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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Federal Statistical Office FSO (Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA) |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Wages and working conditions |
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1.5. Contact mail address | Espace de l'Europe 10 CH - 2010 Neuchâtel |
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2.1. Data description | |||
The Federal Statistical Office (FSO) started publishing estimates of labour costs in 2006 (reference years 2000, 2002 and 2004) and subsequently every two years until 2012 (reference years 2006, 2008 and 2010). These estimates are largely based on data collected for the Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS), which is carried out every two years. Estimates of labour costs for the years 2000 to 2010 are available on the website of the Federal Statistical Office (https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/wages-income-employment- labour-costs/labour-costs.html). In accordance with the bilateral agreement on cooperation between the Swiss Confederation and the EU in the field of statistics which came into force on 1 January 2007, the LCS 2012 and subsequent was conducted in compliance with the definitions fixed in the European regulations (Council Regulation (EC) No 530/1999 of 9 March 1999 and the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2005 of 21 October 2005). The adoption of the new definitions was made possible thanks to the revision of the Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS), which remains the main source for data in the structural statistics on labour costs (LCS). The main changes made to the SESS which are relevant to the LCS concern the monetary variables (more detailed breakdown of wage components) and the population concerned (inclusion of apprentices). Both the Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS) and the structural statistics on labour costs (LCS) take place every two years. |
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2.2. Classification system | |||
Classifications used: NACE Rev2 |
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2.3. Coverage - sector | |||
Private and public sectors, sections B to S of the NACE Rev.2. LCS includes enterprises (and public administrations) with three or more employees. |
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2.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
Labour costs correspond to the total expenditure incurred by employers when employing labour. They include wages and salaries (D.11), social contributions paid by the employer (D.12), as well as vocational training costs (D.2) and other expenditure paid by the employer (D.3). Taxes (D.4) and subsidies received by the employer (D.5) are not pertinent for Switzerland. The definitions in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2005 are taken into account. |
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2.5. Statistical unit | |||
The statistical unit is the enterprise. |
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2.6. Statistical population | |||
LCS applies to all activities of sections B to S of NACE Rev.2 and includes enterprises (and public administrations) of the private and public sectors with three or more employees. The survey is based on a sample extracted from the Swiss Business and Enterprise Register. |
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2.7. Reference area | |||
Switzerland. |
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2.8. Coverage - Time | |||
The LCS is released every second year. The transmission to Eurostat should take place every fourth year within 18 months of the reference year (2012, 2016, 2020). |
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2.9. Base period | |||
Not applicable |
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3.1. Source data | |||
The main source of the LCS is the data collected within the framework of the SESS (https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/wages-income-employment- labour-costs/wage-levels-switzerland.html). SESS data make it possible to calculate the variables A.1 "Total number of employees", C.1 "Total hours paid" and D.1 "Compensation of employees"), other FSO statistics are used in the calculations (see also chapter 2.2.4). Other sources of the LCS are:
-the Work volume statistic WV (https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/surveys/wv.html), created from data from the Swiss Labour Force Survey (SLFS), -the pension fund statistics https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/social-security/occupational-pension-plans.html -the value added statistics https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/industry-services/value-added-statistics.html , -the Survey on continuing vocational training SBW https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/education-science/enquetes/sbw.html and a specific study on the cost of apprentices based on a representative survey conducted in enterprises (« Die duale Lehre: eine Erfolgsgeschichte – auch für die Betriebe. Ergebnisse der dritten Kosten- Nutzen-Erhebung der Lehrlingsausbildung aus der Sicht der Betriebe », Miriam Strupler et Stefan C. Wolter, 2012)
Sampling method for the Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS) The SESS is based on a random sample at two levels: the first level concerns the stratified enterprises, while the second level concerns employees in the enterprises.
The SESS 2020 is based on a sample stratified into two levels. The first level concerns the enterprises, which are grouped according to three criteria: enterprise size (3 classes), economic branch (39 aggregations of NACE Rev. 2 divisions) and geographical entity (7 major regions, 8 cantons and 1 city). The stratification in the private sector comprises some 1600 cells (strata). For each strata, a sample of enterprises is chosen at random. This sample is drawn from the Business and Enterprise Register (BER). It should be noted that large businesses (50 employees or more) and enterprises working in very specialised sectors are always included in the survey for reasons of representativeness. The sample of the SESS 2020 included about 45 000 enterprises. The second level concerns the employees of the selected enterprises: the number of wage data that has to be provided depends on the size of the enterprise (enterprises with 1-19 employees: wage data must be supplied for all employees; 20-49 employees: data for one in two employees; 50 employees or more: one in three). The selection of employees must be carried out randomly by responding units (it should be noted that many enterprises and administrations, and particularly the larger ones, do not make a selection and provide data on all their employees).
