1.1. Contact organisation
Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Sectoral Statistics Department, Science and Technology Statistics Group
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Devlet Mah.Necatibey Cad. No:114 06420 Çankaya/ANKARA
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
2.1. Metadata last certified
8 December 2023
2.2. Metadata last posted
8 December 2023
2.3. Metadata last update
8 December 2023
3.1. Data description
Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.
The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics.
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) Regulation (EU) No 995/2012 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology until the end of 2020. Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Please note that according to Article 12(4) of Regulation (EU) 2020/1197, the provisions of Regulation (EU) 995/2012 continue to apply for the reference years that fall before 1 January 2021.
3.2. Classification system
- The local units for the statistics are compiled at regional level according to NUTS 2 – Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics;
- The distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS);
- The fields of research and development based on Classification and distribution by Fields of Research and Development (FORD).
3.2.1. Additional classifications
| Additional classification used | Description |
| ISCED-2011 | Used International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED-2011) for educational status of R&D personnel. |
| NUTS | Level 1 and Level 2 |
3.3. Coverage - sector
See below.
3.3.1. General coverage
| Definition of R&D | There is no deviation, main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual. |
| Fields of Research and Development (FORD) | There is no deviation, main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual;
|
| Socioeconomic objective (SEO) | There is no deviation, main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual.
|
3.3.2. Sector institutional coverage
| Private non-profit sector | The sector is included under the goverment sector results. |
| Inclusion of units that primarily do not belong to GOV | Non-market NPIs controlled by goverment (e.g. some research institues, centers...) |
3.3.3. R&D variable coverage
| R&D administration and other support activities | Specific R&D administration in the R&D performing unit is included. (Direct support for R&D by persons is included in both the personnel and expenditure series). |
| External R&D personnel | |
| Clinical trials | Not applicable |
3.3.4. International R&D transactions
| Receipts from rest of the world by sector - availability | Complied with Frascati Manual. |
| Payments to rest of the world by sector - availability | Not available |
3.3.5. Extramural R&D expenditures
According to the Frascati Manual, expenditure on extramural R&D (i.e. R&D performed outside the statistical unit) is not included in intramural R&D performance totals (FM, §4.12).
| Data collection on extramural R&D expenditure (Yes/No) | No |
| Method for separating extramural R&D expenditure from intramural R&D expenditure | Not available |
| Difficulties to distinguish intramural from extramural R&D expenditure | N/A |
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
See below.
3.4.1. R&D expenditure
| Coverage of years | Calendar year |
| Source of funds | All elements are included. |
| Type of R&D | All types are included. |
| Type of costs | All elements are included. |
| Defence R&D - method for obtaining data on R&D expenditure | There is no specific method for the sector. |
3.4.2. R&D personnel
See below.
3.4.2.1. R&D personnel – Head Counts (HC)
| Coverage of years | 2016 and onwards, PNP sector is included under the goverment sector results. |
| Function | All R&D personnel in a statistical unit who engaged directly in R&D activities. |
| Qualification | Compiled based on ISIC classsification. |
| Age | Categorized by age groups. |
| Citizenship | Not asked. |
3.4.2.2. R&D personnel – Full Time Equivalent (FTE)
| Coverage of years | 2016 and onwards, PNP sector is included under the goverment sector results. |
| Function | All R&D personnel in a statistical unit who engaged directly in R&D activities. |
| Qualification | Compiled based on ISIC classsification. |
| Age | Categorized by age groups. |
| Citizenship | Not asked |
3.4.2.3. FTE calculation
Full-time equivalent data are calculated using the survey results.
3.4.2.4. R&D personnel - Cross-classification by function and qualification
| Cross-classification | Unit | Frequency |
| Aggregated cross-table for occupation and qualification | HC | Annual |
| Aggregated cross-table for occupation and qualification | FTE | Annual |
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.
Foundations, trade-unions, associations, all chamber of commerce and chamber of industry in national assembly.
3.6. Statistical population
See below.
3.6.1. National target population
The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population of institutional units.
The objective of the European R&D statistics is to cover all intramural R&D activities. In line with this objective, the target population for the national R&D survey of the PNP Sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including known R&D performers or assumed to perform R&D). In practise however, countries in their R&D surveys might have difficulty in identifying R&D activities at the municipality level.
| Target population when sample/census survey is used for collection of raw data | Target population when administrative data or pre-compiled statistics are used | |
| Definition of the national target population | Foundations, trade-unions, associations, all chamber of commerce and chamber of industry in national assembly. | |
| Estimation of the target population size |
3.7. Reference area
Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Not requested. See point 3.4.
