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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation |
Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès (CépiDc)- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm)
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | US 10 - Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès (CépiDc). |
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1.5. Contact mail address |
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2.1. Metadata last certified | 09/01/2024 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 21/12/2023 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 21/12/2023 |
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3.1. Data description | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data on causes of death (CoD) provide information on mortality patterns and form a major element of public health information. |
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3.2. Classification system | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Country codes used for place of occurence and place of residence are two-letter codes (alpha-2) from the International Standard for country codes and codes for their subdivisions, ISO 3166 in effect during the year of death. The regional breakdown is based on the NUTS 2 codes from the 2016 version of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS), see Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/2066. France's CoD statistics is build on standards set out by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). Classification and updates applied by years :
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3.3. Coverage - sector | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Public Health |
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Concepts and definitions follow the Commission regulation (EU) No 328/2011 in articles 2 and 3. |
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3.4.1. National definition used for usual residency | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Place of residence as declared on the death certificate. According to the instructions in section 3, subsection 6 of the General Instruction on Civil Status of 11 May 1999 (Annex) given to the civil servants in charge of drawing up acts of civil status, the place of residence declared on the death certificate is "the place where one has the center of one's interests, business, and relations". This definition may differ, in certain cases of dual residence, from that of "habitual residence", but it is consistent with the one used by France to establish its death statistics. |
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3.4.2. Stillbirth definition and characteristics collected | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The French death certificate does not apply to stillbirths.
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3.5. Statistical unit | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Statistical units are deceased persons and stillborns. |
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3.6. Statistical population | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residents and non-residents who died in France NUTS FR (see 3.7 for geographical scope). |
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3.6.1. Neonates of non-resident mothers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Neonates death certificates of non resident mothers are included. |
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3.6.2. Non-residents | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Non resident population is included. |
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3.6.3. Residents dying abroad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Residents dying abroad are not included. |
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3.7. Reference area | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All French NUTS2, including Metropolitan France and overseas departments and regions (la Guadeloupe, la Martinique, la Guyane, la Réunion, Mayotte) + Saint-Martin, according to the French geographical nomenclature as of January 1st of the year of death established by the French National Institute of Statistics (Insee) : https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2666684#titre-bloc-23 Deaths occuring in other overseas areas (i.e. overseas collectivities) or abroad are not included, except for Saint-Martin, which is included in NUTS 2 (FRY1) |
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3.8. Coverage - Time | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
yearly from 2011 (included) onwards. |
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3.9. Base period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable. |
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Unit is number |
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Data refer to the calendar year (i.e. all deaths occurring during the year). |
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6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
French law Article L2223-42 of the "Code général des collectivités territoriales" mandates Inserm- CépiDc as in charge of the establishment of causes of death (CoD) national statistics in France. The Regulation on Community statistics on public health and health and safety at work (EC) No 1338/2008 and the Regulation on Community statistics on public health and health and safety at work, as regards statistics on causes of death (EU) No 328/2011 apply. CoD data according to these regulations is submitted to Eurostat since reference year 2011. |
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6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
According to the French Law Article L2223-42 of the "Code général des collectivités territoriales", |
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society. According to Article L1461-1 of the Public Health Code, the persons responsible for processing personal health data from the National Health Data System, as well as those implementing it or authorised to access the personal data resulting from it, shall be subject to professional secrecy under the conditions and under the penalties laid down in Article 226-13 of the Penal Code which states that the disclosure of secret information by a person who is in possession of it either by virtue of his or her status or profession, or by virtue of an office or temporary assignment, is punishable by one year's imprisonment and a fine of 15 000 euros. The French Council of State decree referred to in Article L1461-7 of the Public Health Code draws up the list of State services, public establishments or bodies entrusted with a public service mission authorised to process personal data from the National Health Data System (SNDS) for the purposes of their missions |
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
All age groups showing a total mortality of less than 5 cases are considered as confidential. Therefore, any 'confidential' agegroup is grouped with another one to have higher numbers. In practice, this problem mainly occurs for young ages so, either the ages from 0 to 14 years old, or the ages from 0 to 14 and 15 to 24 years old are grouped. The age groups considered as confidential show then the value ':' and the age group '0-14y' (and '15-24y' if needed) shows the sum of all ages before 15 years old (or between 15 and 24 years old). In addition, special measures for ensuring confidentiality may be taken for small countries. |
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8.1. Release calendar | |||
Following Regulation (EC) No 328/2011, Inserm-CépiDc has to send data to Eurostat at the latest 24 months after the end of the year of death. National releases follow as soon as possible. |
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8.2. Release calendar access | |||
Release calendar information is displayed on the the Inserm-CépiDc website, together with major recent CoD trends https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/donnees-et-publications/grandes-causes-de-deces-en-2021-et-tendances-recentes |
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8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
Data are released on the website of CepiDc, freely accessible. |
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Annual. |
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10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
The dissemination of the 2021 cause of death data, on December 19th 2023, was accompanied by two publications and a news release. This mirror the approach taken in 2020, where the cause of death data was also disclosed with a new release and two accompanied publications. All the relevant news releases and publications can be accessed on the CepiDc website.
