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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS ROMANIA |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Labour Market Unit Wages and Labour Cost Statistics Department |
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1.5. Contact mail address |
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2.1. Data description | |||
[Not requested] |
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2.2. Classification system | |||
Not available. |
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2.3. Coverage - sector | |||
Not available. |
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2.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
Not available. |
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2.5. Statistical unit | |||
Not available. |
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2.6. Statistical population | |||
Not available. |
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2.7. Reference area | |||
Not available. |
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2.8. Coverage - Time | |||
Not available. |
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2.9. Base period | |||
Not available. |
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3.1. Source data | |||
[Not requested] |
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3.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
[Not requested] |
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3.3. Data collection | |||
[Not requested] |
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3.4. Data validation | |||
[Not requested] |
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3.5. Data compilation | |||
[Not requested] |
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3.6. Adjustment | |||
[Not requested] |
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4.1. Quality assurance | |||
Not available. |
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4.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
[Not requested] |
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5.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
Summary of core users The main Structure of Earnings Survey data users may be grouped as following: (i) internal users:
(ii) external users:
Description of users needs The Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) provides to the users important data on hourly, monthly and annually earnings, on working time, as well as on the structure of earnings. The survey results are available by multiple breakdowns on demo-socio-economical characteristics of the employees: gender, age groups, occupational groups, level of education, length in the enterprise, type and duration of the working time, economic activities, size classes of the enterprise, ownership forms. SES is the only survey conducted at employee level, providing such amount of complex information. Through the SES results the users can find the answers to diverse questions such as:
(i) internal users: The SES outcomes, in relation with the information provided by other surveys, are used by policy makers at national level in establishing the actions and measures for economic development strategies as well as for implementing programs on active measures aimed to improve the employability and as for setting up the policies on wages and salaries.
(ii) external users:
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5.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
(i) internal users: In Romania, official statistics is under the responsibility of National Institute for Statistics (INS). In order to ensure the objective and the transparent and scientific character of the methodologies, indicators and classifications used in statistics, the Council of Co-ordinating the Statistical Activity was set-up. The Council is composed of representatives of:
The representatives of the Council meet quarterly or more frequently when is necessary, in working groups by statistical fields. During these meetings INS receives a strong feed-back from the users in terms of the results already disseminated (including the level of details, breakdowns etc.) and the requests for further needed information to be included in next statistical inquiries. Before finalising the survey tools and launching any survey on wages and labour costs, INS usually consults its main users (Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Protection, Ministry of Public Finances, National Commission for Prognosis, research institutes and universities etc.) and asks for methodological approval given by the “Commission of Methodological Approval”. The SES questionnaire, explanatory notes and annexes with classification were submitted for approval when first launched in 2002. Because no major changes occurred for the 2006 and 2010 surveys, no other methodological approval was needed.
(ii) external users:
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5.3. Completeness | |||
According to the Commission Regulation no 1738/2005 amending Regulation (EC) no 1916/2000, all UE member states had to conduct the Structure of Earnings Survey in 2010, collecting and providing to Eurostat a number of 34 variables (mandatory and optional).
Information collected and provided by Romania answered to Eurostat requests in terms of classifications and breakdowns:
The variables collected and provided by Romania answer to all Commission Regulation requirements, for data transmission:
No compulsory breakdown, in terms of economic activities or size classes, is missing from the Structure of Earnings Survey 2010. Furthermore, data for NACE Rev.2 section A (which is not requested by the regulation) and for section O (which continues to be optional according to the regulation) were collected and provided by Romania. The selection of the employees in the sample was complex, done by each enterprise according to the rule recommended by INS of respecting the proportionality by sex, major groups of occupation and working program of the total number of employees of the enterprise. Thus, a clearer image of the distribution of employees from the whole enterprise was reflected by the selected sample. Even though SES is a complex survey, considered by the respondent units a burden, since a lot of detailed and complex information for each selected employee was asked, the response rate [2] was rather high (89.20%, refusal rate 6.57%).
