Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)

Sectoral Statistics Department, Science and Technology Statistics Group

Devlet Mah.Necatibey Cad. No:114 06420 Çankaya/ANKARA

Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.

The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics.

Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) Regulation (EU) No 995/2012 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology until the end of 2020. Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Please note that according to Article 12(4) of Regulation (EU) 2020/1197, the provisions of Regulation (EU) 995/2012 continue to apply for the reference years that fall before 1 January 2021.

• The local units for the statistics are compiled at regional level according to NUTS 2 – Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics;
• The distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS);
• The fields of research and development based on Classification and distribution by Fields of Research and Development (FORD).

See below.

According to the Frascati Manual, expenditure on extramural R&D (i.e. R&D performed outside the statistical unit) is not included in intramural R&D performance totals (FM, §4.12).

See below.

See below.

Full-time equivalent data are calculated using the survey results. 

The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.

Foundations, trade-unions, associations, all chamber of commerce and chamber of industry in national assembly.

See below.

The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population of institutional units.

The objective of the European R&D statistics is to cover all intramural R&D activities. In line with this objective, the target population for the national R&D survey of the PNP Sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including known R&D performers or assumed to perform R&D). In practise however, countries in their R&D surveys might have difficulty in identifying R&D activities at the municipality level. 

Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data.

Not requested. See point 3.4.

Not requested. The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat.

National currency, National currency per inhabitant, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant, Percentage of gross domestic product and Percentage of total R&D expenditure.

R&D personnel data is available in full-time equivalent (FTE), in head count (HC).

Reference period is the calendar year.

See below.

- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development

- European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D

- OECD (2015)

Not requested.

Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.

A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.

a)       Confidentiality protection required by law: According to Articles 13,14 and 15 of Law No. 5429

b)       Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Law No. 5429

The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

From 1990 and onwards, R&D data are published annually.

"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Veri_Takvimi"

It can be reached the contents of "Press Release" "Statistical Tables", "Databases", "Reports" and "Metadata" via "https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Bilgiye_Nasil_Erisilir" link after you choose the related topic in "Statistics" menu.

Moreover, it can be reached many information available in international or local level via "Regional Statistics", "Province Indicators", "International Selected Indicators" applications take place in "E-Services" menu using TurkStat Website.

Annual

See below.

1) Y - Yes, N – No

See below.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

The statistical tables published online is available on the website to observe the time series. From the reference year 2016 and onwards the sector results can be observed under the government sector figures. Moreover, Central Dissemination System is used for the survey results.

Central Data Dissemination System (MEDAS) is a software system that serves data belonging to different statistical subjects through a single dissemination channel and in a comparable way. Until MEDAS, there were more than 60 different databases and web interfaces in Turkstat’s dissemination database. In this database, data is shared in the R&D expenditure, R&D source of funds, Human resource on R&D categories until 2003 within the scope of Business Enterprises Sector statistics.

Not requested.

See below.

See below.

Not requested.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

It can be reach detailed information via https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=bilgi-teknolojileri-ve-bilgi-toplumu-102&dil=2

Not requested.

See below.

TurkStat is ensuring that the statistical practices used to compile national R&D data are in compliance with Frascati Manual recommendations.

Quality evaluation of R&D statistics is carried out based on the information provided in the national and international quality reports.

PNP R&D survey has been compiled in accordance with the Frascati Manual (FM). It is a census survey comprising all PNPs. The data compilation method is web-based online survey at the moment. In order to ensure accordance and comparability with FM15, some changes performed in the questionnaire in 2016 such as using exchange funds/transfer funds for financial sources section and purchased/unrequited transfer for extramural R&D expenditures section. The name of the survey was changed into "General Government and Private Non-Profit Institutions R&D Activities Survey" to ensure accordance with SNA terminology.

Also during Frascati  Manual revision  process,  TurkStat  was  in  close  cooperation  with  EU  Member  States  and Eurostat.  The  questionnaires  sent  by  OECD  and  Eurostat  were  examined,  the breakdowns  that  were  not  collecting  were  specified.  Afterwards,  the  variables  / breakdowns were included in the revised questionnaires. Considering  the  updated  manual  and  additional  data  requirements,  data  collection methods  and  reporting  process  were  enhanced  in  a  similar  way  to  the  other  national statistical offices.

See below.

1)       Users' class codification

1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.

2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.

3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.

4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)

5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)

6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)

To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.

See below.

Completeness of statistics is good.

Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D): Completeness is assessed via comparison of the data delivered against the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation (EU) stipulates periodicity of variables that should be provided, breakdowns and if they should be provided mandatory or on voluntary basis.

1) This question is optional. It refers to variables and breakdowns NOT asked by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 (neither as 'optional').

2) Y-start year

Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).

Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:

1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.

2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:

a) Coverage errors,

b) Measurement errors,

c) Non response errors and

d) Processing errors.

Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.

That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.

The main indicator used to measure sampling errors is the coefficient of variation (CV). 
Definition of coefficient of variation: 
CV= (Square root of the estimate of the sampling variance) / (Estimated value)

Coefficient of variation for Total R&D expenditure : 

Coefficient of variation for Total R&D personnel (FTE) : 

Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.

a)       Extent of non-sampling errors:

b)       Measures taken to reduce the extent of non-sampling errors:

c)       Methods used in order to correct / adjust for such errors:

Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.

There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

Time lag between the end of reference period and the release date of the results:
Indicator: (Release date of provisional/ first results) - (Date of reference for the data)

a) End of reference period:

b) Date of first release of national data:

c) Lag (days):

a) End of reference period:

b) Date of first release of national data:

c) Lag (days):

Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)

There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

See below.

Not requested.

Main concepts and definitions are used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual. However, data on external R&D personnel and external R&D expenditure are not compiled.

The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 or Frascati manual paragraphs and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics with recommendations about these concepts / issues.

The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national R&D statistics. The table gives the references in the Frascati manual, where related recommendations are made. Countries are asked to report on the existence of any deviations from existing recommendations and comment upon.

See below.

See below.

1)       Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.

Data produced in the same way in the odd and even years.

See below.

Not requested.

R&D statistics are produced according to System of National Accounts (SNA) and Frascati Manual 2015. Fallowing provisional data on R&D expenditure are provided to National Accounts Unit :

*Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector and type of cost

*Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and by source of funds

See below.

This part compares key R&D variables as preliminary and final data.

(1)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the internal R&D personnel, excluding those who are only formally ‘employees’ (university students, grant holders, etc.).

(2)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the external R&D personnel (FTEs/other current R&D costs for external R&D personnel).

The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible. 

1)       The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.

1)        T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. For simplicity, we call them surveys irrespective of whether they are sample surveys, censuses, collections of administrative data/pre-compiled statistics. This section presents the names of the surveys by sector of performance as well as methodological information for each survey. Depending on the type of survey and sector of performance, only the sections corresponding to that survey and sector are filled in.

Annual survey

See below.

R&D data are checked for consistency and plausibility, and compared with previously provided data before being imported in the internal production database. Suspected errors are reported to the regional officies for correction or explanation. 

See below.

There is no imputation due to the census structure.

Not requested.

Not requested.

R&D survey is census and there is no weight for units.