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10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
On-line publications on our website. http://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/ For 2021, data was accompanied by two publications: Fouillet A, Ghosn W, Rivera C, Clanché F, Coudin É. Grandes causes de mortalité en France en 2021 et tendances récentes. Bull Épidémiol Hebd. 2023;(26):554-69. Cadillac M, Clanché F, Coudin E, Fouillet A, Riviera C. Les grandes causes de décès en France en 2021 : une année encore fortement impactée par le Covid-19. Études et Résultats. 2023;(1288)
For 2020, - Fouillet A, Ghosn W, Naouri D, Coudin E. Covid-19 : troisième cause de décès en France en 2020, quand les autres grandes causes baissent. Bull Épidémiol Hebd. 022;(Cov_16):2-15. - Naouri, D., Fouillet, A., Ghosn, W., Coudin, E. (2022, décembre). Covid-19 : troisième cause de décès en France en 2020, quand les autres grandes causes de décès baissent. DREES, Études et Résultats, 1250.
2018 and 2019 final data dissemination, which part of the coding relied on deep learning methods are accompanied by working papers devoted to the production method.
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10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
Online latest aggregated tables accessible here: https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/donnees-et-publications/grandes-causes-de-deces-en-2021-et-tendances-recentes Online more detailed aggregated databases accessible here : https://opendata-cepidc.inserm.fr/ Data on Covid-19 mortality available here : https://opendata.idf.inserm.fr/cepidc/covid-19/ |
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10.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
Not available |
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10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Requests to access micro-data can be submitted by authorised third-parties (see concept 7.2 : rules applied for treating the datasets to ensure statistical confidentiality and prevent unauthorised disclosure) on the Inserm-CépiDc website : https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/je-suis-un-chercheur-etou-jai-un-projet-detude-sur-les-causes-de-deces-ou-le-snds |
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10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
Encrypted csv format encoded in UTF8 |
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10.5.1. Metadata - consultations | |||
Not available |
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10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The entire production process is detailed on the CépiDc website see https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/qui-sommes-nous/les-statistiques-sur-les-causes-medicales-de-deces-de-z See also https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/causes-medicales-de-deces/comment-sont-produites-les-donnees and Rey, 2016 : "Death certificate data in France: Production process and main types of analyses", La revue de medecine interne, doi : doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2016.01.011 The production report concerning CoD data in 2018 and 2019 is available here: See also |
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10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
Metadata about statistical outputs (concepts 2, 3, 4, 7.1, 8, 9) : 1 |
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10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
Documentation on quality management can be found on the CepiDc website https://www.cepidc.inserm.fr/qui-sommes-nous/les-statistiques-sur-les-causes-medicales-de-deces-de-z |
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11.1. Quality assurance | |||
The causes of death data are based on European regulation, which defines scope, definitions of variables and characteristics of the data, and on the WHO guidelines. France follows these clear and detailed guidelines for recording and coding the causes of deaths using the ICD-10 classification published by the WHO.
France also performs a review stage after an initial coding, especially for the most complex cases and the most frequent errors. In order to ensure cause of death coding quality, checks on specific types of coded death certificates are performed regularly. Those manual checks are performed though the Iris coding software user interface. They concern
Random quality checks are also made to assess the quality of automatic coding and the consistency of manual coding. For deaths in 2018 and 2019, produced in a context of production catch-up, all usual checks are not performed in the same way as those for deaths in 2020 or 2017 and before. The production report details which types of checks amongst those listed above were performed, entirely, partially or let apart. In the assessment of coding quality for the years of 2018, 2019, and 2021, a thorough evaluation was conducted employing a method that integrates automated rule-based coding, AI coding, and assisted manual coding. The evaluation for 2018 and 2019 are extensively documented in Zambetta et al 2023. This approach goes beyond the conventional coding campaigns, based on automated rule-based coding, and assisted manual coding, offering a more exhaustive analysis.
