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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Office of Statistics Liechtenstein |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Registers |
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1.5. Contact mail address | Aeulestrasse 51 9490 Vaduz Liechtenstein |
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2.1. Data description | |||
Health care expenditure quantifies the economic resources dedicated to health functions, excluding capital investment. Healthcare expenditure concerns itself primarily with healthcare goods and services that are consumed by resident units, irrespective of where that consumption takes place (it may be in the rest of the world) or who is paying for it. As such, exports of healthcare goods and services (to non-resident units) are excluded, whereas imports of healthcare goods and services for final use are included. It provides a set of revised classifications of health care functions, providers of health care goods and services and financing schemes. The SHA is currently used as a basis for a joint data collection by OECD, Eurostat and WHO on health care expenditure. The manual sets out in more detail the boundaries, the definitions and the concepts of health accounting – responding to health care systems around the globe with very different organisational and financing arrangements. Accounting period: Health expenditure and financing data pertain to the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). |
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2.2. Classification system | |||
Healthcare expenditure is recorded in relation to the international classification for health accounts (ICHA) defining:
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2.3. Coverage - sector | |||
1. Household individual consumption on health, including the collective consumption with two exceptions: |
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2.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
SHA concept is the consumption of health care goods and services. Summary tables provide data on:
Cross-classification tables refer to:
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2.5. Statistical unit | |||
Commission Regulation 2015/359 concerns the collection of data on "current expenditure on healthcare" which is defined as the "final consumption expenditure of resident units on health care goods and services". |
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2.6. Statistical population | |||
SHA focuses on the consumption of health care goods and services by the resident population irrespective of where this takes place. This implies the inclusion of imports (from non-resident providers) and the exclusion of exports (health care goods and services provided to non-residents). As Liechtenstein is very small (less than 40'000 inhabitants) the country itself offers only a limited health system. Some health activities suche as specialised hospitals are only available abroad. All in all around 60% of health services are provided within the country and 40% are provided by the nearby country (HP.9 Rest of the World). |
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2.7. Reference area | |||
The data aims at providing a complete overview of expenditure on health care goods and services consumption of services and goods by the resident population. Due to the small size of the country (less than 40,000 inhabitants), Liechtenstein offers only a limited variety of health services. Around 40% of health services are imported from abroad, which means that the category HP.9 Rest of the world is rather important. |
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2.8. Coverage - Time | |||
For Liechtenstein Health Accounts data is available since 2013. |
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2.9. Base period | |||
Not applicable. |
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3.1. Source data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Several data sources are used (as of data notification in March 2018): - Surveys/census: 0 - Public administrative records: 8 - Financial reports: 2 - Other: 1
Public administrative records
Financial reports
Other
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3.2. Frequency of data collection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Annual. |
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3.3. Data collection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data are collected through the joint health accounts questionnaire (JHAQ) that countries submit to Eurostat during the annual data collection exercise. There is a voluntary deadline to send the JHAQ questionnaire for the calendar year T by the 31st of March T+2. The joint health accounts questionnaire (JHAQ) is coordinated in agreement with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). These three international organisations are known collectively as the International Health Accounts Team (IHAT). Countries submit data to Eurostat on the basis of Commission Regulation (EU) 2015/359 of 4 March 2015 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1338/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards statistics on healthcare expenditure and financing. |
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3.4. Data validation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The 2018 JHAQ includes a number of features which allow national data correspondents to perform various quality checks before submitting the data. The embedded programmes allow the verification of:
2- Consistency of the data within tables,
Entries in the tables cannot be negative as they refer to the consumption of goods and services.
The atypical entries check provides information whether the data tables contain values in cells which are – if at all – only reported by very few countries and are thus atypical for health accounting.
