LUCAS is the acronym of Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey.

The aim of the LUCAS survey is to gather harmonised information on land use and land cover. The survey also provides territorial information facilitating the analysis of the interactions between agriculture, environment and countryside, such as irrigation and land management.

Since 2006, EUROSTAT has carried out LUCAS surveys every three years. 2006 data is considered pilot and has not been used to produce estimates. The most recent surveys happened in the spring-summer of 2009 and 2012.

Since the LUCAS surveys are carried out in-situ, this means that observations are made and registered on the ground by field surveyors. A panel approach is used, so some points have been visited in subsequent years.

In the field, the surveyor classifies the land cover and the visible land use according to the harmonized LUCAS Survey land cover and land use classifications. Landscape pictures are taken in the four cardinal directions. A transect of 250m is walked from the point to the east direction, where the surveyor records all transitions of land cover and existing linear features. A specific soil module was implemented on 2009 and partly in 2012.

From the LUCAS survey in situ data collection, different types of information are obtained:

1. Micro data
2. Images
3. Statistical tables

1. Micro data

Land cover, land use and environmental parameters associated to the single surveyed points are available freely for download in the LUCAS dedicated section. Specific ad hoc modules have been included in some surveys such as the 2009 top soil sample taken on 10% of total LUCAS points. Soil results  for 25 countries are available via the JRC Land resource management unit under license agreement. In 2012 the soil module was implemented in Bulgaria and Romania. Results are not yet available.

2. Images

Point and landscape photos taken in the four cardinal directions at each point are available freely  by request either via e-mail contact to estat-user-support@ec.europa.eu or by using the online order form.

3. Statistical tables

Statistical tables with aggregated results by land cover, land use at geographical level are available in Eurobase under the domain land cover, land use and landscape (LUCAS). In addition there are tables on landscape features; these indicators are computed on the basis of the information collected along the 250m transect, where data on presence of land cover and linear elements is registered. The statistics are presented at NUTS0, NUTS1 and NUTS2 levels using the classification for NUTS 2010.

These estimates are based on the point data conveniently weighted. For further information on weighting refer to chapter 20.5 Data compilation.

The LUCAS classification is characterised by:

1. clear separation of land cover and land use
2. full hierarchy
3. comparability with other existing land cover/use systems

1. Separation for land cover and land use

While reading the results and comparing them with other sources it is important to have in mind that the LUCAS survey clearly distinguishes between land cover and land use.

Most of the existing information on land cover and land use is based on mixed classification of land cover and land use (as the CORINE Land Cover classification).

When data from the two different dimensions needs to be matched, compared and/or combined this distinction is particularly worthwhile.

For example, land cover 'grassland' relates to the actual coverage of the soil (basically spontaneous vegetation) while its use can vary from private gardens to public parks to agriculture and others. Grassland with agricultural use is an important component of the Utilized Agricultural Area and can be derived combining land cover and use.

2. Full hierarchy

LUCAS classifications is hierarchical, having the ability to accommodate different levels of information, starting with structured broad-level classes, which allow further systematic subdivision into more detailed sub-classes. At each level the defined classes are mutually exclusive.

3. Comparability with other sources

Compatibility of the adopted definitions with the main international concepts and definitions is guaranteed. Additional parameters have been introduced where needed to allow the match, while keeping a independency and flexibility in the main item classification.

This is the reason why the heading "Total woodland" in LUCAS Statistical classification (LUCAS ST LC) includes: 'Forest' and 'other wooded area' as defined according to FAO standards and other areas covered by trees not respecting FAO definition.

3.1 FAO Forest

In the LUCAS survey, "Woodland" has been defined in a way that allows provision of estimates that are also compatible with the FAO definition. In particular the comparability with FAO forest classification has been strengthened with the inclusion of variables like area size, height of trees, width of features and percentage of land cover in the LUCAS survey data collection.

The heading "Total woodland" in Eurobase includes "Forest" and "Other wooded areas" as defined according to FAO standards and "Other areas covered by trees" not respecting FAO definition.

The European legislation adopted the FAO forest classification: Reg (EC) No 2152/2003 of 17/11/2003 concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community - Forest Focus.

