data on final decisions taken in appeal or review will be available in April 2023 and will be added to this analysis at that time.
In 2022, 632 355 first instance decisions on asylum applications were made in EU Member States, of which 310 400 resulted in granting protection status. Over 50% of all first instance decisions were issued only in two EU countries - Germany and France (respectively 197 540 and 129 735).
,_2021_and_2022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfsta)
Figure 8 provides an analysis of the outcome of first instance decisions. Though refugee and subsidiary protection status are defined by EU law, humanitarian reasons are specific to national legislation and are not applicable in some of the EU Member States.
In 2022, 49.1% of EU first instance asylum decisions resulted in one of the three positive outcomes: 22.6% in refugee status, 16.1% in subsidiary protection status and 10.4% in humanitarian status.
_by_outcome,_2022_(%25).png)
(%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfsta)
In absolute terms, at first instance in the EU in 2022:
- 142 845 people were granted refugee status
- 101 705 were given subsidiary protection status
- 65 850 were given authorisation to stay for humanitarian reasons.
Decisions granting temporary protection
On 4 March 2022, the European Council unanimously adopted an implementing decision introducing temporary protection for people fleeing Ukraine as a consequence of Russia's invasion. Temporary protection [4]is an exceptional measure to provide immediate and temporary protection to displaced persons from non-EU countries and those unable to return to their country of origin. It applies when there is a risk that the standard asylum system will struggle to cope with demands stemming from a mass inflow, risking a negative impact on the processing of claims.
From March to December 2022, the EU members granted 4 331 185 temporary protection statuses to non-EU citizens fleeing Ukraine due to Russia’s invasion. The highest number of temporary protection statuses to non-EU citizens fleeing Ukraine was granted in Poland (1 567 905, or 36.2% of the EU total), followed by Germany (795 205, or 18.4%) and Czechia (458 915, or 10.6%).
.png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asytpfa)
On 31 December 2022, 3 826 620 non-EU citizens were benefitting from temporary protection in the EU, a quarter each in Germany and Poland (967 715 and 961 340 respectively) and 11.3% in Czechia (432 415).[5]
Detailed analysis of temporary protection statistics can be consulted in the more comprehensive monthly Statistics Explained article.
Pending applications at the end of 2022
Pending applications for international protection are applications that have been made at any time and are still under consideration by the national authorities at the end of the reference period.
In other words, they refer to the number of asylum seekers waiting for a decision at the end of the year. These statistics are also intended to measure how national authorities are coping with the workload associated with processing new applications.
At the end of 2022, 877 785 applications for international protection in EU Member States were still under consideration by national authorities. Germany had the largest share of pending applications (268 895, or 30.6% of the EU total), ahead of France (142 940, or 16.3%) and Spain (134 740, or 15.4%).
_at_the_end_of_the_year,_2021_and_2022_(thousands).png)
(thousands)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asypenctzm)
Source data for tables and graphs
Data sources
Eurostat produces statistics on a range of issues relating to international migration. Between 1986 and 2007, data on asylum was collected on the basis of a gentlemen’s agreement. Since 2008 data have been provided to Eurostat under the provisions of Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007.
Data are provided to Eurostat with a monthly frequency (for asylum application statistics, including applications by unaccompanied minors), quarterly frequency (for first instance decisions) and annual frequency (for final decisions based on appeal or review and resettlement). The statistics are based on administrative sources and are provided to Eurostat by statistical authorities, home office ministries/ministries of the interior or related immigration agencies in the EU Member States.
Two different categories of persons should be taken into account when analysing asylum statistics. The first includes asylum seekers who have lodged a claim (asylum application) and whose claim is under consideration by the relevant authority. The second is composed of persons who have been recognised, after consideration, as refugees, or have been granted another kind of international protection (subsidiary protection), or were granted protection on the basis of the national law related to international protection (authorisations to stay for humanitarian reasons), or were rejected from having any form of protection.