3.9. Base period
Not requested. The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat.
National currency, National currency per inhabitant, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant, Percentage of gross domestic product and Percentage of total R&D expenditure.
R&D personnel data is available in full-time equivalent (FTE), in head count (HC).
Reference period is the calendar year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
See below.
6.1.1. European legislation
| Legal acts / agreements | Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology was in force until the end of 2020. |
| Nature of the “obligations” of responsible national organisations to produce statistics and report to international organisations |
6.1.2. National legislation
| Existence of R&D specific statistical legislation | Not available |
| Legal acts | Law No. 5429. |
| Obligation of responsible organisations to produce statistics (as derived from the legal acts) | The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute. |
| Right of responsible organisations to collect data – obligation of (natural / legal) persons to provide raw and administrative data (as derived from the legal acts) | |
| Obligation of responsible organisations to protect confidential information from disclosure (as derived from the legal acts) | |
| Rights of access of third organisations / persons to data and statistics (as derived from the legal acts) | |
| Planned changes of legislation | Not available |
6.1.3. Standards and manuals
- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development
- European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D
- OECD (2015)
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not requested.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.
A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.
a) Confidentiality protection required by law: According to Articles 13,14 and 15 of Law No. 5429
b) Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Law No. 5429
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.
8.1. Release calendar
From 1990 and onwards, R&D data are published annually.
8.2. Release calendar access
"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Veri_Takvimi"
8.3. Release policy - user access
It can be reached the contents of "Press Release" "Statistical Tables", "Databases", "Reports" and "Metadata" via "https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Bilgiye_Nasil_Erisilir" link after you choose the related topic in "Statistics" menu.
Moreover, it can be reached many information available in international or local level via "Regional Statistics", "Province Indicators", "International Selected Indicators" applications take place in "E-Services" menu using TurkStat Website.
Annual
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
See below.
10.1.1. Availability of the releases
| Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... | |
| Regular releases | y | https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Research-and-Development-Activities-Survey-2021-45501 |
| Ad-hoc releases |
1) Y - Yes, N – No
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
See below.
10.2.1. Availability of means of dissemination
| Means of dissemination | Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... |
| General publication/article (paper, online) |
N | |
| Specific paper publication (e.g. sectoral provided to enterprises) (paper, online) |
N |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The statistical tables published online is available on the website to observe the time series. From the reference year 2016 and onwards the sector results can be observed under the government sector figures. Moreover, Central Dissemination System is used for the survey results.
Central Data Dissemination System (MEDAS) is a software system that serves data belonging to different statistical subjects through a single dissemination channel and in a comparable way. Until MEDAS, there were more than 60 different databases and web interfaces in Turkstat’s dissemination database. In this database, data is shared in the R&D expenditure, R&D source of funds, Human resource on R&D categories until 2003 within the scope of Business Enterprises Sector statistics.
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Not requested.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
See below.
10.4.1. Provisions affecting the access
| Access rights to the information | Not available |
| Access cost policy | Not available |
| Micro-data anonymisation rules |
10.5. Dissemination format - other
See below.
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not requested.
10.5.2. Availability of other dissemination means
| Dissemination means | Availability (Y/N)1 | Micro-data / Aggregate figures | Comments |
| Internet: main results available on the national statistical authority’s website | Y | Under the government sector results | |
| Data prepared for individual ad hoc requests | Y | Online request form filled by users Under the government sector results |
|
| Other | Y | It is prepared providing a protocol made with the related stakeholders. The confidentially is also saved in any case. It is not valid for the individual requests. The available data is open in Data Research Centre for researchers. Under the government sector results. |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.6. Documentation on methodology
It can be reach detailed information via https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=bilgi-teknolojileri-ve-bilgi-toplumu-102&dil=2
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Not requested.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
See below.
10.7.1. Documentation and users’ requests
| Type(s) of data accompanying information available (metadata, graphs, quality reports, etc.) | R&D data is published on web with national metadata file. |
| Request on further clarification, most problematic issues | All the required explanations are available on metadata file |
| Measure to increase clarity | No |
| Impression of users on the clarity of the accompanying information to the data | Not applicable |
11.1. Quality assurance
TurkStat is ensuring that the statistical practices used to compile national R&D data are in compliance with Frascati Manual recommendations.
Quality evaluation of R&D statistics is carried out based on the information provided in the national and international quality reports.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
PNP R&D survey has been compiled in accordance with the Frascati Manual (FM). It is a census survey comprising all PNPs. The data compilation method is web-based online survey at the moment. In order to ensure accordance and comparability with FM15, some changes performed in the questionnaire in 2016 such as using exchange funds/transfer funds for financial sources section and purchased/unrequited transfer for extramural R&D expenditures section. The name of the survey was changed into "General Government and Private Non-Profit Institutions R&D Activities Survey" to ensure accordance with SNA terminology.