According to the Regulation the following definitions apply:

• "Forest" means land with tree crown cover of more than 10% and area of more than 0,5ha. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 am at maturity in situ;
• "Other wooded land" means land either with a tree crown cover of 5 to 10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ, or a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity in situ and shrub or bush cover.

3.2 EUNIS

Forest types have been introduced in the LUCAS Survey classification for forestry areas, in line with the EUNIS classification on forests (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu/about.jsp), thus providing more information on forest biotopes.

The LUCAS Classification consists of several sub classifications

• LUCAS SU LC (LUCAS Survey Land Cover)
• LUCAS SU LU (LUCAS Survey Land Use)
• LUCAS SU FT (LUCAS Survey Forest Types)
• LUCAS SU LF (LUCAS Survey Linear Features)
• LUCAS SU WF (LUCAS Survey Water Features)
• LUCAS ST LC (LUCAS Statistics Land Cover)
• LUCAS ST LU (LUCAS Statistics Land Use)

LUCAS sub-classifications and correspondence tables can be found in the RAMON server.

LUCAS SU 2009 Classification

LUCAS SU LC 2009

The LUCAS survey land cover classification 2009 contains 8 main land cover categories:

• (A00) artificial land
• (B00) cropland
• (C00) woodland
• (D00) shrubland
• (E00) grassland
• (F00) bare land
• (G00) water
• (H00) wetland

In total there are 77 classes for LUCAS Survey land cover classification 2009

LUCAS SU LU 2009

LUCAS Survey land use classification 2009 contains 15 main classes and 34 classes in total.

For detailed information see the LUCAS 2009 C3 - Classification document.

LUCAS SU 2012 Classification

LUCAS SU LC 2012

The LUCAS survey land cover classification 2012 contains 8 main land cover categories:

• (A00) artificial land
• (B00) cropland
• (C00) woodland
• (D00) shrubland
• (E00) grassland
• (F00) bare land / lychens and moss
• (G00) water areas
• (H00) wetland

In total there are 83 classes for LUCAS Survey land cover classification 2012.

LUCAS SU LU 2012

LUCAS Survey land use classification 2012 contains 14 main classes and 33 classes in total.

For detailed information see the LUCAS 2012 C3 - Classification document.

Changes from 2009 classification

In 2012...

• The following B43 fresh vegetables in "roots-bulbs-tubers" were moved to B23 (other root crops)
  • carrots (Daucus carota)
  • garlic (Allium sativum)
  • onions (Allium cepa)
  • radishes (Raphanus sativus)
  • red beet (Beta vulgaris, var. conditiva)
  • shallots (Allium ascalonicum)
  • turnips (Brassica rapa var. rapifera)
• Description of B77j changed from "abandoned citrus orchards" to "citrus orchards"
• Energy crops (e.g. Miscanthus) are assigned to B84 (permanent industrial crops)
• EUNIS Forest types are assigned under the condition that the woodland exceeds 0.5ha in size and 20m in width
• Forest codes for inclusion of forest types (Y) now have 4 digits CXXY instead of 3 (CXY)
• New land cover classes were included under land cover C00 (woodland)
  • C21 (spruce dominated coniferous woodland)
  • C22 (pine dominated coniferous woodland)
  • C23 (other coniferous woodland)
  • C31 (spruce dominated mixed woodland)
  • C32 (pine dominated mixed woodland)
  • C33 (other mixed woodland)
• More restrictive definition of Bareland (from a coverage of 50% to 90%)
• New land cover classes were included under land cover F00 (bare soil and lychens)
  • F10 (rocks)
  • F20 (sand)
  • F30 (lichens)
  • F40 (other bare soil)
• Mire and swamp forests are excluded from land cover H12 (peatbogs): if the tree canopy covers more than 10%, the point is assigned to CXX (woodland)
• Description of U112 changed from "Fallow and abandoned land" to "Fallow land"
• Description of U130 changed from "Fishing" to "Aquaculture and fishing" (aquaculture was already included in this class in 2009)
• Classes were suppressed under land use
  • U150 (hunting) is collected as a special remark in the field form
  • U364 (nature reserve) is collected as a special status in the field form
• New land use classes were included under land use U400 (unused and abandoned areas)
  • U410 (abandoned areas)
  • U420 (semi-natural and natural areas not in use)

Not applicable

The main statistical variables collected in the LUCAS survey are: Land Cover, Land Use and Landscape indicators.