Since the entry into force of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007, statistics on asylum decisions have become available for different stages of the asylum procedure. First instance decisions are decisions granted by the respective authority acting as a first instance of the administrative/judicial asylum procedure in the receiving country. In contrast, final decisions in appeal or review relate to decisions granted at the final instance of administrative/judicial asylum procedure and which result from an appeal lodged by an asylum seeker rejected in the preceding stage. Since asylum procedures and the number/levels of decision making bodies differ among the EU Member States, the true final instance may be, according to the national legislation and administrative procedures, a decision of the highest national court. However, the applied methodology defines that final decisions should refer to what is effectively a final decision in the vast majority of cases: in other words, once all normal routes of appeal have been exhausted and there is no possibility to appeal on the substance of the decision but only on procedural grounds.
The annual aggregated statistics on asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors presented in the article have been calculated using the monthly data. They refer to the age accepted by the national authorities, however before the age assessment procedure was carried out/completed (i.e. it refers to the age as claimed by the applicant).
Context
The 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees (as amended by the 1967 New York Protocol) has, for around 70 years, defined who is a refugee, and laid down a common approach towards refugees that has been one of the cornerstones for the development of a common asylum system within the EU. Since 1999, the EU has worked towards creating a common European asylum regime in accordance with the Geneva Convention and other applicable international instruments.
The Hague programme was adopted by heads of state and government on 5 November 2004. It puts forward the idea of a common European asylum system (CEAS), in particular, it raises the challenge to establish common procedures and uniform status for those granted asylum or subsidiary protection. The European Commission’s policy plan on asylum (COM(2008) 360 final) was presented in June 2008 which included three pillars to underpin the development of the CEAS:
- bringing more harmonisation to standards of protection by further aligning the EU Member States’ asylum legislation;
- effective and well-supported practical cooperation;
- increased solidarity and sense of responsibility among EU Member States, and between the EU and non-member countries.
In May 2010, the European Commission presented an action plan for unaccompanied minors (COM(2010) 213 final), who are regarded as the most exposed and vulnerable victims of migration. This plan aims to set-up a coordinated approach and commits all EU Member States to grant high standards of reception, protection and integration for unaccompanied minors. As a complement to this action plan, the European Migration Network has produced a comprehensive EU study on reception policies, as well as return and integration arrangements for unaccompanied minors.
A number of directives in this area have been developed. The four main legal instruments on asylum are:
- the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection;
- the Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection;
- the Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection;
- the Dublin Regulation (EU) 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the EU Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national (national of a non-member country) or stateless person.
EU operational and financial support has been instrumental in helping Member States to address the migration challenge. In particular, the European Commission offers Member States continued financial support under the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF). AMIF has effectively and successfully supported the Union's joint response to the migration crisis, while also providing a sign of solidarity to the Member States on the frontline.
In April 2016, the European Commission adopted a Communication (COM(2016) 197 final) launching the process for a reform of the CEAS. This included options for a fair and sustainable system for allocating asylum applicants among EU Member States, a further harmonisation of asylum procedures and standards to create a level playing field across the EU and thereby reduce pull factors inducing irregular secondary movements, and a strengthening of the mandate of the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA).
In May 2016, the European Commission presented a first package of reforms, including proposals for establishing a sustainable and fair Dublin system (COM(2016) 270 final), reinforcing the Eurodac system (COM(2016) 272 final) and establishing a European Agency for Asylum (COM(2016) 271 final).
In July 2016, the European Commission put forward a second set of proposals related to the reform of the CEAS, for example to establish a resettlement framework for the EU (COM(2016) 468 final) and a common procedure for international protection (COM(2016) 467 final) as well as a recast of the legislation on the standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (COM(2016) 465 final).
In March 2019, the European Commission reported on the progress made over the past 4 years and set out the measures still required to address immediate and future migration challenges (COM/2019/126 final).
In September 2020, the European Commission presented the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. This pact provides a comprehensive approach, bringing together policy in the areas of migration, asylum, integration and border management, recognising that the overall effectiveness depends on progress on all fronts. It creates faster, seamless migration processes and stronger governance of migration and borders policies, supported by modern IT systems and more effective agencies. It aims to reduce unsafe and irregular routes and promote sustainable and safe legal pathways for those in need of protection. It reflects the reality that most migrants come to the EU through legal channels, which should be better matched to EU labour market needs.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine
On 4 March 2022, the Council unanimously adopted an implementing decision introducing temporary protection due to the mass inflow of persons fleeing Ukraine as a consequence of Russia's invasion.
