Turkish Statistical Institute

Sectoral Statistics Department, Science and Technology Statistics Group

Devlet Mh. Necatibey Cd. No:114 06420 Çankaya/ANKARA TURKEY

Statistics on Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) measure government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority governments give to different public R&D funding activities. This type of funder-based approach for reporting R&D involves identifying all the budget items that may support R&D activities and measuring or estimating their R&D content.

Main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (FM 2015, Chapter 12), which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).

Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020.

The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics (europa.eu)).

Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.

Distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on the Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS) at one digit level.

See below.

GBARD statistics are assumed to report detailed data on all the government's budget items that may support R&D activities and to measure or estimate their R&D content. For the purposes of GBARD, the Government sector comprises (a) the central (federal) government, (b) regional (state) government and (c) local (municipal) government subsectors (FM2015, Chapter 12).

Not requested.

In the study, only the central government institutions / organizations covered, local governments and State-Owned Enterprises are not included. Accordingly, Public administrations within the scope of general budget, Special Budget administrations (include universities and high technology institutes) and Regulatory and supervisory agencies are covered. Additionally, The Defence Industry Support Fund is also covered. Due to coverage update in revised version of Frascati Manual which is methodological document used for R&D statistics, expenditure financed by Regional Development Agencies is also included.

See below.

The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units, which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population.

The central government institutions / organizations in Turkey.

Budget outlays amounted to the related year and provisional results based on initial budget appropriations.

2008 and onwards.

GBARD data is available in the following units: National currency (MIO_NAC), Percentage of gross domestic product (PC_GDP), Percentage of total GBARD (PC_GBA - for the breakdowns by socio-economic objectives and by funding mode),percentage of central government budget expenditures (%)

a) Calendar year:

b) Fiscal year:

    Start month:

    End month:

See below.

Since the beginning of 2021, GBARD statistics are based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail.  GBARD statistics were based until the end of 2020 on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.

National legislation for GBARD is based on the Turkish Statistical Institute Official Statistics Programme.

The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

Measuring R&D activities financed by Government (Central Government) based on initial budget appropriations (provisional) and actual outlays (final) are important to identify Government support for R&D or priority of R&D support in Central Government Budget.

Indirect R&D support covers tax incentives and exemptions based on the Law 193, 5520, 4691, 5746 and 3065. These figures were calculated by using data from Ministry of Treasury and Finance.

-          Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development

-          EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics

Not requested.

Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.

A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.

a)       Confidentiality protection required by law: According to Articles 13,14 and 15 of Law No. 5429

b)       Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Law No. 5429

The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

Preliminary and final GBARD data are targeted to be published in August.

The results are published once a year as a news release including final results of the previous year and provisional results of the related year.

https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Veri_Takvimi

It can be reached the contents of "Press Release" "Statistical Tables", "Databases", "Reports" and "Metadata" via "https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Bilgiye_Nasil_Erisilir" link after you choose the related topic in "Statistics" menu.
Moreover, it can be reached many information available in international or local level via "Regional Statistics", "Province Indicators", "International Selected Indicators" applications take place in "E-Services" menu using TurkStat Website.

Annual.

See below.

1) Y - Yes, N – No

See below.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=bilgi-teknolojileri-ve-bilgi-toplumu-102&dil=2

Not requested.

See below.

See below.

Not requested.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

it can be reach detailed information via: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Merkezi-Yonetim-Butcesinden-AR-GE-Faaliyetleri-Icin-Ayrilan-Odenek-ve-Harcamalar-2023-49573

Not requested.

See below.

It is based on the European Statistics Code of Practice. Within the framework of these principles and our Institution's strategic plan, all processes from data generation to presentation are structured around quality.

GBARD data are derived from administrative sources instead of surveys and the main data source, central government budget, is enable to define R&D (except GUF) through analytical budget system which is based on COFOG classifications. Use same method to estimate R&D share of GUF with GERD. Distribution by NABS are made by using the latest survey results for intramural R&D activities of government institutions. NABS distiribution of external R&D funds of The Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) which is the main supporter of R&D activities is made by TUBITAK with "primary objective" criteria of R&D projects. Similarly, estimation of R&D share and NABS distribution of Defence Industry Support Fund are made by Precidency of Defence Industries.

In general, Turkstat closely follows FM methodology to calculate GBARD figures and has consistent series of GBARD and government-financed GERD figures.

Turkstat needs to make an effort on transnationally coordinated R&D activities and treatment of EU funds be in cooperation with TUBITAK. 

See below.

1)       Users' class codification

1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.

2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.

3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.

4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)

5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)

6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)

To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.

See below.

Completeness of both preliminary and final GBARD statistics is good.

Completeness is assessed via comparison of the data delivered against the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197.

1)  Criteria: Obligatory data (provisional budget and final budget). Only 'Very Good' = 100% and 'Very Poor' <100% apply.

