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The figures are related to victims and traffickers connected to the criminal offence of trafficking in human beings as defined under Article 2 of the Directive 2011/36/EU. They are available at country level for European Union Member States.  The statistics include, from 2008 onwards:

• Persons in the criminal justice system by legal status(victims/suspected/convicted) and sex
• Victims by citizenship (reporting country/other EU country/non EU country)
• Victims by form of exploitation (sexual/forced labour/others)

Crimes are classified by the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS).

Regions are classified by Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (NUTS).

Legal status is classified according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime definitions.

Not applicable.

VICTIMS AND PERPETRATORS WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM  

Victims definition: A registered victim can include a person who has been formally identified as a victim of trafficking in human beings by the relevant formal authority in a Member State or a person who has met the criteria of the EU Directive but has not been formally identified by the relevant formal authority as a trafficking victim or who has declined to be formally or legally identified as trafficked. 

Comments by countries on Victims(see also 18.1 Source of data for an explanation of the national system for registering victims)

BE: National authorities (if not recorded by police) :"Specialized reception centers". Immigration Offices (the Immigration Office Database does not record the number of belgian victims.)

BG: Provided data from the Police are according to the following texts of the Criminal Code: Section IX of the Criminal Code Trafficking of People  

Article 159a (1) An individual who recruits, transports, hides or admits individuals or groups of people in view of using them for sexual activities, forced labour or begging, dispossession of a body organ, tissue, cell or body fluid or holding them in forceful subjection, regardless of their consent, shall be punished by imprisonment of two to eight years and a fine from BGN three thousand to twelve thousand (2) Where the act under Paragraph 1 has been committed:

1. with regard to an individual who has not turned eighteen years of age;
2. through the use of coercion or by misleading the individual;
3. through kidnapping or illegal imprisonment;
4. through abuse of a status of dependency;
5. through the abuse of power;
6. through promising, giving away or receiving benefits;
7. by an official during or in connection with the fulfilment of his/her official duties, punishment shall be imprisonment from three to ten years and a fine from BGN ten thousand to twenty thousand

(3) Where the act under para 1 has been committed in respect to a pregnant woman to the purpose of selling her child, the punishment shall be imprisonment from three to fifteen years and a fine from BGN twenty thousand to fifty thousand.

Article 159b

(1) An individual who recruits, transports, hides or admits individuals or groups of people and guides them over the border of the country with the objectives under Article 159a, Paragraph 1, shall be punished by imprisonment from three to twelve years and a fine of up to BGN 10,000 to 20,000.

(2) Where the act under Paragraph 1 has been committed in presence of characteristics under Article 159a, Paragraph 2 and 3, the punishment shall be imprisonment from five to twelve years and a fine from BGN twenty thousand to fifty thousand.

Article 159c

A person who takes advantage of a person who suffered from human trafficking for acts of debauchery, forced labour or begging, dispossession of a body organ, tissue, cell or body fluid or holding him in forceful subjection, regardless of his consent shall be punished by imprisonment from three to ten years and a fine from BGN ten thousand to twenty thousand.

Article 159d

Where acts under articles 159a - 159c qualify as dangerous recidivism or have been committed at the orders or in implementing a decision of an organized criminal group, the punishment shall be imprisonment from five to fifteen years and a fine from BGN twenty thousand to one hundred thousand, the courts being also competent to impose confiscation of some or all possessions of the perpetrator.

Provided data from the SACP are according to the Coordination mechanism for care of cases of unaccompanied Bulgarian children and children victims of trafficking returning from abroad.

CZ: Registering organisation = Police of the Czech Republic

DK: The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking collects data from the different authorities identifying vicitms of human trafficking. The number of victims comprises all persons officially identifed as victims of human trafficking.

EL: Most reporting forms were received by actors of the Public Sector: Police, Asylum Service, Reception and Identification Service (incl. the National Public Health Organization within RIS's accommodation facilities) and 99 were from Civil Society actors. The increased number of identified victims and reported to the NRM in 2022 compared to the previous years is considered to be related to a variety of factors, mainly the advance of familiarity with the issue of human trafficking and the NRM function of RIS field professionals and stability of partnerships built within NRM.

FR: Victims of offences of human trafficking are counted one time in each procedure opened by the police forces. The production of our database has been modified in 2021. The impact on the data is minimal. The levels are therefore not comparable to previous ones.


CY: The number of victims for 2021 is close to the number of victims identified in 2020 (25 VOTS) and is relatively low compared to 36 identified VOTS in 2019. This is mainly because of the COVID-19 pandemic and the restriction of movements of people. In 2022, A total number of sixteen persons were identified as victims of human trafficking by the Office of Combating Trafficking in Human beings. The majority of victims are female, regarding several forms of trafficking.

LT: IBPS data base used by law enforcement agencies

LU: These numbers include also the potential victims.

HU: All victims have been included against whom a crime has been committed in the context of trafficking in human beings.

MT: Includes the total number of persons registered. The data collected from the 2 sources is checked for double counting.

NL: National authorities (if not recorded by police) are Dutch Royal Marechaussee (KMar), Netherlands Labour Authority (NLA), Immigration and Naturalisation Service (IND) and other government institutions. Other non-national authorities are care coordinators, youth care, shelters, ngo's, lawyers/legal services, international organisations, return organisations. Unkown registering organization: individuals, clients, victims themselves.

AT: Definition of "victim" as recorded by the police: A victim is a natural person, which has experienced an intentionally committed offence against them. Within the offence, the victim can be the subject of violence, dangerous threats, suffering harm or a violation of any other legally protected rights. The closed investigation report of the police, including the information on the victims, is forwarded to the public prosecutor´s office. At this point, the statistical data acquisition process for the PCS is completed. Each victim is counted individually within the offence. If a person is repeatedly the victim of different offences, it is counted separately for each offence due to the anonymity of the recorded data of the Austrian Police-Recorded Crime Statistics (PCS). Furthermore, a person is considerd a victim regardless if the offence was an attempt or a completed offence.

Definition of "victim" as recorded by NGOs: NGOs do not distinguish between identified or presumed victims. They offer unconditional assistance. The formal identification is through the police.