The activated Temporary Protection Directive provides special procedures to deal with mass inflows of displaced persons for the first time. Temporary protection is an exceptional measure to provide immediate and temporary protection to displaced persons from non-EU countries and those unable to return to their country of origin.
It applies when there is a risk that the standard asylum system is struggling to cope with demand stemming from a mass inflow, risking a negative impact on the processing of claims.
Requirements for reporting such statistics already exist in Article 4(1)(c) and 4(3)(e) of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007. They have been implemented for the first time with the transmission of data on international protection as follows:
- data for the first quarter of 2022 due by 31 May 2022;
- annual data for 2022 – due by 31 March 2023.
Quarterly and annual data on temporary protection are available in the Eurostat database in the following datasets: quarterly data and annual data.
In addition, in order to respond to emerging data needs, in March 2022 Eurostat proposed a voluntary collection of more frequent and timely, in terms of data provisions, statistics on temporary protection starting from reference month March 2022. The following data are collected on a monthly basis with a deadline for provision set within one month of the end of reference period:
- monthly data on grants of temporary protection;
- monthly data on beneficiaries of valid temporary protection (stocks).
The respective monthly datasets are available in the Eurostat database here.
This data is usually compiled and transmitted to Eurostat by national ministries of the interior and/or immigration agencies.
Direct access to
- Asylum applications - monthly statistics
- Temporary protection for persons fleeing Ukraine - monthly statistics
- Statistics on countries responsible for asylum applications (Dublin Regulation)
- Enforcement of immigration legislation statistics
- Residence permits - statistics on first permits issued during the year
- Asylum (t_migr_asy), see:
- Asylum and new asylum applicants - monthly data (tps00189)
- Persons subject of asylum applications pending at the end of the month - monthly data (tps00190)
- Asylum and new asylum applicants - annual aggregated data (tps00191)
- First instance decisions on applications by type of decision - annual aggregated data (tps00192)
- Final decisions on applications - annual data (tps00193)
- Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors - annual data (tps00194)
- Resettled persons - annual data (tps00195)
- Asylum (migr_asy), see:
- Temporary protection (migr_asyta)
- Decisions granting temporary protection by citizenship, age and sex - annual data (migr_asytpfa)
- Decisions granting temporary protection by citizenship, age and sex – quarterly data (migr_asytpfq)
- First instance decisions granting temporary protection by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data (migr_asytpfm)
- Beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data (migr_asytpsm)
- Decisions withdrawing temporary protection by citizenship and reason – quarterly data (migr_asytpwq)
- Temporary protection (migr_asyta)
- Temporary protection of unaccompanied minors (migr_asyumtp)
- Decisions granting temporary protection to unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex – annual data (migr_asyumtpfa)
- Decisions granting temporary protection to unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex – quarterly data (migr_asyumtpfq)
- Decisions granting temporary protection to unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data (migr_asyumtpfm)
- Unaccompanied minors benefiting from temporary protection at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data (migr_asyumtpsm)
- Decisions withdrawing temporary protection to unaccompanied minors by citizenship and reason – quarterly data (migr_asyumtpwq)
- Temporary protection of unaccompanied minors (migr_asyumtp)
- Applications (migr_asyapp)
- Asylum applicants by type of applicant, citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data (migr_asyappctza)
- Asylum applicants by type of applicant, citizenship, age and sex - monthly data (migr_asyappctzm)
- Persons subject of asylum applications pending at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex - monthly data (migr_asypenctzm)
- Asylum applications withdrawn by citizenship, age, sex and type of withdrawal - annual aggregated data (migr_asywitha)
- Asylum applications withdrawn by citizenship, age, sex and type of withdrawal - monthly data (migr_asywithm)
- Asylum applicants having had their applications processed under the accelerated procedure, by age, sex and citizenship - monthly data (migr_asyaccm)
- Applicants having benefited from material reception conditions at the end of the reference year - annual data (migr_asymrca)
- Applications (migr_asyapp)
- Applications of unaccompanied minors (migr_asyum)
- Asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex - annual data (migr_asyunaa)
- Unaccompanied minor asylum applicants by type of applicant, citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data (migr_asyumacta)
- Unaccompanied minors subject of asylum applications pending at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex - monthly data (migr_asyumpctm)