In the public sector of the Confederation and the cantons, the survey is comprehensive at the level of the enterprises and administrations surveyed. In the public sector at commune level, the survey is also based on a random sample at two levels: the commune and the employees. Communes are stratified according to size (4 sizes) and geographical unit (7 major regions). In total, the stratification of the SESS at commune level is comprised of 27 cells (strata). For each stratum, a random sample of communes is drawn. The gross commune sample is made up of roughly 300 communes although the survey is comprehensive for communes with more than 800 employees. |
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3.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
The data is collected every second year |
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3.3. Data collection | |||
After receiving the questionnaire of the SESS, enterprises and public administrations have submitted their data to the NSO by using one of the following means:
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3.4. Data validation | |||
A range of plausibility checks were used to identify errors. Respondents were re-contacted if necessary to clarify and correct the figures provided. |
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3.5. Data compilation | |||
Not applicable |
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3.6. Adjustment | |||
Not applicable |
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4.1. Quality assurance | |||
The concepts and classifications of the LCS are defined in the European regulations (Council Regulation (EC) No 530/1999 of 9 March 1999 and the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2005 of 21 October 2005). |
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4.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
The quality report is delivered to Eurostat |
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5.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The main users of the LCS are government bodies, trade unions, employers’ associations, international organisations (Eurostat, International Labour Organization ILO), courts, researchers, students, mass media and the public. |
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5.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
No specific survey on user satisfaction has been carried out |
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5.3. Completeness | |||
All requested labour cost variables and breakdowns according to the LCS regulation 1735/2005 are provided. |
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5.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
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6.1. Accuracy - overall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.2. Sampling error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3. Non-sampling error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3.1. Coverage error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Over-coverage: no over-coverage detected
Under-coverage: Economic activity: no under-coverage Size of enterprises: only enterprises with three or more employees were taken into consideration for the sampling. The number of employees working in enterprises belonging to the size 1 to 9 (E1_9), indicated in the LACOST_B_A4 table, has therefore been slightly underestimated (as well as, of course, the volume of hours worked and paid and the total labour costs). In comparison with the number of employees in the total economy (sections B to S of the NACE REV. 2), the under-coverage is estimated to be approximately 8%. (estimation source: Swiss Business and Enterprise Register). The enterprises surveyed who stated that they employed fewer than three employees during the month of October 2020 (reference period for the SESS) were, however, not excluded from the survey. |
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6.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3.2. Measurement error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Definitions: in order to limit measuring errors, the SESS questionnaire has adopted the terms and definitions normally used in payroll accounting and/or in the wage certificate intended for tax administrations.
Electronic questionnaire (XML or Excel), electronic questionnaire on internet (eSurvey) and data sent automatically by means of certified payroll accounting software: before validation the data transmitted is submitted to automatic plausibility checks and logical controls. Paper questionnaires are checked by qualified statworkers. Missing or implausible values are added or corrected after consultation with the respondents. Before final validation, the data are subjected to a second series of checks carried out by specialised research associates.
During the course of the survey, an information service (hotline) was made available to respondents to help them with questions.
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6.3.3. Non response error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The gross unit response rate for the SESS 2020 was 74%. Some 35 000 private (and public) enterprises as well as public administrations took part in the survey: data on approximately 2.1 million employees were collected and processed. Non-response is mainly due to business closures and mergers. Furthermore, some enterprises responded too late and/or the quality of data was too poor to be exploited. |
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6.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3.4. Processing error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.3.5. Model assumption error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Variables A, B, C and D
The values of the variables A. (number of employees), B. (hours actually worked), C. (hours paid) and D. (labour costs) were extrapolated from data provided by enterprises as part of the SESS. The reference period for this statistic is not the whole year but the month of October, considered to be representative. The result of this is that: - the total number of employees and apprentices (A.11, A.12 and A.13) corresponds to the number of employees and apprentices with an employment contract in the month of October 2020 and who were paid for services rendered during that month, - the number of hours paid and worked (B.11, B.12, B.13, C.11, C.12 and C.13) was calculated by annualising the hours paid and worked during the month of October 2020, - the compensation of employees (D.1) was also extrapolated from SESS data. One part of the monetary data collected refers to the month of October (D.11111, D.121), the other (D.11112, D.1114 and D.1223) to the period during which the employee was employed by the enterprise during the reference year (information which is also collected as part of the survey). In both cases, the values were annualised in order to guarantee coherence with the variables B and C.