[1] Compared with 2002, in 2006 and 2010 apprentices were covered by national legislation in force [2] Including: units that responded, dormant units, other unit responded and other events |
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5.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
[Not requested] |
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6.1. Accuracy - overall | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6.2. Sampling error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The coefficients of variation for the key variables for the total population are: |
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6.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The coefficients of variations requested through the Commission Regulation No. 698/2006 are presented in the attached document Coefficients of variation. The computations of CVs were produced using the variance programme CLAN, a SAS macro provided by Swedish statistics. Except for the setting-up of the frame population, no data from registers were used. Annexes: Coefficients of variation |
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6.3. Non-sampling error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Detailed description in the following items. |
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6.3.1. Coverage error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The sampling frame used to draw the sample was built using the Romanian Business Register and contained the statistical information related to the reference period, namely the calendar year of 2010. As consequence the main over/under coverage problems are related to the information quality concerning size class of enterprises by number of employees. In the weighting and adjustment process the unidentified units were assimilated to that of the non-respondent units The weighting procedures applied at enterprise level was done in order to compensate the total non-response, together with the calibration procedures applied at NACE. Rev. 2 division and with information on active enterprise in 2010. The auxiliary variable used for calibration was the number of persons employed (variable 16110 according to Structural Business Survey). The calibration was produced also with the routine of the CLAN programme provided by Swedish statistics. In the table in the attached document Misclassification are presented the measure of misclassifications by size classes by number of employees and NACE Rev.2 category to 1-digit level (section). Annexes: Misclassification |
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6.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A percentage of 1.67% of surveyed enterprises reported a number of employees less than the limit threshold for including criteria in the reference population (at least 10 employees) but the stability of activity is at high level (over 90%). In the meantime it encounters the existence of a 2.20% of unidentified enterprises. In the adjustment procedure the unidentified enterprises were assimilated to the non-response units. |
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6.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.3.2. Measurement error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The information given below refers only to the errors and cases corrected at central level (INS), after the data files were received from all over the country. Statistics on the first level of checking (local level) are not available. One error might need several variables to be corrected or, if the figures correspond to reality due to unusual phenomena, figures were accepted as such and no changes were operated. Most frequent errors that occurred during data checking period:
The number of cases needed to be corrected was not so significant to have an impact on the accuracy of the final results. In the table below are estimated the percentages of cases corrected at central level, by collected variables.
Percentage of cases corrected
For the microdata transmitted to Eurostat the plausibility checks were appliyed and different inconsistencies explained. The Structure of Earnings Survey is based on a stratified sample of enterprises instead of local units due to the fact that the Business Register is not built at local unit level. The sample of employees was selected from local units belonging to the selected enterprises according to the algorithm of selection indicated in the methodological notes, part of the survey tools. Not all the “plausibility checks” were fulfilled, but the number of these cases is not significant (representing about 1.5% from all records):
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6.3.3. Non response error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The treatment of non-response is performed only for the first sampling phase (i.e. to the primary sampling unit level which is the enterprise) and is regarding to the survey status of enterprises and its response. The non-response type used to the collection data phase is:
Non-response type
The enterprises that reported 9 employees or less were considered out of scope units. To perform the adjustments of out of scope units by weighting procedure a model assumption was used. These assumptions are made for each stratum (to first sampling phase level) and are:
The non-response rates broken down by economic activity (NACE Rev.2 division and section level) and by size classes are presented in the attached document Non-response rates. The estimation procedure is performed in two phases, corresponding to the two sampling phases: 1) To the first sampling phase (i.e. to the primary sampling unit level which is the enterprise) The estimation procedure involves the multiplying of the value for each sampled business (yi) by a combination of weights, one being outlier weight (wih), one resulting from the sample design (aih) and one being the non-response adjustment (nrih). An outlier weight is computed as a Windsor weight. The normal score used to set the outlier units is computed taking into account the stratification used in sample design corresponding to the first sampling phase. The adjustment of the non-response is performed by the inverse of response probability and taking into account the stratification used in the sampling design. The overall non-response rate is about 11%. So, for each response primary unit the final weigh is
where “i” is the primary sampling unit index and “h” the stratum index.
2) To the second sampling phase (i.e. to the secondary sampling unit level which is the employee) The final weight of the employee is given by multiplying the inverse of selection probability of the employee (bj), computed separately by gender (men and women), with the enterprise final weight (weightih). So,
where j is the employee index. Annexes: Non-response rates |
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6.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.3.4. Processing error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The SES questionnaire was structured in two parts: Part A – information related to the enterprise (and where applicable, to the local units) and Part B – information relating to each employee in the sample. The variables in Part B were grouped into three chapters: B1 – demo-economic characteristics of the employees, B2 – the working time and the gross amounts corresponding to month October 2010, B3 – the working time and the gross amounts corresponding to whole year 2010.