- Asylum applications of unaccompanied minors withdrawn by citizenship, age, sex and type of withdrawal - annual aggregated data (migr_asyumwita)
- Asylum applications of unaccompanied minors withdrawn by citizenship, age, sex and type of withdrawal - monthly data (migr_asyumwitm)
- Unaccompanied minor asylum applicants having had their applications processed under the accelerated procedure, by age, sex and citizenship - monthly data (migr_asyumaccm)
- Applications of unaccompanied minors (migr_asyum)
- Decisions on applications and resettlement (migr_asydec)
- First instance decisions on applications by citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data (migr_asydcfsta)
- First instance decisions on applications by citizenship, age and sex - quarterly data (migr_asydcftq)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted at first instance decision by type of status withdrawn, citizenship and reason - annual aggregated data (migr_asywitfsta)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted at first instance decision by type of status withdrawn, citizenship and reason - quarterly data (migr_asywitfstq)
- Final decisions in appeal or review on applications by citizenship, age and sex - annual data (migr_asydcfina)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted as final decision in appeal or review by type of status withdrawn - annual data (asywitfina)
- Resettled persons by age, sex and citizenship - annual data (rounded) (migr_asyresa)
- Resettled persons by age, sex, citizenship and country of previous residence - annual data (migr_asyrescra)
- Resettled persons by age, sex, citizenship and decision - annual data (migr_asyresda)
- Resettled persons by age, sex, citizenship and resettlement framework - annual data (migr_asyrelfa)
- Decisions on applications and resettlement (migr_asydec)
- Decisions on applications of unaccompanied minors and resettlement of unaccompanied minors (migr_asydum)
- First instance decisions on applications of unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex - annual aggregated data (migr_asyumdcfa)
- First instance decisions on applications of unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex - quarterly data (migr_asyumdcfq)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted at first instance decision to an unaccompanied minor by type of status withdrawn, citizenship and reason - annual aggregated data (migr_asyumwifa)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted at first instance decision to an unaccompanied minor by type of status withdrawn, citizenship and reason - quarterly data (migr_asyumwifq)
- Final decisions in appeal or review on applications of unaccompanied minors by citizenship, age and sex - annual data (migr_asyumdcfna)
- Decisions withdrawing status granted as final decision in appeal or review to unaccompanied minors by type of status withdrawn, citizenship and reason - annual data (migr_asyumwfna)
- Resettled unaccompanied minors by age, sex and citizenship - annual data (rounded) (migr_asyumresa)
- Decisions on applications of unaccompanied minors and resettlement of unaccompanied minors (migr_asydum)
- Applications (migr_asyapp) (ESMS metadata file — migr_asyapp_esms)
- Decisions on applications and resettlement (migr_asydec) (ESMS metadata file — migr_asydec_esms)
Legislation
- the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection (Summary)
- the Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (Summary)
- the Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (Summary)
- the Dublin Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the EU Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or stateless person
Notes
- ↑ Some EU values presented in Figure 1 are sums of available country data:
- 2008 - 2012 data on total asylum applicants: data not available for Croatia.
- 2008 - 2013 data on first-time asylum applicants: following country data are not available: France and Lithuania in 2008; Spain and Slovakia in 2008 – 2009; Bulgaria, Greece, Luxembourg and Romania in 2008 – 2010; Finland in 2008 – 2011; Croatia and Hungary in 2008 – 2012; Austria in 2008 – 2013.
- 2021 and 2022 data on subsequent applicants: data not available (due to temporary derogations) for Denmark, Cyprus and Sweden.
- ↑ The EU total is calculated as an aggregation of Member States data. Member States data refer to the number of persons applying for asylum for the first time in that Member State. Persons may however apply for international protection in more than one Member State in a given reference year. Consequently, the EU total may include such multiple applications.
- ↑ For the purpose of this analysis only the top 30 countries of citizenship in terms of the number of first-time applicants for asylum were considered.
- ↑ Temporary protection status and conditions of applications are defined by Council Directive 2001/55/EC of 20 July 2001, whereas Council Decision 2022/382 of 4 March 2022, establishing the existence of a mass influx of displaced persons from Ukraine within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 2001/55/EC, is the first one to introduce temporary protection.
- ↑ To consult the data please see the dataset: Beneficiaries of temporary protection at the end of the month by citizenship, age and sex – monthly data