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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | ISTAT - Italian National Institute of Statistics |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Departement for Statistical Production Directorate for Economic Statistics SEC-Structural statistics on businesses, governmental and non-profit organizations |
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1.5. Contact mail address | Via Tuscolana, 1788, 00173 Roma |
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2.1. Metadata last certified | 31/10/2023 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 31/10/2023 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 31/10/2023 |
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3.1. Data description | ||||||||||||
Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector. The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics). Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology. |
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3.2. Classification system | ||||||||||||
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3.2.1. Additional classifications | ||||||||||||
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3.3. Coverage - sector | ||||||||||||
See below. |
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3.3.1. General coverage | ||||||||||||
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3.3.2. Sector institutional coverage | ||||||||||||
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3.3.3. R&D variable coverage | ||||||||||||
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3.3.4. International R&D transactions | ||||||||||||
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3.3.5. Extramural R&D expenditures | ||||||||||||
According to the Frascati Manual, expenditure on extramural R&D (i.e. R&D performed outside the statistical unit) is not included in intramural R&D performance totals (FM, §4.12).
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | ||||||||||||
See below. |
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3.4.1. R&D expenditure | ||||||||||||
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3.4.2. R&D personnel | ||||||||||||
See below. |
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3.4.2.1. R&D personnel – Head Counts (HC) | ||||||||||||
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3.4.2.2. R&D personnel – Full Time Equivalent (FTE) | ||||||||||||
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3.4.2.3. FTE calculation | ||||||||||||
The ratio of working hours actually spent on R&D during a specific reference period (the calendar year) divided by the total number of hours conventionally worked in the same period by the total personnel. |
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3.4.2.4. R&D personnel - Cross-classification by function and qualification | ||||||||||||
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3.5. Statistical unit | ||||||||||||
The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993. |
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3.6. Statistical population | ||||||||||||
See below. |
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3.6.1. National target population | ||||||||||||
The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population of institutional units. The objective of the European R&D statistics is to cover all intramural R&D activities. In line with this objective, the target population for the national R&D survey of the PNP Sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including known R&D performers or assumed to perform R&D). In practise however, countries in their R&D surveys might have difficulty in identifying R&D activities at the municipality level.
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3.7. Reference area | ||||||||||||
Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data. |
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3.8. Coverage - Time | ||||||||||||
Not requested. See point 3.4. |
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3.9. Base period | ||||||||||||
Not requested. The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat. |
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The unit of measure used for the data values of the expenditures is Thousands of Euros. Head count and full-time equivalent are the units of measure for R&D personnel.
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The data values refer to the calendar year. |
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6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | ||||||||||||||
See below. |
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6.1.1. European legislation | ||||||||||||||
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6.1.2. National legislation | ||||||||||||||
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6.1.3. Standards and manuals | ||||||||||||||
- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development |
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6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | ||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes. A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.
a) Confidentiality protection required by law:
National legislation: Data Protection Code - Legislative Decree no. 196/2003 and subsequent amendments and additions; b) Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Code of conduct and professional practice applying to the processing of personal data for statistical and scientific research purposes within the framework of the national statistical system and subsequent amendments and additions. |
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
Primary and secondary confidentiality is respected for any data released. |
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8.1. Release calendar | |||
The release calendar for the R&S data set exists and it is publicly accessible. |
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8.2. Release calendar access | |||
8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
Through Istat databases and information systems users can choose the information according to their needs. In some cases it is possible to build customised tables, in other cases, data are structured in prepackaged downloadable tables. Each database is accompanied by methodologies, classifications, definitions related to the topic. Through Paper, electronic and interactive publications and specialist publications (Rivista di statistica ufficiale, Istat Working Papers) Istat promotes and enhances the research activity, sharing the results of studies in the field of official statistics. For journalists there is a press room. The Istat Media Relations Office is responsible for all dealings with the media – from national newspapers, magazines, broadcasters and online publications – and provides ongoing information, monitoring and support for publications, articles and television programmes. The press releases are issued by Istat press office from 10 a.m. on the date indicated, after a briefing to illustrate the main data, reserved for certified news agencies. During the briefing, journalists prepare the launch texts with no outside contact until a member of the press office staff approves the data release (lock-up system). Press office staff monitor agencies constantly throughout the briefing to ensure the embargo is respected. Accredited news agencies agree to respect this dissemination procedure. Failure to comply with the lock-up system may lead to temporary – or complete, in the case of repeated infractions – suspension of access to the press room. |
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Yearly. |
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10.1. Dissemination format - News release | ||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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10.1.1. Availability of the releases | ||||||||||||||||
1) Y - Yes, N – No |
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10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | ||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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10.2.1. Availability of means of dissemination | ||||||||||||||||
1) Y – Yes, N - No |
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10.3. Dissemination format - online database | ||||||||||||||||
Tables providing R&D data are available ( http://seriestoriche.istat.it ). Italian PNP R&D statistics are available at I.stat (http://dati.istat.it/ ), a warehouse of statistics currently produced by Istat. |
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10.3.1. Data tables - consultations | ||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | ||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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10.4.1. Provisions affecting the access | ||||||||||||||||
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10.5. Dissemination format - other | ||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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10.5.1. Metadata - consultations | ||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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10.5.2. Availability of other dissemination means | ||||||||||||||||
1) Y – Yes, N - No |
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10.6. Documentation on methodology | ||||||||||||||||
Methodological note in specific Report |
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10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate | ||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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10.7. Quality management - documentation | ||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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10.7.1. Information and clarity | ||||||||||||||||
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11.1. Quality assurance | |||
Quality tools have been developed by Istat in order to improve the quality of statistical processes and products, consistently with Istat’s mission and according to the quality framework of the European Statistical System. The Quality Guidelines are among these tools which Istat set up initially only for statistics from surveys, and subsequently also for processes using administrative sources. For transparency purposes, the quality documentation of Istat statistical processes is available through:
ISTAT has also established guidelines and procedures for assessing the quality of statistics produced within Sistan. |
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11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