Detailed explanatory notes were annexed, containing: the scheme needed for the selection of the sample of employees, the definitions of the variables, the classifications of occupations (ISCO08 - 4 digit level) and the classification of educational level (ISCED - 1 digit level). The SES is the only Romanian survey collecting the information at employee level. Generally, the respondents were guided by the statisticians from the territorial statistical offices and in some cases, even assisted by them in how to fill in the questionnaires. Data collection was made by post or e-mail. Electronic questionnaire, designed in Microsoft Excel were also provided by INS to the respondent units, by request. But, the majority of the respondents (80%) preferred to answer by post, using paper questionnaires. The next step was data entry and validation, for which an IT application was used to find all errors and non-correlations, occurred during data collection and data entry. The IT solution for Romanian SES was accomplished using Visual Fox and divided into two components:
The IT solution at local level allowed the data entry and validation at each county level (42 counties in total – NUTS3 level). The IT solution at central level contained the IT programs for:
After validation, data were analysed and corrected where necessary. In order to provide more accurate and reliable data comparisons among variables and/or with other data sources were made. Individual hourly, monthly and annually earnings were compared by occupations, levels of education, age and length of service within the selected employees of the same enterprise. No more than ±30% difference was accepted. In cases above or below limits, the respondent units were contacted and asked for explanations. Basic salaries were compared with the minimum wage guaranteed by the national legislation in force. The basic salaries which were below the minimum wage were not accepted for the employees working full-time or the corresponding proportion from the minimum wage for the employees working part-time. Monthly and annually earnings were correlated for each employee. An estimation of the annual earnings was made, taking into account the period worked during the year. This estimation was compared with the reported annual data. The gross monthly earnings could differ from a month to another due to different financial and working conditions (i.e. break off work for technical or economic reasons, cancellation or new orders, plant breakdowns or raw materials shortage, financial difficulties or technical reasons etc.), which implies annual earnings much different than the one earned in the representative month (October) multiplied by the number of months actually worked. The average monthly earnings aggregated by economic activities and by ownership type and financial control of the enterprises were compared with the same indicator from other two surveys – Labour costs survey 2010, Monthly wages and salaries survey (for month October 2010). For differences more than ±30% data were analysed starting from the employee level and corrected upon case. The average monthly earnings were calculated taking into account the working program of the employees (full-time/part-time). The average annual earnings were calculated taking into account the working program of the employees (full-time/part-time) and the period actually worked during the year. The distribution of employees by major groups of occupation was compared, for the common respondent units, with the same distribution from the Job vacancy suvey for 1st quarter 2011 (when the new ISCO-08 was implemented). In the explanatory notes provided to the respondents there were references for all collected variables. Some problems were caused by the manner of sample selection of the employees by the respondent units. The problems occurred not for the sample size, but for the rule of respecting as much as possible the distribution of the employees of the sample (by sex, occupation groups and working program), as the distribution of the total number of employees of the respondent unit (by sex, occupation groups and working program). About 200 logical tests and correlations were performed for data checking. Logical tests were focussed on key variables such as: sex, date of birth, occupation, management/supervisory position, education level, type of contract, number of hours paid, monthly gross amounts paid, individual contributions, annual gross amounts paid, number of annual days of absence (holidays, sick leave, special events, vocational training).
The correlations were focussed on:
Also, the checks focused on:
Same tests were conducted at local level (territorial statistical offices) as well as at central level (INS). The largest part (about 75%) of the errors found was solved at local level. The figures were corrected after re-contacting the corresponding respondents. The questionnaire design, the detailed explanatory notes, the annexes and the IT solutions developed had as result complete and of good quality data. Items of partial non-response were sent back to the respondent units for filling in the whole information. |
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6.3.4.1. Imputation - rate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
No imputations applied. |
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6.3.5. Model assumption error | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In Romania fiscal year fully corresponds to calendar year. No adjustment of this kind was necessary to be made. Romanian Structure of Earnings Statistics covered all enterprises irrespective of the economic activity performed and having 10 employees and over. According to Eurostat arrangements for implementing the Council Regulation no.530/1999 and the Commission Regulation no. 1738/2005, Romania provided data for:
No combinations between survey data and register data have been undertaken. All data are obtained from the survey. |
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6.4. Seasonal adjustment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.5. Data revision - policy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.6. Data revision - practice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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6.6.1. Data revision - average size | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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7.1. Timeliness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
All the activities carried out by INS during a year are scheduled through the Activity Plan with several months in advance. Annually, INS issues for the users a catalogue of statistical products and services containing the names, periodicity, short descriptions and release dates for all publications. The length period of preparing, carrying out and publishing of the final results for SES 2010 lasted about 26 months (from September 2010 to the end October 2012), as described in the table below:
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7.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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7.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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7.2. Punctuality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The data collection period for SES 2010 was lasted 3.5 months:
Thus, the deadline for receiving the files from territorial statistical offices was 16th May 2011. Since not all enterprises respected the deadline requested, a high proportion of questionnaires were received with delay by the territorial statistical offices. Furthermore, due to the recalls necessary for additional information and corrections of the variables filled in by the enterprises, delays occurred in sending the data files to INS. Only the information on the delays encountered in receiving the data files from the territorial statistical offices to INS is available. Below are presented information on the proportion of data files sent from the territorial statistical offices and the dates when INS received them:
Thus, for the first transmission a delay of 30 days was registered between the scheduled and actual data files transmission. Also, due to several data corrections and delayed respondent units, the files from the territorial statistical offices were remanded several times. The last transmission registered was on 24.01.2012. Even so, no delays were registered into the data transmission to Eurostat or data dissemination at national level. The transmission to Eurostat of the micro data files was in accordance with the legal requirements, as Gesmes files, via eDAMIS, on the 13th of June 2012 (the deadline stipulated by the Council Regulation no. 530/1999 was 30 June 2012). Also, some explanatory notes were transmitted in order to justify the plausibility checks that failed for certain records. |
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7.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[Not requested] |
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8.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
Comparability between national and European concepts on: Definition of statistical units - There is no deviation from European concepts:
Populations - There is no deviation from European concepts:
In respect to the budgetary institutions and public administration REGIS is the most complete register in Romania, based on Official Journal and the collaboration with many administration institutions.
Reference times - There is no deviation from European concepts:
Classifications - There is no deviation from European concepts:
Definitions of variables - There is no deviations from European concepts:
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8.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||
[Not requested] |
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8.2. Comparability - over time | |||
The Romanian SES was carried out for the third time (with 2002, 2006 and 2010 as reference years). No significant changes in definitions, coverage or classifications used since the previous survey. The improvements made in comparison with year 2006 refer only to more detailed methodological notes accompanying the survey questionnaire The tables in the attached document Comparability over time are an illustrating example on data series continuity over the years. Due to strong inflation registered in Romania the last table shows the trends of power of purchasing expressed as the ratio of nominal earnings index divided by consumer prices index (CPI). Annexes: Comparability over time |
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8.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||
[Not requested] |
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8.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
Coherence with National Accounts The comparison between the gross annual earnings in the reference year, expressed per employee, shows some differences between Structure of Earnings Survey and National Account (NA), mainly due to the different coverage of the two data sources. In SES, enterprises with less than 10 employees are excluded, while NA contains information also, for small enterprises and hidden economy. Main data sources for the National Accounts, by NACE Rev 2 sections are:
For better data comparability: Compared with SES, for section K, the NA include persons with other kind of contracts (i.e. insurance agents, field agents), that are not paid from the salary founds. Also, sections N and R include in NA data on small enterprises and hidden economy. Section S include in NA accounting and financial data (i.e. wages and salaries) on trade unions, political parties and other kinds of non-profit institutions serving households etc. The NA data used to obtain gross annual earnings in 2010 are provisional data and might be modified in the final version. [Not requested] |
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8.4. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||
[Not requested] |
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8.5. Coherence - National Accounts | |||
[Not requested] |
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8.6. Coherence - internal | |||
[Not requested] |
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9.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
The SES 2010 data are disseminated through a press release, containing the main results, conclusions and also relevant methodological explanations (definition of the main indicators, classification used, and response rate). The press release is available on INS web-site (both in Romanian and English) for all interested users. |
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9.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
The main publication of Structure of Earnings Survey results is called „Wage disparities – influences”, available only in Romanian language, structured into three parts:
The publication is available in the INS library and can be bought by all interested users from the INS bookshop.
Also, the publication is disseminated and distributed to the main users:
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9.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
No on-line data are available. |
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9.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
[Not requested] |
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9.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
[Not requested] |
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9.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
Upon request, data are provided to a very large number of other users (internal and international). |
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9.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
http://colectaredate.insse.ro/metadata/viewStatisticalResearch.htm?researchId=1835 |
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9.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
[Not requested] |
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9.7.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
[Not requested] |
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9.7.2. Metadata - consultations | |||
[Not requested] |
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[Not requested] |
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11.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
[Not requested] |
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11.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
[Not requested] |
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No comments |
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