PL: The number of identified/registered victims is presented by the National Prosecutor's Office. 

RO: Within the registering organisation it was considered National Agency Against Trafficking in Persons authority, the Romanian national Rapporteur, which is operationalizing a national database regarding victims of trafficking in persons, with data provided by the competent police units for combating trafficking in persons (from Romanian Police) and regional centers of the Agency.

SK: Data on victims relate to identified victims of THB (those who were supported and provided with assistance and care) and formally identified victims (those who cooperated with the police investigators in investigated cases, regardless if they were supported and provided with assistance and care or not). Double counting is prevented as there is a unified statistical information system of Ministry of the Interior on victims and perpetrators of THB.

FI: Number of cases in which a person is a victim of trafficking

SE: The number of victims of trafficking in human beings refers to each unique individual who has been registered by the police or other investigating agencies as exposed to trafficking in human beings during the reference year, regardless of the number of reported offences of human trafficking the person etc. has been exposed to. Please note that the registration of victims for reported offences often takes place at an early stage of the proceedings, often before an investigation is opened.

Persons Suspected definition: Suspects refer to persons brought into formal contact for trafficking in human beings with the police/criminal justice system. “Formal contact" with the police and/or criminal justice system may include persons suspected, or arrested or cautioned, for a criminal offence of trafficking in human beings, at the national level.

Comments by countries on Persons Suspected  (see also 18.1 Source of data)  

BG: Provided data are from the Police and cover the following articles of the Criminal Code: 159a; 159b; 159c; 159d.

CZ: Police of the Czech Republic reports the suspected person (offender) after the start of criminal procedure.

DK: It is not possible to distinguish between actual trafficking and the use of services. In Denmark they are both recorded under the same type of offence.
EL: Data from Hellenic Police.

FR: Suspected persons of offences of human trafficking are counted one per procedure registered by police. The production of our database has been modified in 2021, we include all suspected persons whether the offence is principal or secondary. The levels are therefore not comparable to previous ones.

CY: The calculation of suspected persons is based on cases investigated be the Office of Combating Human Trafficking.
LV: Unique persons suspected for THB are counted.

HU: Starting from July 1, 2018 there has been a change of the rules applied while counting perpetrators. Instead of the previously used category („registered perpetrators”) the data published concerns the perpetrators of crime. Because of the existing differences between these categories the numbers regarding registered perpetrators and perpetrators of crime cannot be fully compared to each other. All perpetrators have been included who have committed a crime in the context of trafficking in human beings.
MT: Suspected persons included in these tables includes persons registered by the police, i.e. where an investigation has been initiated and the suspect has been arraigned. Therefore persons who are suspects but have not been arraigned yet are not included.
NL: These only include suspects registered by the police, suspects known to the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee (KMar) or the Netherlands Labour Authority (NLA) are not included here. The Dutch Rapporteur has no non-aggragated data available on suspects from these organisations. Using police data (via CBS) is a departure from previous Questionnaires, when data from the Centre of Expertise on Smuggling in Human Beings and Trafficking in Human Beings (EMM) was used. These data only referred to suspects involved in THB investigations, the current data used refers to suspects registered in possible offences of THB so more accurately corresponds with the data requested. However, it is important to note as this is a trend break which will make comparing years more difficult. Finally it is important to note that in line with publishing guidelines of CBS all numbers have been rounded to the nearest five and that numbers below five cannot be shown.
PT: The data concerns the number of agents / suspects identified in crimes recorded by the police forces, by sex, in that year.

FI: Series of offence calculated as more than one offence/person suspected

SE: The number of persons refers to every unique individual suspected of trafficking in human beings in the reference year, regardless of the number of offences. Only suspected persons where the investigation of the offence has been finalized (either closed down or led to prosecution et al.) and where the suspicion is of the degree "resonable suspicion/probable cause" are included in the statistics.

Persons Convicted definition: Persons found guilty for trafficking in human beings by any legal body authorized to pronounce a conviction under national criminal law, whether or not the conviction was later upheld.

Comments by countries on Persons Convicted (see also 18.1 Source of data)

BG: Data cover persons convicted with final sentences came into force during the reporting year. Data cover the following articles of the Criminal Code: 159a; 159b; 159c; 159d.

CZ: It is the number of persons convicted in the given year. The number of convicted persons in the given year could be higher than the number of prosecuted persons due to the time delay and the fact that the data are from another source. Example: the prosecution started in 2019 and the case was brought to court in 2019 as well. But the person was convicted in 2020. Thus the persons is reported in prosecuted persons in 2019, but in convicted persons in 2020.
DK: It it not possible to distinguish between actual trafficking and the use of services. In Denmark they are both recorded under the same type of offence.

DE:  Source: Federal Statistical Office. Criminal Court Conviction Statistics on final court decisions related to persons and to single sections of the Criminal Penal Code.   EL: Τhe number of convicted persons is collected by Judicial Statistics Bureau through a digital platform, to which all the courts of the country are connected and certified employees of the courts log in with their personal codes and register the data relating to their court. The Bureau extracts the data, processes them, and registers them in the survey.

FR: Decisions delivered by 1st instance courts (except "cours d'assises" that judge "major" crimes), either they are final or not. From 2017 to 2019, "cours d'assises" have convicted 22 people for trafficking in human beings.
HR: In 2022 there was no final, i.e. unappealable, convictions for THB in Croatia.
IT: The decrease in the number of convicted in 2022 is due to a more restricted definition for THB considered in the counting.
CY: The number is based on court decisions on human trafficking cases for convictions.
LV: Number of concvicted persons are number of accused persons that are found guilty by the final instance court. If a person is convicted more times about the offence of human trafficking in the reference period, the person is counted once.

LU: The numbers only include persons that have been definitely convicted (by a final decision taken by a court of first instance, court of appeal or last instance court), in order to avoid counting some persons twice and falsifying the data. We take into consideration the date of the decision.
HU: The number of convicted persons is equivalent to the actual number of persons who have been convicted for having committed a crime in the context of trafficking in human beings, regardless of the number of offences committed by them.
MT: Convicted persons included in these tables includes persons registered by the Courts.
NL: These are the settlements by a judge on case-level. Note that one case can have multiple offences. Only the offence with the heaviest punishment within a case is taken into account. Cases against legal entities have not been taken into account.
AT: Legally effective (last instance) convictions refer not only to convictions with human trafficking as leading offence of the conviction, but to all convictions with human trafficking as one of the underlying offences.