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11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
Quality assesment is conducted within the INSEE quality approach framework. |
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12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The main users of COD data are Research institutes, Universities, Public Government agencies. The main request from cause of death data users and stakeholders is the access to more recent data. |
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12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
Not available |
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12.3. Completeness | |||
1 |
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12.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
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13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
The main issue limiting the accuracy of the cause of death statistics is data coverage : each year, 98% of civil state registered deaths in France match a death certificate received at Inserm-CépiDc. For the other 2% medical death certificates are missing. These remaining 2% are identified by the impossibility of indirect record linkage between civil state mortality data (collected by INSEE) and the medical death certificate data. They are at the end added to the CoD data with"unspecified cause of mortality". Missing data is non random and overrepresents suspicious deaths for which the death certificate can be blocked at various stages of the process, as described in Transmission of death certificates to CepiDc-Inserm related to suspicious deaths, in France, since 2000 (doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2017.11.006), or some specific small geographical areas, which failed to provide data. However, the accuracy is rather good overall, and at the NUTS 2 level. |
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13.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable. Data collection and processing are based on exhaustive administrative data. |
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13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
Not applicable |
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13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
some due to under-coverage |
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13.3.1. Coverage error | |||
Missing data is nonrandom and overrepresent suspicious deaths for which death certificates can be blocked at various stages of the process, as described in Transmission of death certificates to CepiDc-Inserm related to suspicious deaths, in France, since 2000: |
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13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
Duplicates of certificates (which can happen for e-certificates) are removed during the synchronisation process of CoD deaths with deaths registered to INSEE. Stillbirths and neonatal births do not come from the same source (death certificates vs « programme médicalisé des systèmes d’information ») and those two sources are not linked allowing one to check and correct for double counts. Hence, there is a small risk of overestimating perinatal mortality due to double counting in each source of deaths/stillbirths at day 0. |
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13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
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13.3.2. Measurement error | |||
Not applicable |
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13.3.3. Non response error | |||
only partial non-response |
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13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
Not applicable, deaths with no cause of death certificates are added to the final data set.. |
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13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
Total non-response (not receiving causes of death for a person deceased in France) is added to the dataset with COD coded as R99. Information on age, gender and region of death is available. CepiDc-Inserm does not receive around 2% of CoDs. |
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13.3.4. Processing error | |||
In accordance with WHO recommendations, the physician's description of the cause of death is not questioned when compiling the statistical database. Inserm-CépiDc uses an external service provider to receive, digitize and standardize paper death certificates. Standardization also applies to electronic certificates that are not automatically coded with IRIS/MUSE. During this data entry phase, errors are limited by the use of a transcription software. The service provider sends both the scanned images and the digitized text to Inserm-CépiDc. During the coding phase, the IRIS/MUSE coding software is used both for batch coding and as an interface for manual coding (assisted coding). If the text on a death certificate appears to be inconsistent, the coding team checks the data entry using the scanned image. From deaths in 2021 on, AI coding is integrated as a third mode of coding in regular production. 62% of death certificates in 2021 are automatically batch coded up to the UCOD determination by IRIS/Muse, 25% by AI and the remaining by the coding experts (via assisted coding with IRIS/Muse). Manual coding is targeted to certificates the more complex to code. |
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13.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
not applicable |
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14.1. Timeliness | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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14.1.1. Time lag - first result | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For 2018 and 2019 only – provisional data were disseminated in December 2022. |
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14.1.2. Time lag - final result | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For 2018 and 2019 data only – Final data were sent to Eurostat in September 2023. |
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14.2. Punctuality | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
The cause of death coding is centralized at Inserm-CépiDc. Each region has a coverage rate higher than 95%. Causes of death statistics are largely comparable between geographical areas in France. Nevertheless, discrepancies may arise at a granular geographical and COD level due to: - some regions (Île-de-France) do not send a countable part of their death certificates on a regular basis. This concerns in particular suspicious deaths in the event of a forensic investigation. The total number of deaths for these kinds of causes is therefore subject to variable underestimation over the territory and over time. The medico-legal institute of Paris transmitted medical causes for deaths subject to autopsy occurring from 2018 onwards. - Death certificates can be paper-back or electronic – the rate of electronic death certificates increased in 2020 from 20% at the beginning of the year to 29% in December 2020, it is around 32% in 2021. The certificate model remains consistent, whether is electronically filled or paper, without risk of lack of transmission of data to CepiDc-Inserm for e-certification. Regional discrepancies are noted as concern the rate of e-certification. Since 2018, a new model of certificate was introduced. This new model of death certificate allows certifiers to provide additional information on manner of death especially for external causes of death, which enables to identify more accurately suicides for instance. E-certification was adapted to this new model in January 2018. But its use has been more progressive for paper-back certificates. The old model continues to be used especially by certifiers who do not certify deaths very often. The rates of dissemination can differ on a geographical basis. |