Also during Frascati Manual revision process, TurkStat was in close cooperation with EU Member States and Eurostat. The questionnaires sent by OECD and Eurostat were examined, the breakdowns that were not collecting were specified. Afterwards, the variables / breakdowns were included in the revised questionnaires. Considering the updated manual and additional data requirements, data collection methods and reporting process were enhanced in a similar way to the other national statistical offices.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
See below.
12.1.1. Needs at national level
| Users’ class1 | Description of users | Users’ needs |
| Institutions | The Supreme Council for Science, Technology and Innovation Policies • Presidency of Strategy and Budget • Ministry of Industry and Technology• The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey |
Strategic goals, grant schemes, research project, government allocations for R&D activities |
| Institutions | OECD and Eurostat | International comparison. |
| Researchers and students | Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data | Statistics, analyses |
| Media | National and regional media | Press release results. |
1) Users' class codification
1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.
2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.
3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.
4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)
5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)
6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.
12.2.1. National Surveys and feedback
| Conduction of a user satisfaction survey or any other type of monitoring user satisfaction | No |
| User satisfaction survey specific for R&D statistics | Not available |
| Short description of the feedback received | Not available |
12.3. Completeness
See below.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Completeness of statistics is good.
12.3.2. Data availability
Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D): Completeness is assessed via comparison of the data delivered against the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation (EU) stipulates periodicity of variables that should be provided, breakdowns and if they should be provided mandatory or on voluntary basis.
12.3.2.1. Incorporation of PNP sector in another sector
| Incorporation of PNP in another sector | GOV |
| Reasons for not producing separate R&D statistics for the PNP sector | Confidentiality issues |
| Share of PNP expenditure in the total expenditure of the other sector | Due to the confidentiality issues of R&D active statistical units, it is published under the government sector figures. |
| Share of PNP R&D Personnel in the respective figure of the other sector | Due to the confidentiality issues of R&D active statistical units, it is published under the government sector figures. |
12.3.2.2. Non-collection of R&D data for the PNP sector
| Reasons for not compiling R&D statistics for the PNP sector | Due to the confidentiality issues of R&D active statistical units, it is published under the government sector figures. |
| PNP R&D expenditure/ GERD*100) | The share is combined under the government sector figures. |
| Share of PNP R&D Personnel in the respective figure of the total national economy | Due to the confidentiality issues of R&D active statistical units, it is published under the government sector figures. |
12.3.2.3. Data availability on more detail level
| Additional dimension/variable available at national level1) | Availability2 | Frequency of data collection | Breakdown variables |
Combinations of breakdown variables | Level of detail |
1) This question is optional. It refers to variables and breakdowns NOT asked by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 (neither as 'optional').
2) Y-start year
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
a) Coverage errors,
b) Measurement errors,
c) Non response errors and
d) Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
13.2. Sampling error
That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
The main indicator used to measure sampling errors is the coefficient of variation (CV).
Definition of coefficient of variation:
CV= (Square root of the estimate of the sampling variance) / (Estimated value)
Coefficient of variation for Total R&D expenditure :
Coefficient of variation for Total R&D personnel (FTE) :
13.3. Non-sampling error
Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.
a) Extent of non-sampling errors:
b) Measures taken to reduce the extent of non-sampling errors:
c) Methods used in order to correct / adjust for such errors:
13.3.1. Coverage error
Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not requested.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not requested.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Not requested.
13.3.3. Non response error
Not requested.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.4. Processing error
Not requested.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not requested.
14.1. Timeliness
Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.
There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Time lag between the end of reference period and the release date of the results:
Indicator: (Release date of provisional/ first results) - (Date of reference for the data)
a) End of reference period:
b) Date of first release of national data:
c) Lag (days):
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
a) End of reference period:
b) Date of first release of national data:
c) Lag (days):
14.2. Punctuality
Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)
There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
14.2.1.1. Deadline and date of data transmission
| Transmission of provisional data | Transmission of final data | |
| Legally defined deadline of data transmission (T+_ months) | T+12 | T+12 |
| Actual date of transmission of the data (T+x months) | ||
| Delay (days) | ||
| Reasoning for delay |
15.1. Comparability - geographical
See below.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not requested.
15.1.2. General issues of comparability
Main concepts and definitions are used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual. However, data on external R&D personnel and external R&D expenditure are not compiled.