PT: The data available regards the number of persons convicted in cases closed in the trial phase in first instance judicial courts. The counting of the defendants takes into account the most serious crime for which they were convicted.
RO: Data source: General Direction for Combating Organized Crime and Terrorism (DIICOT)

SE: The number of convictions refers to the number of decisions regarding a unique person and includes convictions were THB is the principal offence.
The same individual can be counted several times in the statistics if he or she is convicted for THB on several occasions during the reference year.

Victims/Suspected persons/Convicted persons by sex

Data on victims, suspected and convicted persons is collected on the total number of female and male persons. The categories ‘Other’ and ‘Unknown’ are also provided in the data collection but are not disseminated.

Victims by Citizenship

Member States are requested to list all the countries of citizenship of trafficked victims (by sex and age (adult/child)) based on information in their passport or in other identity documents and state the total number of victims per country per year. The data provided should be absolute numbers (not percentages).  To avoid double counting, it is advisable to count only one citizenship per victim. Data protection laws should be complied with. Stateless, Refugee, Unknown but in the EU and Unknown but outside the EU categories are also available.

Disseminated data are further aggregated in:

Comments by countries on Victims' citizenship

CZ: Police registers report citizienship according the international Country codes

IE: Nigerian nationals continue to account for the highest share of victims

EL: NRM data

FR: If there are less than 5 victims of a country's nationality by age, in order to respect statistical confidentiality, they are classified first as "Unknown" sex and if it is not enough as "Unknown but in the EU", "Unknown but outside the EU" or "Unknown".

CY: Romania and Egypt remain high as countries of origin of vots, regarding different types of exploitation.

LT: IBPS data base

HU: Due to dual citizenship, there can be discrepancy between number and citizenships.

MT: Refers to the citizenship registered with respective entities.

NL: Nationality was used as a proxy for citizenship.

AT: LEFÖ-IBF (NGO) does not collect data that is coherently linked to persons. Therefore, LEFÖ-IBF cannot provide information on the linkage of citizenship and another category (such as citizenship and age). Due to the evaluation of the database, LEFÖ-IBF cannot link additional categories other than sex. Thus, the age were indicated as unknown. Note from MEN-VIA (NGO): In Austria we have a big trafficking case with male asylum seekers form Iraq, so all Irawqi victims are just from this one case

SE: There is no data available on citizenship

Victims by form of exploitation

Member States are requested to list the total number of victims (by sex and age group) by form of exploitation. The identified forms of exploitation are: Sexual, Forced Labour including domestic servitude, Forced Begging/Use for Begging, Criminal Activities, Removal of Organs, Benefit Fraud, and Others (such as Forced Marriages, Illegal Adoptions, Selling of Children). 

Forced begging or Use for begging means the exploitation of begging, including the use of a trafficked dependent person for begging.

Criminal Activities: exploitation for the purpose of Criminal Activities such as drug trafficking, terrorism and petty crimes. Where possible, indicate the types of criminal activity involved.

Benefit Fraud: exploitation for the purpose of Benefit Fraud is singled out based on the increase identified in Europol's Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment report of 2013 and as it is included in Europol, Situation Report (2016), Trafficking in human beings.

Others: Exploitation for the purpose of Forced Marriage, Illegal Adoption, Selling of Children, Slavery, etc.

In case of multiple forms of exploitation for the same victim, in the data collection the following categories are available: Sexual and labour, Sexual and other form of exploitation, Labour and other form of exploitation, Other multiple forms of exploitation.

The total number of victims by form of exploitation must match with the total number of victims and any differences should be explained.

Disseminated data are further aggregated in the categories 'Trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation [ICCS02041], 'Trafficking in persons for forced labour or services [ICCS02042]', Trafficking in persons for other purposes [ICCS02043 and ICCS02044]'.Thus, the category ‘Trafficking in persons for other purposes’ includes Forced Begging/Use for Begging, Criminal Activities, Removal of Organs, Benefit Fraud, and Others (such as Forced Marriages, Illegal Adoptions, Selling of Children).

Victims exploited by more forms of exploitation are counted in both categories.  As a victim exploited, for exemple, by sexual and other form is counted in both categories, the sum of the forms of exploitation is not equal to the number of victims. However, the total number of victims is available in the dataset ‘Persons involved in trafficking in human beings by legal status and sex’.

Comments by countries on Victims' form of exploitation

  BE: Other form of exploitation = smuggling ; unknown = not clearly established

CZ: Form of exploitation by relevant paragraph and article of the Criminal Code of the Czech Republic.   DE: Other form of exploitation contains cases of Trafficking in children (Section 236 subsections 1-5 of the German Criminal Code) and Commercial sexual exploitation of minors. Since 2016, further criminal offences of sexual exploitation of minors have been set out in the German situation report on human trafficking and exploitation provided that the individual offence was of a commercial nature. Commercial sexual exploitation of minors is defined as the "sexual abuse by adults and payment of the child or a third person in money or in kind." […] The child is treated not only as a sexual object but also as a commodity.“ The criminal offences in question are Section 176 subsection 5 of the German Criminal Code: Offering a child for sexual abuse, Section 176 subsection 3 of the German Criminal Code: Sexual abuse for the production of child pornography, Section 180 subsection 1 no. 1 of the German Criminal Code: Acting as an intermediary to encourage minors to engage in sexual activity, Section 180 subsection 2 of the German Criminal Code: Promoting sexual acts by minors for material gain, Section 182 subsection 2 of the German Criminal Code Sexual abuse of juveniles for material gain. In 2020, cases of Forced marriage (Section 237 subsection 1 of the German Criminal Code) were added to the counting of cases for the German situation report on human trafficking and exploitation. Therefore, these cases have been added to Other form of exploitation . In year 2022, other form of exploitation included are forced marriage and child trafficking. Criminal offences of sexual exploitation of minors have been counted in the category "sexual exploitation".
IE: Sexual exploitation and labour exploitation continue to be the largest reported type of exploitation.
  EL: NRM data. Other: forced marriage, recruitment in armed companies, illegal collection of benefits, etc..