Figures relate to total official area of the country, which includes land area and land under inland water. Even if in LUCAS, the concept of land is extended to inland water areas (lakes, rivers, coastal areas: estuaries, lagoons), it does not embrace uses below the earth’s surface (mine deposits, subways, mushroom beds, ground levels of buildings).

The  Land cover is the physical cover of the earth's surface and the land use is the  socio-economic function of the land. Land Cover and Land Use are defined in the the Eurostat "Manual of Concepts on Land Cover and Land Use Information Systems".

The two concepts (land cover and land use) are clearly distinguished in the LUCAS survey classifications. This distinction is particularly worthwhile and allows also the analysis of the interactions between the two (cover and use). For example, land cover 'grassland' relates to the actual coverage of the soil while its use can vary from private gardens, to public parks, to agriculture and others. Grassland with agricultural use is an important component of the Utilized Agricultural Area and can be derived combining the two attribute (land cover and use) referring to the same point.

As far as the land use is concerned, it is worthwhile to specify that the figures refer specifically to the use of the land for which any sign is visible in the ground.  Therefore data reported in any table referring to the use has to be interpreted as the 'visible use'. As an example if a piece of land is regularly used for leisure purposes but no signs are visible on the spot, such a use will not be recorded by the surveyor and will not appear in the figures unless auxiliary data have been used for supporting data collection.

Landscape indicators are computed on the basis of the information collected along the 250m transect (presence of land cover and of linear elements).

Published Landscape indicators consist of the following:

• Richness
• Shannon Diversity
• Shannon Evenness
• Structure index
• Dissection indexes

Please refer to LUCAS 2009 M1 - Landscape indicators for details.

The statistical unit in a LUCAS survey is a portion of land of circular shape and a conventional dimension of 1.5 meter radius (extended to 20 meters radius in specific cases).

For more detailed information please refer to the following documents:

LUCAS 2009 C1 - Instructions for surveyors

LUCAS 2012 C1 - Instructions for surveyors

The "reference population" is the area of EU territory included in the survey.

The reference area is the total area of the EU countries included in the survey. Nevertheless, some areas are excluded from field survey (but still included into the final estimates), due to the difficulties to reach points located in very remote areas. Points to be visited in the field are selected among those:

• belonging to mainland (small islands not connected to mainland by bridges may be excluded)
• located in areas with elevation below 1500 meters

In 2012 proximity to road network was also taken in account in the selection/exclusion of points above 1500 meters.

Reference area in 2009

LUCAS 2009 Survey took place in the following 23 countries, covering 91% of total EU area:

• Austria
• Belgium
• Czech Republic
• Denmark
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Ireland
• Italy
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Poland
• Portugal
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Spain
• Sweden
• United Kingdom

The following territories/islands were not included:

The area of this territories sum up to around 5/₀₀₀ of the total area of EU.

Reference area in 2012

LUCAS 2012 Survey took place in the following 27 countries:

• Austria
• Belgium
• Bulgaria
• Czech Republic
• Cyprus
• Denmark
• Estonia
• Finland
• France
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• Ireland
• Italy
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Luxembourg
• Malta
• Netherlands
• Poland
• Portugal
• Romania
• Slovakia
• Slovenia
• Spain
• Sweden
• United Kingdom

The following territories/islands were not included:

As a consequence:

• in the 23 Countries covered by the 2009 round, 6 out of 248 NUTS2 regions were not surveyed and no estimates are available for them;
• types of land cover that mainly appear at a high altitude or in inlands could be underestimated (lakes, permanent snow);
• data are not fully comparable between 2 surveys.

LUCAS data is available for 2009 and 2012.

2006 data is considered pilot and estimates were not computed.

Not applicable for this kind of data

Land cover and land use are expressed in square kilometers (Km²) and percentage (%).

For landscape indicators, relative % frequencies are given.