2)  Criteria: Optional data (final budget). 'Very Good' = 100%; 'Good' = >75%;'Satisfactory' 50 to 75%%; 'Poor' 25 to 50%; 'Very Poor' 0 to 25%.

See below.

1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.

2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled

1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.

2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled

1) Stage: P - provisional, F - final. 

2) Availability of the data: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.

3) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled

Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).

Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:

1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.

2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:

a) Coverage errors,

b) Measurement errors,

c) Non response errors and

d) Processing errors.

Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.

1)  Ranking of the type(s) of errors that result in over/under-estimation, from the most important source of error (1) to the least important source of error (5) In the event that errors of a particular type do not exist, is used the sign ‘-‘.

2)  The perceived direction of the ‘overall’ error using the signs “+” for over estimation, “-” for under estimation and “+/-” when assumption of the direction of the error cannot be made for GBARD.

1) High level of coverage (At least all national or federal ministries and the ministries and agencies responsible for R&D funding at state or regional level). High rate of response (>90%) in data collection. All figures broken down by NABS.  

2) If at least one out of the three criteria described above would not be fully met.

3) In the event that the rate of response would be lower than 80% even by meeting the two remaining criteria.

4) In the event that the average rate of response would be lower than 70% and at least one of the two remaining criteria would not be met.

5) If all the three criteria described above are not met.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.

Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.

a)       Description/assessment of coverage errors: Funding from regional government is not included.Municipalities are not included in frame as well.

b)      Measures taken to reduce their effect:

There is no over-coverage

Not requested.

Measurement errors occur during data collection and generate bias by recording values different than the true ones. The survey questionnaire used for data collection may have led to the recording of wrong values.

a)       Description/assessment of measurement errors: No such errors known.

b)      Measures taken to reduce their effect:

Non response errors: occur when a survey failed to collect data on all survey variables from all the population units designated for data collection in a sample or complete enumeration.

a) Problems in obtaining data from targeted information providers: Does not apply.

b) Measures taken to reduce their effect:

c) Effect of non-response errors on the produced statistics:

Not requested.

Not requested.

Between data collection and the beginning of statistical analysis, data must undergo a certain processing: coding, data entry, data editing, imputation, etc. Errors introduced at these stages are called processing errors. Data editing identifies inconsistencies or errors in the data.

a)       Data processing and editing processes: Does not apply. Budget analysis.

b)      Description of errors:

c)       Measures taken to reduce their effect:

Model assumption errors occur when the assumptions made for the estimation of parameters, models, the testing of statistical hypotheses, etc., are violated. As a result, the quality of the resulting statistics is affected (e.g. degrees of confidence might be inflated).

Description/assessment:There is no model assumption errors due to data compiling method.

Preliminary and Final GBARD data are provided to Eurostat 7 months after the end of the calendar year (July) and are targeted to be released in September. There is no time lag between provisional and final GBARD data transmission.

Date of first release of national data:

Date of first release of national data:

There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)

See below.

Not requested.

The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Regulation No 2020/1197, Frascati manual and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics paragraphs with recommendations about these concepts / issues.

GBARD encompass all spending allocations met from sources of government revenue foreseen within the budget, such as taxation. Spending allocations by extra-budgetary government entities are within the scope only to the extent that their funds are allocated through the budgetary process (FM2015 §12.9). The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national GBARD statistics.

See below.

See below.

1)       Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.

Different concepts, generally GBARD data are slightly higher than GOVERD.

Not requested.

Not requested.

This part compares GBARD statistics from the provisional and final budget for the reference year.

The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible. 

1)       The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.

1)        T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)

Frascati Manual, methodological document used for R&D statistics, updated version was published in 2015 in addition to more detailed data compiling studies to provide national and international data requirements in this context coverage deficiencies in existing statistics have been eliminated and methods for the estimation of R&D expenditure in higher education sector has been improved. As a result of this improvement, the internal distribution of source of funds for R&D expenditure in higher education sector for 2008-2015 periods was updated. Therefore, the results for Government budget allocations for R&D were revised for 2008-2016 period.

The Revision Information Form regarding the revisions to be carried out in 2019 for the statistics produced in the scope of this press release can be accessed from the link below.

https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/revizyon/2019_RBF_EN_YIIDB_BTIG_MYBAGFAOH.pdf

Not requested.

Not requested.

a)       Provisional data: Public budgets

b)      Final data: Public budgets

c)       General University Funds (GUF): Public budgets and estimations methods

See 12.3.3.

See below.

1) Time of data collection (T+x): T is assumed to represent the end of reference period. x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is collected.

The proportion of GUF data calculated using public budget data and estimation methods. Estimation methods are based on Higher Education R&D survey results.

GBARD data is checked for consistency and compared with previously calculated data before publication. Suspected errors are questioned and reported to the authorities.

See below.

There is no imputation

See below.

Not requested.

Not requested.