FR: The statistical services of Ministries of the Interior and Justice use the same scope on human trafficking, which includes different offences. In France, the offence of human trafficking does not provide any information on the form of exploitation. The definition of traffcking in human beings in the Penal Code specifies the purposes of trafficking through other offences defined elsewhere in this code (e.g. aggravated procuring). The scope contains 8 different groups referring to different offences: (1) offences of human trafficking, (2) offences of aggravated procuring, (3) offences of enslavement, (4) offences of exploitation of begging, (5) offences of unidgnified working and living conditions, (6) offences of forced labour, (7) offences of reduction to servitude and (8) offences of organ trafficking.
In the scope of Eurostat questionnaire :
- Forced begging/use for begging refers to offences of exploitation of begging
- Forced labour, including domestic servitude refers to unworthy working and housing conditions, forced labour and reduction to servitude
- Removal of organs refers to offences of organ trafficking
- Sexual exploitation refers to aggravated procuring.
- Other form of exploitation refers to enslavement.
- Unknown form of exploitation refers to human trafficking offences without other offences
If a person is a victim of human trafficking offence and of another offence of aggravated procuring for example, this person is counted as a victim of sexual exploitation.  Data are unavailable in France for the following categories: Benefit Fraud, Criminal Activities.

CY: For the year 2021 sexual and labour exploitation remain the forms of exploitation that most persons were identified as VOTS. Human trafficking for committing criminal activities and for sexual and labor exploitation are the types of exploitation that have mainly occurred in 2022.

LT: IBPS data base

MT: Classified as the main form/s of exploitation registered by respective entity.
NL: Benefit fraude is not a registration category at CoMensha, so no data is available on this form of exploitation. It is possible that victims of benefit fraude were registrered as victims of criminal exploitation. There is also no registration category of 'other types of exploitation at CoMensha, so there is also no data available on that.
AT: Comment related to "other form of exploitation": The number given in the category "other form of exploitation" includes the numbers for benefit fraud, criminal activities and forced begging/use for begging. Comment related to "Forced labor, including domestic servitude": The number given in the category "Forced labor, including domestic servitude" includes labor exploitation, exploitation in domestic households and exploitation in marriage. Comment related to "multiple forms of exploitation": The LEFÖ-IBF database cannot register more than one form of exploitation for each victim. Therefore, every victim is registered in only one category of exploitation, even if multiple forms of exploitation were given. LEFÖ-IBF database cannot provide linked information between age and form of exploitation, therefore the age was indicated as unknown.
PL: All forms of exploitation are counted for victims that are affected by multiple forms of exploitation.

SE: There is no information about trafficking for the purpose of criminal activities or benefit fraud.
Furthermore, there is no information/data for combinations of different forms of exploitation. Data is based on a crime codes registered on the reports of offences etc. that specify four form of exploitations - sexual, removal of organs, warfare and forced labour - in accordance with the legislation. There is also a fith crime code for other forms of exploitation - which can include all other forms.   More details on methodological rules are available in metadata Crime and Criminal Justice (crim).

The statistical units are people, depending on the type of statistics: victims, suspects and convicted.

For administrative data, the statistical population for each statistic is the complete register (all the relevant records). 

For people, all ages and nationalities are counted.

European Union Member States.
Certain territories are excluded and more details are provided in Crime and criminal justice (crim) metadata.

The current tables are available from 2008 onwards.

Not applicable.

Absolute number.

Rate by 100.000 population size.

Population size defined as resident population January 1st according to Eurostat database population figures.

The standard reference period is the calendar year.

The Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/629/JHA.

Directive 2011/36/EU Article 19 - National rapporteurs or equivalent mechanisms states "Member States shall take the necessary measures to establish national rapporteurs or equivalent mechanisms. The tasks of such mechanisms shall include the carrying out of assessments of trends in trafficking in human beings, the measuring of results of anti-trafficking actions, including the gathering of statistics in close cooperation with relevant civil society organisations active in this field, and reporting."

Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics(recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.

Decisions regarding disclosure risk and the selection and implementation of disclosure control methods rest with the national data suppliers.

In general, data are released within 13 months after the reference year.

Release calendar - Eurostat (europa.eu)

In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice, Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.

Annual.

Ad hoc news releases on-line.

Trafficking in human beings Statistics Explained  

Crime Publication section - https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/crime/publications  

Eurostat and DG HOME publications on Trafficking in Human Beings:

 Trafficking in human beings (2013 edition)

Trafficking in human beings (2015 edition)

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT accompanying the Report on the progress made in the fight against trafficking in human beings (2016)

Data collection on trafficking in human beings in the EU (2018)

Data collection on trafficking in human beings in the EU (2020)

Statistics and trends in trafficking in human being in the European Union in 2019-2020 accompanying the Report on the progress made in the fight against trafficking in human beings (Fourth Report) (2022)

Tables are available on-line in Eurostat webpage Crime Database and are updated annually.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Each country determines the data production and is responsible for its documentation. Data are produced by official authorities such as Police, Prosecution, Court Administration, Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Justice. Each country determines which authority or statistical office should collect, check and send data and documentation.   

EUROSTAT methodological guidance 2024 for more details on counting rules can be found at https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=KS-GQ-24-010.

More details (as listed below) on methodological rules are available in metadata Crime and Criminal Justice (crim) 10.6. Documentation on methodology section:

• Stage of data collection of police and courts statistics
• Counting unit of police, prosecutions and courts data
• Counting rules for persons when counting the number of persons in reference to an offence (use of principle offence rule, counting of persons for multiple/serial offences of the same type, counting the same person multiple times in the same year).

Monitoring EU crime policies using the International Classification of Crime for Statistical Purposes (ICCS)  This publication is the second in a series of Eurostat booklets to support the implementation of the ICCS, with the first booklet providing general remarks, a roadmap for the implementation as well as translations of ICCS category titles in all official EU languages. The overall purpose of this second booklet is to describe how the specific criminal offences defined in the legislation passed at EU level should be mapped to the ICCS. For these offences, a common approach towards the alignment with the ICCS needs to be developed, where possible, to ensure that all EU Member States treat these offences consistently when applying the ICCS at national level. A paragraph on Trafficking in human beings crime can be found.  