15.1.3. Survey Concepts Issues
The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 or Frascati manual paragraphs and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics with recommendations about these concepts / issues.
| Concept / Issues | Reference to recommendations | Deviation from recommendations | Comments on national definition / Treatment – deviations from recommendations |
| R&D personnel | FM2015 Chapter 5 (mainly paragraph 5.2). | NO | |
| Researcher | FM2015, § 5.35-5.39. | NO | |
| Approach to obtaining Headcount (HC) data | FM2015, § 5.58-5.61 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). | NO | |
| Reporting data according to formula: Total R&D personnel = Internal R&D personnel + External R&D personnel | FM2015, §5.25 | Not available | |
| Approach to obtaining FTE data | FM2015, § 5.49-5.57 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). | NO | |
| Intramural R&D expenditure | FM2015,Chapter 4 (mainly paragraph 4.2). | NO | |
| Statistical unit | FM2015, § 10.40-10.42 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). | NO | |
| Target population | FM2015, § 10.40-10.42 ((in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). | NO | |
| Sector coverage | FM2015, § 10.2-10.8 ((in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). | NO | |
| Reference period for the main data | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 18 | NO | |
| Reference period for all data | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 18 | NO |
15.1.4. Deviations from recommendations
The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national R&D statistics. The table gives the references in the Frascati manual, where related recommendations are made. Countries are asked to report on the existence of any deviations from existing recommendations and comment upon.
| Methodological issues | Deviation from recommendations | Comments on national treatment / treatment deviations from recommendations |
| Data collection method | NO | |
| Survey questionnaire / data collection form | NO | |
| Cooperation with respondents | NO | |
| Data processing methods | NO | |
| Treatment of non-response | NO | |
| Data compilation of final and preliminary data | NO |
15.2. Comparability - over time
See below.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
See below.
15.2.2. Breaks in time series
| Length of comparable time series | Break years1 | Nature of the breaks | |
| R&D personnel (HC) | |||
| Function | |||
| Qualification | |||
| R&D personnel (FTE) | |||
| Function | |||
| Qualification | |||
| R&D expenditure | |||
| Source of funds | |||
| Type of costs | |||
| Type of R&D | |||
| Other |
1) Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.
15.2.3. Collection of data in the even years
Data produced in the same way in the odd and even years.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
See below.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not requested.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
R&D statistics are produced according to System of National Accounts (SNA) and Frascati Manual 2015. Fallowing provisional data on R&D expenditure are provided to National Accounts Unit :
*Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector and type of cost
*Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and by source of funds
15.4. Coherence - internal
See below.
15.4.1. Comparison between preliminary and final data
This part compares key R&D variables as preliminary and final data.
| Total PNP R&D expenditure (in 1000 of national currency) | Total PNP R&D personnel (in FTEs) | Total number of PNP researchers (in FTEs) | |
| Preliminary data (delivered at T+10) | Not applicable. | Not applicable. | |
| Final data (delivered T+18) | |||
| Difference (of final data) | Not applicable. | Not applicable. | Not applicable. |
15.4.2. Consistency between R&D personnel and expenditure
| Average remuneration (cost in national currency) | |
| Consistency between FTEs of internal R&D personnel and R&D labour costs (1) | |
| Consistency between FTEs of external R&D personnel and other current costs for external R&D personnel (2) |
(1) Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the internal R&D personnel, excluding those who are only formally ‘employees’ (university students, grant holders, etc.).
(2) Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the external R&D personnel (FTEs/other current R&D costs for external R&D personnel).
The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible.
16.1. Costs summary
| Costs for the statistical authority (in national currency) | % sub-contracted1) | |
| Staff costs | ||
| Data collection costs | ||
| Other costs | ||
| Total costs | ||
| Comments on costs | ||
1) The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.
16.2. Components of burden and description of how these estimates were reached
| Value | Computation method | |
| Number of Respondents (R) | ||
| Average Time required to complete the questionnaire in hours (T)1 | ||
| Average hourly cost (in national currency) of a respondent (C) | ||
| Total cost |
1) T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)
17.1. Data revision - policy
Not requested.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Not requested.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not requested.
18.1. Source data
Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. For simplicity, we call them surveys irrespective of whether they are sample surveys, censuses, collections of administrative data/pre-compiled statistics. This section presents the names of the surveys by sector of performance as well as methodological information for each survey. Depending on the type of survey and sector of performance, only the sections corresponding to that survey and sector are filled in.