For topsoil 2009 data samples have been analysed for

• the percentage of coarse fragments
• particle size distribution (% clay, silt and sand content)
• pH (in CaCl2 and H2O)
• organic carbon (g/kg)
• carbonate content (g/kg)
• phosphorous content (mg/kg)
• total nitrogen content (g/kg)
• extractable potassium content (mg/kg)
• cation exchange capacity (cmol(+)/kg)
• most samples have multispectral properties available

Statistical data in eurobase refers to

• 2009 for 23 EU Member States
• 2012 for 27 EU Member States

The LUCAS survey is part of the Community Statistical Programme 2008-2012

(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:344:0015:0043:EN:PDF)

The LUCAS Survey is a Eurostat data collection.

Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.

LUCAS data are not confidential.

The present release concerns national data for aggregated land cover; further detailed data will be published in the coming months.

LUCAS statistical tables are updated after every survey. The present update cycle is of 3 years.

When a new table is uploaded access is available in the LUCAS dedicated section.

In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Dissemination format') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably.

The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.

LUCAS aggregated tables for 2009 were made available at time t+9 months.

LUCAS preliminary tables for 2012 were made available at time t+9 months.

The next LUCAS field survey is planned for 2015.

News releases are published on-line.

SiF, articles in Statistics Explained, and chapters in Regional yearbook are available on-line.

LUCAS statistical tables are available on Eurobase, under the land cover, land use and landscape LUCAS (lan) heading.

The LUCAS primary data includes alpha-numerical variables and photographs linked to the geo-referenced points.

The LUCAS data is available in the LUCAS dedicated section, free of charge to all users.

The LUCAS photos can be obtained by contacting Eurostat (estat-user-support@ec.europa.eu) or by using the online order form.

LUCAS topsoil data 2009

The datasets for the LUCAS Topsoil Module include data from 19,969 samples from 25 Member States. The data is available after signature of license agreement, and can be downloaded after prior registration.

The required applicable documentation for LUCAS survey, aggregated data and landscape indicators is provided in the LUCAS dedicated section.

For the top soil 2009, the report "LUCAS Topsoil Survey: methodology, data and results" provides a detailed insight into the design and methodology of the data collection and laboratory analysis.

For relevant quality documentation please refer to the following documents:

LUCAS 2009 M2 - Quality Assurance

LUCAS 2009 C4 - Quality Control Procedures

LUCAS 2012 C4 - Quality Control Procedures

For further information, please refer to document LUCAS 2009 M2 - Quality Assurance.

In the framework of Eurostat Quality Assurance Framework, LUCAS survey underwent an External Peer review. Result from the final assessment can be found in Annex 1.

LUCAS data is used by four main types of users:

1. Eurostat internal use (12% of the contacts)
2. Other DGs and European Institutions: mainly the JRC, EEA, RTD, ENTR (GMES) either directly by the DGs or through external contracts (62 %)
3. For national purposes by national authorities (10 %)
4. Research purposes by universities and research institutions (16 %)

The LUCAS survey was initially conceived with the aim of providing early estimates for crop production but after some pilot tests, it became evident that the tool was not adequate for that purpose due to the time span until results were available. However, the results of LUCAS proved valuable for other uses and the scope and purpose were modified and also broadened.

The needs of the Commission services related to LUCAS were assessed, confirmed and integrated at the strategic level by the LUCAS Advisory Group. They span from reporting obligations linked to the Common Agricultural Policy and to Rural development Policy, to implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, from the monitoring EU biodiversity policy to Soil Thematic Strategy and to the context of the implementation of Copernicus (formerly GMES) covering earth observation by means of satellites, ground based, sea-borne and airborne facilities in order to provide environmental information.

LUCAS data are used for Agro Environmental Indicators (AEI), LULUCF (land use, land use change and forestry) indicators, Europe Resource Efficiency indicators and are planned to be used in assessing the Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC). Moreover in the context of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) and all other pan-EU mapping initiatives, such as the Copernicus HRL (High Resolution Layers) LUCAS is used for production, verification and validation processes.

An important issue in the user requirements is the timing of surveys. Commission services declared their need for the core part of the LUCAS survey to be carried out at three-year intervals, in synchronization with CORINE Land Cover and the update of the HRL (High Resolution Layers), thus making 2015 and 2018 probable dates for the next surveys.