Trafficking in human beings - 2013 edition This publication presents the first report at the EU level on statistics on trafficking in human beings. It includes data for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010.  

Trafficking in human beings - 2015 edition This publication constitutes the second working paper at the EU level on statistics on trafficking in human beings and contains data for the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. 

None.

Data are provided to Eurostat by a contact designated by each country. Notably, this contact can be another authority than the national statistical office. Each country determine its own procedures for gathering data from several different authorities. According to Article 19 of the Directive, National rapporteurs or equivalent mechanisms (NREM) should be established in Member States whose tasks include the gathering of statistics in close cooperation with relevant civil society organisations active in this field, and reporting.

No assessment has been made.

The need to provide information on the crime of trafficking in human beings in the European Union is mandatory under article 19 of the Directive 2011/36/EU.

No user satisfaction survey has been done.

Data is missing for some countries, for some years, in nearly all tables, for all types of statistics.

The table below shows the number of countries for which data are disseminated in each dataset:

Principally, administrative crime statistics indicates the registration and handling of cases by authorities such as Police, Prosecution and Courts. Also other National and Non-National Organization are involved in recording victims. Relative to the administrative data used, the accuracy is largely unknown.

Not applicable - data are from administrative records.

Data from administrative records are likely to contain some random errors (mistakes) as well as systematic errors (bias).

The data for the reference year Y are requested for the 31th of July of year Y+1. After the validation checks have been applied to the data, the countries are consulted again to revise any inconsistencies or to provide additional reference metadata. In 2023 data colection (2022 data), 14 out of 27 countries provided the data by the deadline, while the last countries provided data in December 2023.

Following data validation, the data are published on the Eurostat website, within 13 months of the reference year. No delay are foreseen in 2024.

Comparability in crime statistics is affected by many factors, such as differences in:

• Legal system and criminal justice system Legislation, criminal law and legal definitions
• Organisation and efficiency of police, prosecution, courts and prisons
• Recording stage of police data (input, process or output data)
• Recording system, reporting system, and production system
• Relation between national crime definition and international statistical definition
• Statistical unit and statistical population
• Statistical definition, reference time, counting methods and calculation methods
• Reporting rate for the crime

See the list of factors in 15.1. Changes in any of the factors can affect the comparability over time.

Not examined.

The internal coherence of the data is checked with basic validation rules (see section 18.4. Data validation). Figures for categories may not add up to the total, because information for some categories is unknown.

Not estimated.

To further specify the general Eurostat revision policy, the following revision policy has been established for the crime domain. Revisions to the data are possible at any time, but only based on new data received from national contact.

The revision practice effectively corresponds to the revision practice of the domain listed under sub concept 17.1 (data revision – policy).

All reported errors (once validated) result in corrections of the disseminated data.

Reported errors are corrected in the disseminated data as soon as the correct data have been validated.

Data are only published once they are deemed to be sufficiently complete for all data providers.

Whenever new data are provided and validated, the already disseminated data are updated.

Aggregates and components are revised at the same time.

There are several different data producing sources, such as Police, Prosecution, Courts, Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Justice and other National or Non-National organization with regard to victims. The source data type is records in administrative registers.

Comments by countries on the national system for registering victims

 BG: Provided data from the 'Police' include persons registrered as victims of THB by the Police. Provided data from 'National authorities (if not recorded by police)' is from the State Agency for Child Protection (SACP). The data include children victims of trafficking returning from abroad. 

 CZ: Police of the Czech Republic does not register victims according to the Act on Victims of Crime, but as The object of the attack (man or woman).

 DE: The information is based on the reports submitted by the Land Criminal Police Offices, the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) and the Federal Police about police investigations into the relevant fields of crime which were concluded in Germany during the year under review and featured crime scenes in Germany. In autumn of 2016, an amendment implementing the Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings came into force. When this Directive was implemented, the German penal provisions on human trafficking (sections 232 ff. of the German Criminal Code) were re-defined and extended. In addition to sexual exploitation and labour exploitation, further forms of exploitation are also regulated by law since autumn of 2016, such as exploitation of forced begging, exploitation of forced criminality and organ harvesting.

DK: In Denmark different authorities have the tasks of identifying victims of human trafficking, according to the current residence of the victim. The final assessment of human trafficking is in most cases (except some asylumcases) based on an initial identification by the Danish Centre agasint Human Trafficking or NGO's under the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking. The Danish Immigration Service(US) has the task of identifying victims without a legal residence permit and asylum seekers and the Danish Centre against Human Trafficking (CMM) is responsible for identifying victims with a legal residence and in case of a potential victims being charged with a criminal offence, the court will assess wether the person is a victim of human trafficking. Reistrering organisation is understood as the Authority officially identifying/assessing if a person is a victim of human trafficking.

DE: The information is based on the reports submitted by the Land Criminal Police Offices, the Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) and the Federal Police about police investigations into the relevant fields of crime which were concluded in Germany during the year under review and featured crime scenes in Germany. In autumn of 2016, an amendment implementing the Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings came into force. When this Directive was implemented, the German penal provisions on human trafficking (sections 232 ff. of the German Criminal Code) were re-defined and extended. In addition to sexual exploitation and labour exploitation, further forms of exploitation are also regulated by law since autumn of 2016, such as exploitation of forced begging, exploitation of forced criminality and organ harvesting.

EE: The data is from the National Social Insurance Board, which is the central body in coordinating assistance and services to THB victims. All persons identified are "presumed" victims, but all of them have got services from the National Social Insurance Board.

IE: Victims are reported either directly to An Garda Síocána, Health Services, Child & Family agency or non government organisations such as Ruhama. Victims are recorded through the National Referral Mechanism (NRM). The NRM provides a way for all agencies, both State and civil society, to co-operate, share information about potential victims, identify those victims and facilitate their access to advice, accommodation and support. It is the framework through which States fulfil obligations to protect and promote the human rights of trafficking victims. Once the victim Once that victim is referred to An Gara Síocána, they are offered all of the services of any other victim of trafficking referred via the NRM.