18.1.1. Data source – general information
| Survey name | General Government and Private Non-Profit Institutions R&D Activities Survey |
| Type of survey | Census. The survey is a web based questionnaire. |
| Combination of sample survey and census data | |
| Combination of dedicated R&D and other survey(s) | Not applicable. (census survey) |
| Sub-population A (covered by sampling) | Not applicable. (census survey) |
| Sub-population B (covered by census) | Not applicable. (census survey) |
| Variables the survey contributes to | Not applicable. (census survey) |
| Survey timetable-most recent implementation | N/A |
18.1.2. Sample/census survey information
| Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | |
| Sampling unit | |||
| Stratification variables (if any - for sample surveys only) | |||
| Stratification variable classes | |||
| Population size | |||
| Planned sample size | |||
| Sample selection mechanism (for sample surveys only) | |||
| Survey frame | Not applicable. (census survey) | ||
| Sample design | Not applicable. (census survey) | ||
| Sample size | Not applicable. (census survey) | ||
| Survey frame quality |
18.1.3. Information on collection of administrative data or of pre-compiled statistics
| Source | Not applicable |
| Description of collected data / statistics | Not applicable |
| Reference period, in relation to the variables the survey contributes to | Not applicable |
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Annual survey
18.3. Data collection
See below.
18.3.1. Data collection overview
| Information provider | All public institutions in the frame |
| Description of collected information | ross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector and type of cost, gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and by source of funds, R&D personnel by sector of performance and occupation, R&D personnel by sector of performance and qualification, R&D personnel by occupation and qualification, General government expenditure on R&D by socio-economic objectives and type of costs, R&D expenditure and personnel by NUTS-1 |
| Data collection method | Web based on-line survey |
| Time-use surveys for the calculation of R&D coefficients | |
| Realised sample size (per stratum) | |
| Mode of data collection (face-to-face interviews; telephone interviews; postal surveys, etc.) | |
| Incentives used for increasing response | |
| Follow-up of non-respondents | Organized by regional offices |
| Replacement of non-respondents (e.g. if proxy interviewing is employed) | No replacement due to census |
| Response rate (ratio of completed "interviews" over total number of eligible enterprises or enterprises of unknown eligibility) | High response rate thanks to Law No. 5429. |
| Non-response analysis (if applicable -- also see section 18.5. Data compilation - Weighting and Estimation methods) | Non-response analysis is performed at the end of the process. |
18.3.2. Questionnaire and other documents
| Annex | Name of the file |
| R&D national questionnaire and explanatory notes in English: | |
| R&D national questionnaire and explanatory notes in the national language: | |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in English: | |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in the national language: |
18.4. Data validation
R&D data are checked for consistency and plausibility, and compared with previously provided data before being imported in the internal production database. Suspected errors are reported to the regional officies for correction or explanation.
18.5. Data compilation
See below.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
There is no imputation due to the census structure.
18.5.2. Data compilation methods
| Data compilation method - Final data (between the survey years) | Not applicable |
| Data compilation method - Preliminary data | Not applicable |
18.5.3. Measurement issues
| Method of derivation of regional data | Not applicable |
| Coefficients used for estimation of the R&D share of more general expenditure items | Not applicable |
| Inclusion or exclusion of VAT and provisions for depreciation in the measurement of expenditures | Not applicable |
| Differences between national and Frascati Manual classifications not mentioned above and impact on national statistics | Not applicable |
18.5.4. Weighting and estimation methods
| Description of weighting method | Not applicable |
| Description of the estimation method | Not applicable |
18.6. Adjustment
Not requested.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not requested.
R&D survey is census and there is no weight for units.
Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.
The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics.
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) Regulation (EU) No 995/2012 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology until the end of 2020. Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Please note that according to Article 12(4) of Regulation (EU) 2020/1197, the provisions of Regulation (EU) 995/2012 continue to apply for the reference years that fall before 1 January 2021.
8 December 2023
See below.
The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.
Foundations, trade-unions, associations, all chamber of commerce and chamber of industry in national assembly.
See below.
Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data.
Reference period is the calendar year.
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
a) Coverage errors,
b) Measurement errors,
c) Non response errors and
d) Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
National currency, National currency per inhabitant, Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant, Percentage of gross domestic product and Percentage of total R&D expenditure.
R&D personnel data is available in full-time equivalent (FTE), in head count (HC).
See below.
Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. For simplicity, we call them surveys irrespective of whether they are sample surveys, censuses, collections of administrative data/pre-compiled statistics. This section presents the names of the surveys by sector of performance as well as methodological information for each survey. Depending on the type of survey and sector of performance, only the sections corresponding to that survey and sector are filled in.
Annual
Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.
There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
See below.
See below.