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15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||
Not applicable |
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15.2. Comparability - over time | |||
The 10th revision of the International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD-10) has been implemented by Inserm-CépiDc from reference year 2000 onwards for cause of death statistics production. Except for very specific causes of death, there has been no major changes enough to warrant the designation of a break in series since. Breaks in time comparability include e-certification deployment since 2007, 2017 new model of death certificate (at stake in 2018), and coverage of causes of deaths when forensic investigations occur as detailed above. |
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15.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||
from 2011 on |
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
Checks are done with death records (INSEE) every week, with indirect record linkage every month and at the end of the coding of a given year, and final data includes demographic information also for missing death certificates For 2020 data due to the pandemic, checks were done comparing CoD death certificates with mention of COVID on information feedback from the information systems of hospitals and medico-social local units. COVID dead countings differentials were within acceptable range (less than 15% of differential), see - Fouillet A, Ghosn W, Naouri D, Coudin E. Covid-19 : troisième cause de décès en France en 2020, quand les autres grandes causes baissent. Bull Épidémiol Hebd. 022;(Cov_16):2-15. - Naouri, D., Fouillet, A., Ghosn, W., Coudin, E. (2022, décembre). Covid-19 : troisième cause de décès en France en 2020, quand les autres grandes causes de décès baissent. DREES, Études et Résultats, 1250. |
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15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||
Only annual data are available but data are interpretable by month of death |
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15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts | |||
Not applicable |
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15.4. Coherence - internal | |||
The coding team follows the same rules to code the causes of death. Incoherence between cause of death and age or sex are identified and corrected. |
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Cause of death statistics production costs approximately 2 million euros annually. This bugdet does not cover the cost of the data collection process and its transmission to Inserm-CépiDc.
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17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
There is no data revision and no data revision policy. 2018 and 2019 are exceptions. |
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17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
not applicable |
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17.2.1. Data revision - average size | |||
not applicable |
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18.1. Source data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French death certificates comply with the WHO standards. There are two different templates the neonatal death certificate for deaths occuring on the day of birth up to the 27th day of life and the general (adult) model of death certificate for deaths occuring from the 28th day of life (included) onwards. From 2018 on (and slightly 2017) a new templace of the adult death certificate has been disseminated (but has not totally replaced the old ones). The new template offers more details on death circumstances, which has an impact in evaluating external causes of death. |
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18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Daily |
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18.3. Data collection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data from administrative sources, collected either electronically or on paper. |
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18.3.1. Certification | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Regarding training, not applicable because there is no survey conducted on death certification training or post mortem examination. Table on certification (Percentage)
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18.3.2. Automated Coding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.3.3. Underlying cause of death | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.3.4. Availability of multiple cause | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.3.5. Stillbirths and Neonatal certificates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
French death certificate does not apply to stillbirths. |
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18.4. Data validation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Inconsistencies between the cause of death and other information on the death certificate (age, sex, manner of death) are detected with alerts during coding using the Iris software, so coders can check the original death certificate and correct it. Consistency checks are also run on specific categories (children below 15, pathologies of particular interest for public health, maternal deaths, external causes) and randomly. |
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18.4.1. Coding | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.4.2. Unspecified CoD code | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ICD codes for the underlying cause (% of the Total) |
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18.4.3. Unknown country or region | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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18.4.4. Validation of the coverage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
By indirect record linkage with the population registers. |
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18.5. Data compilation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No operations are performed |
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18.5.1. Imputation - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable, no imputation is made. For deep learning coding of provisional data in 2018 and 2019 see dedicated report |
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18.6. Adjustment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable, no adjustement is made. |
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18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
not applicable |
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None. Annexes: Combining a deep-learning-based approach, rule- based automated expert system and targeted manual coding for ICD-10 cause of death coding of French death certificates in 2018 - 2019 |
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Report on provisional 2018 and 2019 CoD data partly predicted by deep learning |