EL: The National Referral Mechanism for the Protection of Victims of Human Trafficking (NRM), consists of all active actors in the field, including state and public bodies, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations, who may identify presumed victims of trafficking and provide services to them. The NRM is managed and operated by the National Center for Social Solidarity (gr. akr.: EKKA) of the Ministry of Social Cohesion and Family and supervised by the Office of the National Rapporteur for Combating Human Trafficking of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

ES: Victims formally identified by State law enforcement agencies.

FR: In France, only the police and gendarmerie services, and since 2016, labour inspectors can formally identify a victim of human trafficking. To avoid double counting, the French Ministerial Statistical Department for Internal Security (SSMSI) only gives the number of victims identified by the law enforcement.

HR: Accordin to Protocol on Identification, Assistance and Protection of Victims of Human Trafficiking, Article 1, indentification of victims of human trafficking is carried out by the Ministry of Interior. During the process of identification of a victim, Ministry of Interior will cooperate with civil society organizations. In case victim is a child, Ministry of Interior will cooperate in the process of identification with the institutions responsible for social welfare and the civil society organizations. Competent authority is obliged to inform the national coordinator for combating human trafficking about the victim immediately after the identification has been carried out. Operative Team of the National Committee for Combating Human Trafficking can also make identification of victims of human trafficking. After the identification of a victim, the national coordinator for combating trafficking in human beings from Ministry of Interior immediately informs about the victim the responsible head of coordination of the mobile teams. Mobile teams for providing first forms of aid and protection to victims of human trafficking consist of persons authorized for providing first forms of aid and protection to newly identified victims. Members of the mobile team must be available 24 hours. Mobile teams consist of specially trained representatives of the social welfare centers, Croatian Red Cross and civil society organizations which deal with combating human trafficking.

IT: In 2022, data on victims are from the protection system (as collected by the Department of Equal Opportunity). In 2021 data on victims was provided from police sources.

CY: The relevant body for the identification of victims in Cyprus is the THB Office of the Cyprus Police. No other organisation, governmental or not, can identify victims of human trafficking. The potential victims are referred to the Police which are the competent authority for the identification of victims. In practice, formalized procedures for identifying victims of human trafficking are in place, as set in the National Referral Mechanism. In addition, the identification of victims is based on a specific Victim Assessment Form, which was approved by the Chief of Police and is based on international recognized indicators.
The National Referral Mechanism provides for the appropriate guidance and standard operating procedures for handling victims and potential victims of human trafficking (including identifying and referring victims to services), so that victims and potential victims have access to their rights. All authorities and organizations involved with dealing with (presumed) victims have been informed and trained on the Mechanism for a more effective outcome. 

LV: Victims are registered by police and mandated NGOs. Identified victims are victims identified by police as a part of a criminal proceeding and victims who received services from NGOs. To receive services victims are evaluated by special commission who decides weather victim matches criteria or not. Those victims who doesn’t matches the criteria are considered presumed victims. Other organisations (border guard, consular services, other NGOs) might identify victim, however, they do not register this information but refers to police and/or mandated NGOs.

LT: Victims formally are identified by law enforcement agencies.

LU: Police is centralising the registration of all the victims. There are 3 categories of victims: Presumed victims, identified victims and potential victims. The last category concerns detected persons by the labour inspectorate where there is a suspicion that those persons might be victims of THB but were Police and Prosecutor still have to be charged of the file in order to determine if they are victims or not. The labour inspectorate cannot identify victims as they have no specific competence in THB but only in labour law issues and irregular employment of third country national.

HU: The Ministry of Interior and the Office of the Prosecutor General jointly collect data in the Unified Statistical System of Investigations and Prosecutions (ENyÜBS). The database contains data on registered crimes, registered perpetrators as well as registered victims of crimes that are sanctioned by the Hungarian Criminal Code. Moreover, THB victims can also be identified and registered by several other actors, e.g. healthcare providers, immigration office or public education institutions as introduced by the Decree 354/2012 (13/12) of the Government which has been adopted in order to comply with the Directive 2011/36/EU of the European Parliament and the Council. Bodies entitled to identification pursuant to Gov. Decree 354/2012. fill in the identification data sheet and refer the victims to assistance (e.g. hotline, victim support service, sheltered accommodation) through EKAT System since 2017.

MT: Victims included in these tables includes persons registered by the police, i.e. where an investigation has been initiated, and persons registered with Appogg (refer to https://fsws.gov.mt/en/appogg/Pages/overview.aspx).

NL: The main data source for victim registration is the NGO CoMensha (Coordination Centre against Trafficking in Human Beings). CoMensha is mandated by the ministry of Justice and Security to register presumed victims of trafficking in human beings on behalf of the monitoring and reporting task of the Dutch National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children.
All presumed victims should be reported by any organization or individual to CoMensha. The police and the Royal Netherlands Mareschaussee (military border control) are obligated by law to register any and all presumed victims that they encounter with CoMensha. In addition, other organizations that come across victims are also strongly urged to report to CoMensha. Hence, presumed victims are also referred by the NGO's, the Netherlands Labour Authority (NLA), the Immigration and Naturalization Service, regional care coordinators, shelters, other institutions of aid to (presumed) victims, organized return institutions (such as the International Organisation for Migration), refugee aid organization, legal services, and incidentally individuals (such as lawyers). Victims reported to CoMensha are all presumed victims, there is no formal assessment of victimization in place.

AT: Police, prosecution and NGOs each follow a different logic when it comes to recording victims. Due to anonymity of the data, it is currently not possible to avoid double counts between these entities. In order to deliver only one single number, the sum of all victims recorded by NGOs is given. NGO data is provided by the three main victim assistance services in Austria: LEFOE-IBF (Intervention Centre for Trafficked Women), MEN VIA (assistance for male victims of THB) and Drehscheibe (service of the city of Vienna for unaccompanied foreign minors – e.g. refugees, but also victims of trafficking).