The consequence of proceeding in this way is that the values calculated for these variables are probably slightly over-estimated. The reasons for deciding to accept this deviation from the definitions set out in the regulation are as follows:
- the main indicator in the LCS is the hourly labour cost. Employment, volume of work and total employees' wages are covered by other statistics; - the SESS is the only business survey which collects, at individual level, the wages and salaries (broken down into all wage components) and the corresponding working time (as well as work- time percentage). The coherence between numerator and denominator, which is decisive for an indicator's quality, is also guaranteed.
Variables B.11, B.12 and B.13 (Hours worked by full-time employees, part-time employees and apprentices)
In contrast to hours paid, the hours actually worked are not collected by the SESS: as this information is not recorded in the payroll accounting, the administrative burden on respondents would be too great. Hours worked, therefore, have been estimated on the basis of hours paid provided by the SESS and other statistical sources, using the following formula: Hours worked = hours paid - holidays - public holidays - sick leave - absence due to other reasons (strikes, bad weather, etc.)
Sources: - hours paid (variable C. of the LCS): Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS), - holidays: Swiss Earnings Structure Survey (SESS) / Swiss Code of Obligations (CO), - public holidays: official public holidays (by canton), - sick leave and absences due to other reasons: Work Volume Statistic (WV). As a breakdown of days of absence by section or division of the NACE Rev. 2 (and by size of enterprise) is not available, the same value was used for all employees.
The hours worked by apprentices were calculated in the same manner, but also by deducting hours of education and training from the hours paid. According to our estimates (hours of training and education are not collected in the SESS), these correspond to an average of 30% of paid hours. Due to a lack of additional sources, it was not possible to deduct from the hours paid, for each apprentice, the exact time spent on training and education (this varies depending on the type of apprenticeship, the year of apprenticeship and the canton where training and education take place).
Variable D.1221 (Guaranteed remuneration in the event of sickness)
This variable is not collected as part of the SESS and had to be estimated by using data (variable: annual length of sick leave) from the Work Volume Statistics (WV). As a breakdown of days of absence by section or division of the NACE Rev. 2 and by size of enterprise is not available, the same value was used for all employees.
Variable D.2 (Vocational training costs)
The vocational training costs comprise the costs for the education and training of apprentices as well as costs paid by employers for the continuing professional education and training of their employees. As the SESS does not collect this information, the variable D.2 had to be estimated. Sources: the Survey on continuing vocational training in companies (SBW) to estimate the costs of the continuing professional training of employees
As data broken down by division or section of the NACE Rev. 2 and by size of enterprise were not available, an average value was used for all employees and all apprentices.
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6.4. Seasonal adjustment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.5. Data revision - policy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.6. Data revision - practice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.6.1. Data revision - average size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7.1. Timeliness | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The results of the LCS 2020 were disseminated at national level on 28 March 2023, 29 months after the end of the reference period |
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7.1.1. Time lag - first result | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7.1.2. Time lag - final result | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7.2. Punctuality | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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8.1. Comparability - geographical | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
National concepts have been defined as closely as possible in line with European concepts |
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8.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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8.2. Comparability - over time | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The LCS 2020 is the fifth survey (after 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018) that has been conducted in compliance with the definitions fixed in the European regulations (Council Regulation (EC) No 530/1999 of 9 March 1999 and the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2005 of 21 October 2005). |
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8.2.1. Length of comparable time series | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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8.3. Coherence - cross domain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comparison in the number of employees (A.11 + A.12) and apprentices (A.13) with the numbers regarding employment from the SLFS (Swiss Labour Force Survey, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/work-income/surveys/slfs.html), reference year 2020
Comparison of the number of hours actually worked (in thousands) by employees (B.11 + B.12) and apprentices (B.13) with the SLFS results, reference year 2020
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8.4. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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8.5. Coherence - National Accounts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Comparison of total labour costs (D.1, D.11 and D.12) with the figures resulting from the National accounts (NA), in millions of francs, reference year 2020
As for the LCS – SLFS comparison, there is no in-depth analysis aiming to explain these differences. The main causes are probably the following:
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8.6. Coherence - internal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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9.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
An update of the tables on LCS 2020 was published in March 2023 |
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9.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
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9.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
Swiss Federal Statistical Office: |
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9.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
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9.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Researchers or institutions can access SESS microdata on demand (lohn@bfs.admin.ch) |
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9.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
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9.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
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9.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
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9.7.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
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9.7.2. Metadata - consultations | |||
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11.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
The policy on confidentiality is described in the Federal Statistics Act (FStatA, source: https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19920252/index.html). In summary, no one (natural person or legal entity) must be identifiable. |
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11.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
The application of the FStatA is guaranteed by the fact that no publication for an aggregated number of fewer than 60 employees or 5 enterprises is possible. |
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