3- The growth rates against the previous year and the magnitude of revisions as compared to previously submitted data. Results are grouped into three different categories:
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3.5. Data compilation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Liechtenstein compiles its health accounts data by a bottom-up approach, meaning all expenses are collected and added up. Some expenses e.g. voluntary insurance is pro rated by the distribution of health expenses covered by compulsory insurance. Some expenses are estimated on the basis of Swiss data. Almost no data is available on OOP costs, therefore these expenses are estimated on the per capita OOP-expenses in Switzerland. As both countries have very similar living conditions (e.g. health system and the living costs), this method provides a fairly good estimation. |
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3.6. Adjustment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No adjustments are made. |
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4.1. Quality assurance | |||
Authorities responsible for SHA data collection are working to ensure that the statistical practices used to compile national health accounts are in compliance with SHA methodological requirements and that good practices in the field are being followed, according to the methodology underlined in the SHA 2011 Manual and European Statistics Code of Practice respecting professional independence of the statistical authorities. Procedures are in place to plan and monitor the quality of the health care expenditure statistical production process. |
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4.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
As health accounts data is mostly put together from administrative data sources, the quality is good. The main weaknesses are the Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses which have to be estimated on the basis of per capita OOP spending in Switzerland. With less than 40,000 inhabitants Liechtenstein is too small to collect lots of data with sample surveys, therefore no changes are planned in near future. Furthermore living conditions in Liechtenstein and Switzerland are very similar, so the estimation on basis of Swiss data is expected to be very reliable. |
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5.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
Health accounts data is mainly used by the following parties: parliament, government, office of public health, local health care providers and researchers. There is an increasing interest in expenses for social long-term-care. The NSI will try to put together these expenses in the near future. |
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5.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
The Office of Statistics in Liechtenstein conducts a user survey every five years. The last one took place in 2018 (in German only): https://www.llv.li/inhalt/118512/amtsstellen/nutzungsbefragung In general, people are satisfied with the available information about public health. There are no known unmet user needs. |
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5.3. Completeness | |||
None. |
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5.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
Concerning Liechtenstein health accounts data, expenses for day care (curative, rehabilitative and long-term) are included in the according outpatient category. Also, there is no information about HF.2.3 Entreprise financing schemes and HF.4 Rest of the world financing schemes (non-resident) available. These expenses are missing, but it is assumed that the amount in comparison to the the total of health accounts is negligible. |
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On accuracy, OOP spending is the most difficult item to estimate. As Liechtenstein does not have any information from surveys about OOP, the Statistical Office estimates this amount on basis of the OOP per capita in Switzerland. It's not easy to assess how close this estimation is from the true value, but e.g. from EHIS it is known that the health systems in Switzerland and Liechtenstein are very similar and that people have similar health problems and similar health behavior. |
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6.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Allmost all data is based on government and municipal accounts, annual reports and operational accounts of health insitutions. Subsequently most expenses are accurate. The main imprecise value are OOP expenses, as an important part of them is estimated on the basis of Swiss OOP expenditure per capita. Nonetheless, due to similar living costs, similar health system and similar health condition/behavior of inhabitants, the estimation is supposed to be good. |
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6.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3. Non-sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.1. Coverage error | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
Some health expenses occur in two data sources, e.g. government contributions: they are found in government accounts and the health institutions (nursing home). Statistics Liechtenstein does not exclude this data at the very beginning, but uses the information in both sources to check the data quality. Later in the statistical analysis the amounts are displayed in a table and it is checked if only one side is used for calculating health accounts. Subseqently, over-coverage or double-counting is not an issue. |
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6.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
Not applicable as no survey data is processed. |
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6.3.2. Measurement error | |||
Not aware of any measurement errors. |
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6.3.3. Non response error | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.4. Processing error | |||
As all data is displayed detailed in time series before health accounts are calculated, wrong coding and other errors should be detected beforehand. However, if rather small amounts are coded incorrectly, random errors still can occur. |
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6.3.4.1. Imputation - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.4. Seasonal adjustment | |||
Not applicable. |
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6.5. Data revision - policy | |||
Revisions are made if incorrect classifications have been used or if Switzerland is changing their methods concerning health expenses which have been used to generate estimates for Liechtenstein. The general idea is that revisions should not be made every year, but as health accounts are fairly new for Liechtenstein and especially OOP-practices are improved, revisions are necessary relatively often (almost every year). |