Double counting of victims between police, prosecution and NGOs cannot be avoided (e.g. the same victim is registered by the police or prosecution and also by a victim assistance service). Double counts between different NGOs are not very likely because they generally tend to different victim groups (men/women/children), so the numbers were added in the respective sheets. LEFÖ-IBF as the recognized victims protection facility, working on behalf of the Ministry of Interior and the Federal Chancellery, offers unconditional assistance. On ground principle of confidentiality, LEFÖ-IBF can also identify a victim and offer the assistance in respect to the offer the woman wishes. Therefore, LEFÖ-IBF does not distinguish between identified or presumed victims. The collected data shows the overall assistance received from LEFÖ-IBF by women and girls in Austria. The formal identification is through the police.

PL: Data on human trafficking in Poland is collected by the Police, Border Guard and the National Prosecutor's Office, and then sent to the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, where it is analyzed

PT: The Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings (OTSH) starts to collect data from the moment of a presumed situation.
If the registers came from Law Enforcement Agencies, they are classify by the data providers as “Pending/In Investigation”. After concluding the criminal investigation/deduction of the Prosecution, the registers are reclassify by the data providers to:
• Confirmed victim (identify);
• Non-Confirmed victim.
Registers coming from NGO’s/other bodies that do not transit to Law Enforcement Agencies are classify by data providers as:
• “Presumed by NGO’s/other bodies” – understood as a person who has met the criteria of the EU Directive on Trafficking in Human Beings (note: these entities cannot formally identified victims) or,
• “Victim not considered” – understood as a person who has not met the criteria.
In order to avoid double counting, and asides the OTSH analysis of registers (cross checking of variables/indicators), the OTSH conducts meetings with the data providers (either meetings with Law Enforcement Agencies or between theses and the NGOs/Other bodies network - exchange of information). If a victim is registered more than once the registers are merged and counted just once (nullify duplicate records). The OTSH also conducts the analysis on registers that may result in nullify/invalid records.
For the year 2022, the data presented in tables 1.1. to 1.6. result from the last data update conducted in january 2023. Finally, the data includes the registers: 1) Portugal as a country of destination; Portugal as a country of origin (domestic and abroad); and Portugal as a country of Transit; and 2) Registers classified as "Confirmed victim" plus registers classified as "Pending/In Investigation" and registers classifed as "Presumed by NGO/other bodies".

RO: In Romania, the data regarding victims of trafficking in human beings are registered in SIMEV (National Integrated System for Monitoring and Evaluation of Victims). SIMEV is practically the national database regarding victims, an informatic system operated by the National Agency against Trafficking in Persons, the Romanian Equivalent Mechanism Rapporteur. The Agency is the specialized structure for public policy in the field of trafficking in human beings and trafficking in human beings monitoring, organized within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The users of the SIMEV are specialized police officers in combating trafficking in persons (Romanian Police - the units for combating organized crime) and the personnel from the 15 Regional Centers of the Agency, throughout Romania.

SI: State authorities and NGOs work together when victim is detected, however the Police is responsible for official identification of victims.

SK: Number of victims include victims formally identified by the police and those who were provided with care in line with Directive 2011/36/EC without double counting.

FI: Police information system

SE: When the police receive and register an reported offence of human trafficking in human beings (Penal Code, Chapter 4, Section 1 a), the victim (if identified), as well as the victim's sex and age, are also registered. Please note that the data also include offences registered by other investigating authorities, for example the Prosecution Authority (Example: If the Prosecuter takes over the investagation from the police, he/she could add more offences or victims to the case).

Comments by countries on Sources of data for each legal status

 BE: Suspects: Federal Police; victims: Immigration Office and specialized centers for victims, Prosecution - conviction: Board of General prosecutors + Justice dept.

 BG: Sources of data for victims are the Ministry of Interior (Police) and the State Agency for Child Protection (SACP).

Source of data for suspected is the Ministry of Interior/Police.
Source of data for prosecuted is the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Bulgaria.
Source of data for convicted is the National Statistical Institute.
Source of data for courts judgements is the Supreme Judicial Council.

CZ: Victims+ Suspected= Police of the Czech Republic
Prosecuted + Convicted = The Ministry of Justice

DK: Victims: Danish Immigration Service and The Danish Centre against Human Trafficking

DE: Convicted: Criminal Court Conviction Statistics on final criminal court decisions related to persons and disaggregated to single sections of the Criminal Penal Code

EE: Victims' data is from the National Social Insurance Board, who is central body in coordinating assistance and services to THB victims.

IE: PULSE, the administrative crime database of An Garda Síochána (the National Police Service)

EL: The source for Victims is the National Referral Mechanism (NRM), for Suspected is the Hellenic Police and for Prosecuted and Convicted the Ministry of Justice

ES: Data on victims and suspects have been extracted from the BDTRATA database, which gathers data provided by State law enforcement agencies in charge of the formal identification of victims.

FR: Victims: Source: SSMSI, victims of crime recorded by police and gendarmerie database, 2022 // The production of our database has been modified in 2021. The impact on the data is minimal. The levels are therefore not comparable to previous ones.
Suspected: Source: SSMSI, suspects of crime recorded by police and gendarmerie database, 2022// The production of our database has been modified in 2021, we include all victims whether the offence is principal or secondary. The levels are therefore not comparable to previous ones.
Prosecuted: Source: Ministry of justice/SG/SEM/SDSE/ Statistical file Cassiopee
Convicted: Sources: Ministry of justice/SG/SEM/SDSE/ Statistical file Cassiopee

The scope is metropolitan France and the overseas departments. In the previous questionnaires (before 2022), the scope also included the overseas communities (COM). The levels are therefore not comparable to previous ones.

HR: Sources of data for victims - Ministry of Interior of Republic of Croatia and Office for Human Rights and Rights of National Minorities - Government of Republic of Croatia; Sources of data for suspected - Ministry of Interior of Republic of Croatia; Sources of data for prosecuted - State Attorneys Office of Republic of Croatia; Sources of data for convicted - Ministry of Justice and Publicc Administration of Republic of Croatia

IT: Since 2022 data on victimes are derived from the protection systems of specialized NGO organized by Department of Equal Opportunities previously they were from the MInistry of Interior; Data on Supespected are from Minsitry of Interior; data on convicted people are from Central Casellario Giudiziale

CY: Data regarding victims and suspects are registered by the Police, more specifically the Office of Combating Trafficking in Human Beings of the Cyprus Police (THB Office). Data regarding Prosecuted and convicted persons are registered on the file of each case, while the case is brought before the court. THB Office gathers such information from the file of the case and when a Court decision is final.