No feedback analysis

Not Applicable

The accuracy is tackled at Eurostat level, by eliminating as much as possible non-sampling errors and  by calculating sampling errors.  

The missing data phenomena is almost negligible in the survey. In case surveyors could not reach the points they were obliged to fill in the field form on the basis of the information that he/she could collect from orthophoto interpretation.

Estimates are reliable for areas > 500 Km²

Sampling error of the estimates (cv%) is disseminated after final tables are published.

For further information, please refer to document LUCAS 2009 M3 - Non Sampling Error.

Data collection takes place between spring and autumn on the year of the survey (t), and the statistics are published according to the schedule in early October of t+1. 

100%

Fully harmonised and comparable, since the surveyors use the same methodology in all countries.

The LUCAS Survey is designed in order to achieve harmonization and comparability among campaigns; however for the time being comparability over time should be avoided, especially within strata with a limited coverage, due to the changes in the total coverage, the amendments introduced in the classification for the 2012 survey and the time that has elapsed since the first phase sample was stratified (see chapter 20.5 Data compilation).

Eurostat is revising the series in order to ensure better comparability over time.

While reading the results and comparing them with other sources it is important to have in mind that the LUCAS survey clearly distinguishes between land cover and land use.

Despite the effort of harmonization of the definitions some differences (sometimes not negligible) can be observed when comparing different sources. These differences can be due to the following reasons:

• Different methodologies
• Certain margin of subjectivity in the application of the definitions
• The (im)possibility to clearly distinguish between coverage and use in the figures available from other domains
• Variability of the estimates due to the sampling methodology

1. Areas of crops and grassland

All the above explanations apply to the comparison between cropland in LUCAS and the figures on crops coming from other sources within Eurostat (for example the Farm Structure Survey or the  Crop Statistics). Since the LUCAS survey collects indeed land cover and land use independently,  areas covered by 'grassland' not belonging to farms and not used for agriculture are nonetheless classified as grassland. Note that the 'grassland' might be used as private gardens or public parks, but also for agriculture, sport and other uses. Grassland with agricultural use is an important component of the Utilized Agricultural Area and can be derived from the LUCAS classification by combining land cover and use attributes.

2. FAO forest definitions

In LUCAS, 'Woodland' has been defined in a way that allows to provide estimates compatible with the FAO results. In particular the comparability with FAO forest classificationhas been strengthened with the inclusion of variables area size, height of trees, width of features and percentage of land cover.

The heading "Total woodland" in LUCAS statistical classification (LUCAS ST LC) includes: 'Forest' and 'other wooded area' as defined according to FAO standards and other areas covered by trees not respecting FAO definition.

The coherence between the total area of the countries and their split according to land cover and land use is guaranteed by definition.

A standardized methodology and classification has been applied in all the countries and from one round to another since the 2006 pilot survey.

Therefore the internal coherence is perfectly assured.

LUCAS has no burden on respondents, since sampling units are visited by a surveyor without need for interaction with the land owner (other than request of permission to access private property if such is the case).

Cost in 2009

6.42 Million EUR

• 6.20 Million EUR tendered for data collection
• 0.22 Million EUR for external quality control

Cost in 2012

10.75 Million EUR

• 9.68 Million EUR tendered for data collection
• 0.85 Million EUR for external quality control and technical assistance
• 0.22 Million EUR for software development and maintenance

No revisions foreseen.

Data will be revised in order to have better comparability over time as coverage and definition changed between the 2 last surveys.

The LUCAS source of data is obtained via an Area Frame survey. In fact, LUCAS is the acronym of Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey.

The LUCAS field survey is conceived and designed by Eurostat. It is carried out on a sample of points spread over the entire territory of the European Union.

The LUCAS points are selected from a standard 2 km grid which comprises around 1 million points all over the EU. Only a sample of the LUCAS points is visited in each campaign.