Italy is in line with the Frascati Manual recommendations. Response rate increased over the last years. Biggest institutions can undervalue R&D expenditure and R&D personnel (in particular, they may not be able to supply exact figures for contract staff and consultants). In scientific institutions for research, hospitalization and health care, there is still difficulty to distinguish R&D activity from other related activities. |
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12.1. Relevance - User Needs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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12.1.1. Needs at national level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1) Users' class codification 1- Institutions: 2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level. 3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public. 4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.) 5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services) 6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.) |
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12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys. |
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12.2.1. National Surveys and feedback | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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12.3. Completeness | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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12.3.1. Data completeness - rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
not available |
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12.3.2. Data availability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D): 1.9% . |
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12.3.2.1. Incorporation PNP sector in another sector | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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12.3.2.2. Non-collection of R&D data for the PNP sector | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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12.3.2.3. Data availability on more detail level | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1) This question is optional. It refers to variables and breakdowns NOT asked by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 (neither as 'optional'). 2) Y-start year |
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13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted: 1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated. 2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise: a) Coverage errors, b) Measurement errors, c) Non response errors and d) Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce. |
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13.2. Sampling error | |||
That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated. |
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13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
The main indicator used to measure sampling errors is the coefficient of variation (CV). Coefficient of variation for Total R&D expenditure : Coefficient of variation for Total R&D personnel (FTE) : |
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13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.
a) Extent of non-sampling errors:
b) Measures taken to reduce the extent of non-sampling errors:
c) Methods used in order to correct / adjust for such errors:
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13.3.1. Coverage error | |||
Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling. |
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13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.2. Measurement error | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.3. Non response error | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.4. Processing error | |||
Not requested. |
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13.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
Not requested. |
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14.1. Timeliness | |||||||||||||||
Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar. |
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14.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||||||||||||||
Time lag between the end of reference period and the release date of the results:
a) End of reference period: 2021 b) Date of first release of national data:september 2023 c) Lag (days): |
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14.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||||||||||||||
a) End of reference period: b) Date of first release of national data: c) Lag (days): |
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14.2. Punctuality | |||||||||||||||
Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially. |
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14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||||||||||||||
Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release) |
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14.2.1.1. Deadline and date of data transmission | |||||||||||||||
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15.1. Comparability - geographical | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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15.1.2. General issues of comparability | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
As from 1991 extramural expenditure is collected separately in Italian R&D surveys and can thus be excluded from the data. The R&D personnel is total (internal + external) R&D personnel. |
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15.1.3. Survey Concepts Issues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 or Frascati manual paragraphs and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics with recommendations about these concepts / issues.
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15.1.4. Deviations from recommendations | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national R&D statistics. The table gives the references in the Frascati manual, where related recommendations are made. Countries are asked to report on the existence of any deviations from existing recommendations and comment upon.
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15.2. Comparability - over time | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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15.2.1. Length of comparable time series | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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15.2.2. Breaks in time series | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1) Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period. |
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15.2.3. Collection of data in the even years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data produced in the same way in the odd and even years. |
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data on R&D expenditure are yearly requested by the SNA for their calculations. |
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15.4. Coherence - internal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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15.4.1. Comparison between preliminary and final data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This part compares key R&D variables as preliminary and final data.
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15.4.2. Consistency between R&D personnel and expenditure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(1) Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the internal R&D personnel, excluding those who are only formally ‘employees’ (university students, grant holders, etc.). (2) Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the external R&D personnel (FTEs/other current R&D costs for external R&D personnel). |
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Restricted from publication | |||
16.1. Costs summary | |||
Restricted from publication | |||
16.2. Components of burden and description of how these estimates were reached | |||
Restricted from publication |
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17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
Not requested. |
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17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
Not requested. |
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17.2.1. Data revision - average size | |||
Not requested. |
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18.1. Source data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. For simplicity, we call them surveys irrespective of whether they are sample surveys, censuses, collections of administrative data/pre-compiled statistics. This section presents the names of the surveys by sector of performance as well as methodological information for each survey. Depending on the type of survey and sector of performance, only the sections corresponding to that survey and sector are filled in. |
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18.1.1. Data source – general information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.1.2. Sample/census survey information | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.1.3. Information on collection of administrative data or of pre-compiled statistics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.2. Frequency of data collection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Odd and even years, without differences. |
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18.3. Data collection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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18.3.1. Data collection overview | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.3.2. Questionnaire and other documents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.4. Data validation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The validation activities consist of: - checking the quality of population coverage; |
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18.5. Data compilation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See below. |
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18.5.1. Imputation - rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable |
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18.5.2. Data compilation methods | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.5.3. Measurement issues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.5.4. Weighting and estimation methods | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.6. Adjustment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not requested. |
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R&D PNP Questionnaire 2021 (in the national language) PNP R&D Questionnaire instructions (in the national language) |