LT: Data on victims, suspects and prosecuted persons have been extracted from the IBPS database, which gathers data provided by State law enforcement agencies in charge of the formal identification of victims.
LU: Victims: Immigration Directorate, Ministry of Education, victims assistance services, hospital, law firm; Offences: Police, Prosecutors office
1) Data on victim identification reterieved from EKAT System, a web-based platform operated by the Ministry of Justice. 2-3) Data on investigations and indictments retrieved from the Unified System of Criminal Statistics of Investigative Authorities and of Public Prosecution (in Hungarian commonly abbreviated as "ENyÜBS") - these are follow-up statistics, recorded at the end of the investigative phase of the criminal proceedings, e.g. termination, indictment. 4) Data on court judgments retrieved from the statistical database of the National Office for the Judiciary. NOTE: the definition of trafficking in human beings as laid down in Directive 2011/36/EU corresponds to the following articles of the Criminal Code: 192. § Trafficking in human beings and forced labour; 193. § Forced labour (until 30 June 2020); 203. § Exploitation of child prostitution.

MT: Victims: Police, Appogg
Suspected: Police
Prosecuted: Police
Convicted: Court Services Agency

NL: Victims: CoMensha; Suspects: Statistics Netherlands (CBS) data derived from police registration system for recording (possible) offences 'BVH'; Prosecuted: Statistics Netherlands (CBS) data derived from prosecution registration system (Phoenix); Convicted: Statistics Netherlands (CBS) data derived from court registration system (Phoenix).

PL: Police, Border Guard, National Prosecutor's Office, Ministry of Justice

PT: The information is based on reports submitted to the Observatory on Trafficking in Human Beings (OTSH)/Ministry of Home Affairs.
The OTSH was created in 2008 via the Decree-Law nº 229/2008 of November 27. It is the responsible body of the National Monitoring System on Trafficking in Human Beings. The attributions of the OTSH are:
a) To produce and collect information on the trafficking phenomenon and other forms of gender violence;
b) To promote the development of software applications to support information gathering and treatment;
c) When requested, to support the political decision in its intervention areas.
The attributions of the OTSH are technical in nature.
The OTSH collects administrative data from governmental bodies (e.g. Law Enforcement Agencies), non-governmental bodies/NGO's (e.g. Shelters, Multidisciplinary Specialized Teams for the Support of victims’ of trafficking) and Intergovernmental organizations (such as the International Organization for Migration/Portugal) - based on Memorandum of Cooperation.
Asides the quantitative data, the OTSH also collects qualitative data (e.g. on police and Labour inspection actions in sites where trafficking in human beings can be detect).
Each three months the OTSH produces statistical reports, and on an annual basis produces the Annual Statistical Report. It also contributes to the chapter on “Trafficking in Human Beings” of the Internal Security Report (RASI). In both reports, the OTSH cooperates with Portuguese Directorate-General for Justice Policy - Ministry of Justice – in order to gather criminal justice statistics on trafficking in human beings.
Of this cooperation also results an annual Report regarding criminal justice statistics on trafficking in human beings (starting from 2008 to each present year), following the process since the registration of the crime up until convictions.
Of importance the annual report on the “Update on Confirmed Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings”.
The OTSH it is not the national official representative for crime and criminal justice statistics – role of the Portuguese Directorate-General for Justice Policy - Ministry of Justice.

RO: Victims: National Agency against Trafficking in Persons; Suspects, Prosecuted and Convicted: Superior Council of Magistracy

SI: Data on identified victims and suspects are obtained from the Police, and on prosecuted and convicted persons from the Public Prosecutor's Office.

SK: The statistical data for Eurostat report for years 2019 - 2020 for the Slovak Republic are provided by Ministry of the Interior, General Prosecutor´s Office and Ministry of Justice of the Slovak Republic. Ministry of the Interior gathers statistical data on identified and formally identified victims on the national level without the risk of double counting, as well as data on suspects. General Prosecutor´s Office gathers data on prosecuted criminals and Ministry of Justice gathers data on convicted criminals. There is no general statistical system in place in the Slovak Republic that would link all the mentioned institutions so that case, victims and criminals be interconnectected in all the stages of the case.

SE: Data source for Reported crimes, Suspects and number of crimes prosecuted is the police's case management system, while the number of convicted persons comes from the Swedish Courts Administration's case management system

More information on how EU countries identify persons involved in trafficking in human beings can be found at:

https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/organised-crime-and-human-trafficking/together-against-trafficking-human-beings/eu-countries_en

Annual.

Eurostat forward a questionnaire to EU Member States. In each country, figures from different authorities (see 18.1 Sources of data for each legal status) are collected into one file by the National contact point. The files are sent to Eurostat by a common procedure, the Electronic Data File Administration and Management Information System (EDAMIS). Since UNODC data requests largely overlap, since 2022 Eurostat share the collected data with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime for the GLOTIP (Global Report on Trafficking in Persons).

The data are checked for completeness, internal consistency, and consistency over time and coherence with other relevant data sources, as follows:

- The sum of the subtotals (e.g. male, female, other, unknown) should be sum up to the total.

- The total of each legal status (victims, suspected, prosecuted, convicted) should be the same in the different breakdowns.

- Large change from previous to current reference year

- Consistency between the different legal status (victims, suspected, prosecuted, convicted) by using the attrition rate

- Total empty tables, use of 0 and notes

- Lack of information in metadata

- Loss of completeness from previous year

Any issue revealed by the checking is pointed out to the national contact, by email. The national contact may either confirm the validity of data or send new data.

No editing, estimation, imputation, weighting, seasonal adjustment, or other statistical modifications are carried out by Eurostat.

EU total numbers and ratio per hundred inhabitants, according to responding countries, are published in crim_thb_sex dataset for victims, suspected and convicted traffickers, and for the brakdowns by sex.

No adjustments are made.

None.