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6.6. Data revision - practice | |||
Adjustments for the reference years 2013, 2014 and 2015 on May 4th 2018. A) Estimates of expenses for drugs in hospitals: B) Improved estimates of out-of-pocket expenses: C) There is one institution in Liechtenstein which activities were formely coded as HC.3.1 and now have been recoded as HC.2.1. This has been changed for the years 2013-2015. |
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6.6.1. Data revision - average size | |||
This information is well documented in our national publication Gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik 2017, Chapter Methodik und Qualität, Wichtige Hinweise, page 48ff: |
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7.1. Timeliness | |||
Member States are required to transmit their data to Eurostat in compliance with the Commission Regulation 359/2015 transmission deadlines. |
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7.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||
T+17 months. |
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7.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||
Not applicable. |
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7.2. Punctuality | |||
Data was sent on time. |
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7.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||
Data was sent on time. |
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8.1. Comparability - geographical | |||||||||
Not applicable at national level. |
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8.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||||||||
Not applicable. |
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8.2. Comparability - over time | |||||||||
Breaks in time series resulting from methodological changes
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8.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||||||||
See 8.2. |
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8.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||||||||
In general, SHA data is reconcilable to finance data in other health statistics, such as health insurance. However, as SHA has a much broader focus, figures are difficult to compare. |
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8.4. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||||||||
Not applicable. |
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8.5. Coherence - National Accounts | |||||||||
Not applicable. |
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8.6. Coherence - internal | |||||||||
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9.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
SHA data is published yearly in "Gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik" [in German only]: https://www.llv.li/inhalt/117530/amtsstellen/gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik |
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9.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
SHA data is published yearly and available in following formats: a) Gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik (German only), pdf-document: https://www.llv.li/files/as/igv-2017.pdf b) All tabels in excel: https://www.llv.li/inhalt/117530/amtsstellen/gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik c) In addition data is published in interactive datacubes (German and English): |
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9.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
SHA data is available on www.etab.llv.li |
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9.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
Information is not available. |
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9.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Microdata is not published. |
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9.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
Not applicable. |
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9.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The publication "Gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik" contains the chapter "Methodik und Qualität" which provides general information about SHA methodology for Liechtenstein data. https://www.llv.li/files/as/igv-2017.pdf In addition, as SHA data is rather complex, there is a separate, detailed method-documention online available: https://www.llv.li/files/as/methodische-erlauterungen-gesundheitsausgaben2016.pdf Both documents are only available in German. |
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9.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
None. |
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9.7.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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9.7.2. Metadata - consultations | |||
Not applicable. |
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Office of Statistics needs around 200 hours for calculating Health Accounts for Liechtenstein. These hours also include the national publication "Gesundheitsversorgungsstatistik", but by far most work is directly related to health accounts. As most financial data is obtained from administrative data, the burden on respondents is not significant. There are just a small number of questions to clarify specific details. No surveys are conducted. |
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11.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
The Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recitals 23-27, 31-32 and Articles 20-26) applies. |
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11.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
Concerning health accounts there are no confidentiality problems. There is only one institution, which - with little background knowledge - could be seen in Liechtensteins Health Accounts data. Therefore Office of Statistics asked this institution directly for permission before publishing detailed data. |
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1) Liechtenstein is a small country with less than 40,000 inhabitants. Therefore a lot of health services are bought abroad (Switzerland, Austria), e.g. around 75% of hospital expenditure is included in the category "Rest of the World". This fact needs to be taken into account when looking at the Health Accounts tables, because this might explain a lot of differences in comparison to other countries. 2) Cost for day care (day curative care, day rehabilitative care, day long-term care) are included in the according outpatient positions. 3) In order to be aligned with non-monetary data, pediatricians are included in the category 'specialists'. 4) In principle the health system in Liechtenstein is very similar to the Swiss one, hence some information which is not available for Liechtenstein (e.g. OOP) is estimated based on the Swiss expenditure per capita. |
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