LUCAS Survey 2009

• 234 561 points visited in-situ
• 23 countries (25 with soil data, since Cyprus and Malta collected soil on a voluntary basis)
• 500 field surveyors on the spot
• Beginning of survey by early April in Lithuania and Poland
• End of survey by end October in Sweden

 LUCAS Survey 2012

• 270 389 points visited in-situ
• 27 countries (of which Bulgaria and Romania collected also soil data)
• 594 field surveyors on the spot
• Beginning of the survey by mid-March in Spain
• End of the survey by early November in Poland and Romania

Data on land cover and land use is collected by the surveyor in-situ, and landscape photographs are taken, enabling detection of  land cover and use and in European landscapes. Specific modules like the transect and soil module, have been implemented.

The harmonized and well-tested area frame sampling methodology and the differentiated classification for land cover and land use are considered to be the major strengths of the LUCAS survey.

So far contractors have been responsible for the data collection, the recruitment and management of the surveyors and the data delivery. 

Currently the frequency of the survey has been of 3 years

• 2006 (pilot)
• 2009
• 2012
• next survey foreseen to happen in 2015

For further information, please refer to the following documents

• LUCAS 2009 C1 - Instructions for the surveyor
• Annex 1
• Annex 2
• Annex 3
• Annex 4
• Annex 5
• Annex 6
• Annex 7
• Annex 8
• Annex 9
• Annex 10
• Annex 11
• LUCAS 2009 C2 - Field Form 

• LUCAS 2012 C1 - Instructions for the surveyor
• Annex 1
• Annex 2
• Annex 3
• Annex 4
• Annex 5
• Annex 6
• Annex 7
• Annex 8
• Annex 9
• LUCAS 2012 C2 - Field Form

For further information, please refer to the following documents:

LUCAS 2009 C4 - Quality Control Procedures

LUCAS 2012 C4 - Quality Control Procedures

LUCAS is a two phase sample survey The LUCAS first phase sample is a systematic sample with points spaced 2 km in the four cardinal directions covering all European territory (EU). It includes a total of 1,078,764 points. In 2005 each point of the first phase sample was photo-interpreted and assigned to one of the following 7 pre-defined land cover strata (arable land; permanent crops; grassland; wooded areas and shrubland; bare land; artificial land; and water). From the stratified first phase sample, a second phase sample of points, namely the field sample, is extracted to be classified during field visit according to the full land classification. The stratified second phase sample is selected independently in each NUTS2 region fixing precision targets on the estimates of the main land cover classes.

A panel approach assures that a certain percentage of points is surveyed in successive campaigns. Points above 1 500 metres and far from the road network are considered inaccessible and excluded from the sample of points to be visited to limit the cost of the data collection exercise.

The sample design is taken into account for the computation of the final estimates by calculating appropriate weights for each surveyed point. The final weights are computed taking into account two elements:

1) the weight of the first phase stratification assigned to each of the 7 pre-defined land cover strata (in each NUTS2) and

2) the second phase sampling weight resulting from the combination of the sampling weight needed to extrapolate what is observed on the sample to the total population, and the weight for missing data adjustment to account for points missing 'by design' (those excluded because placed at an elevation higher than 1.500 m).

Since the same variable (land cover) was used to stratify the points in the first phase and to classify them in the second phase, the observed transitions from one strata to another are emphasized when they occur from a prevalent strata (e.g woodland) to a more rare one (e.g. artificial). As an example points whose cover changes from woodland to artificial keep the first phase weight of the original stratum (first phase weight for woodland=0.5694030) that is larger than the first phase weight that all the other points in the artificial cover receive (first phase weight for artificial=0.04962427).

A regular update of first phase stratification results needs to be performed in order to reduce at minimum the potential bias introduced. As a consequence comparability over years should be avoided especially within strata with a limited coverage due to the time that has elapsed since the first phase sample was stratified.

The data processing involved two main stages:

• Data imputation for partial missing data concerning  imputation of detailed land cover classes for Photo-interpreted points in cropland
• Estimates production of land cover and land use through traditional two-phase estimator for stratification

Not applicable

Before reading the preliminary results some warnings are useful to better interpret the figures. They refer to the following topics:

• Distinction between land cover and land use classifications
• Main definitions
• Territorial coverage (NUTS2 and elevation)

 Please refer to paragraphs 3.2, 3.4 and 3.7.