1.1. Contact organisation
Turkish Statistical Institute
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Sectoral Statistics Department, Science and Technology Statistics Group
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Devlet Mh. Necatibey Cd. No:114 06420 Çankaya/ANKARA TURKEY
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
17 December 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
17 December 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
17 December 2025
3.1. Data description
Statistics on Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) measure government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority governments give to different public R&D funding activities. This type of funder-based approach for reporting R&D involves identifying all the budget items that may support R&D activities and measuring or estimating their R&D content.
Main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (FM 2015, Chapter 12), which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).
Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020.
The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics (europa.eu)).
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
3.2. Classification system
Distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on the Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS) at one digit level.
3.2.1. National classification
| National nomenclature of SEO used | No |
|---|---|
| Correspondence table with NABS | No |
3.2.2. NABS classification
| Deviations from NABS | No deviations |
|---|---|
| Problems in identifying / separating NABS chapters and sub chapters | Previous year's R&D survey results are used for intramural R&D expenditures of public administrations. For extramural R&D expenditures, related government bodies distribute figures by using main objective of project/programme supported. If there is no information, functional codes of budget are used. |
| Ability to distribute Non-oriented research and General University Funds (GUF) by fields of R&D | No information on sub-chapters of NABS 12 - General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from General University Funds (GUF) and NABS 13 - General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from other sources than GUF. |
3.3. Coverage - sector
See below.
3.3.1. General coverage
| Definition of R&D | Frascati Manual R&D definitions are used. |
|---|---|
| Coverage of R&D or S&T in general | R&D |
| Fields of R&D (FORD) covered | No deviations; all fields of science and technology is covered. |
| Socioeconomic objective (SEO by NABS) | There is no deviation from the NABS classification and distribution |
3.3.2. Definition and coverage of government
GBARD statistics are assumed to report detailed data on all the government's budget items that may support R&D activities and to measure or estimate their R&D content. For the purposes of GBARD, the Government sector comprises (a) the central (federal) government, (b) regional (state) government and (c) local (municipal) government subsectors (FM2015, Chapter 12).
| Levels of government | Definition | Included / Not included | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central (federal) government | According to the Public Financial Management and Control Law of Turkey (Law No. 5018 Date of Approval: 10 December 2003) central government include; Public administrations within the scope of general budget, Special Budget administrations (including universities and high technology institutes) and Regulatory and supervisory agencies. | included
|
|
| Regional (state) government | - | Not included | There is no regional (or state) government in Turkey but Regional Development Agencies which can be considered in provincial government. They are also covered but they have not made significant contributions on R&D. |
| Local (municipal) government | Municipalities, special provincial administrations, associations and administrations related to or established by local administrations. | Not included |
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Not requested.
3.5. Statistical unit
In the study, only the central government institutions / organizations covered, local governments and State-Owned Enterprises are not included. Accordingly, Public administrations within the scope of general budget, Special Budget administrations (include universities and high technology institutes) and Regulatory and supervisory agencies are covered. Additionally, The Defence Industry Support Fund is also covered. Due to coverage update in revised version of Frascati Manual which is methodological document used for R&D statistics, expenditure financed by Regional Development Agencies is also included.
3.6. Statistical population
See below.
3.6.1. National target population
The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units, which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population.
| Definition of the national target population | All central goverment units |
|---|---|
| Estimation of the target population size | Only for public universities |
3.7. Reference area
The central government institutions / organizations in Turkey.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Budget outlays amounted to the related year and provisional results based on initial budget appropriations.
3.9. Base period
2008 and onwards.
GBARD data is available in the following units: National currency (MIO_NAC), Percentage of gross domestic product (PC_GDP), Percentage of total GBARD (PC_GBA - for the breakdowns by socio-economic objectives and by funding mode),percentage of central government budget expenditures (%)
a) Calendar year:2023
b) Fiscal year:
Start month:January
End month:December
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
See below.
6.1.1. European legislation
Since the beginning of 2021, GBARD statistics are based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. GBARD statistics were based until the end of 2020 on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
6.1.2. National legislation
National legislation for GBARD is based on the Turkish Statistical Institute Official Statistics Programme.
The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.
Measuring R&D activities financed by Government (Central Government) based on initial budget appropriations (provisional) and actual outlays (final) are important to identify Government support for R&D or priority of R&D support in Central Government Budget.
Indirect R&D support covers tax incentives and exemptions based on the Law 193, 5520, 4691, 5746 and 3065. These figures were calculated by using data from Ministry of Treasury and Finance.
6.1.3. Standards and manuals
- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development
- EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not requested.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.
A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.
- Confidentiality protection required by law: According to Articles 13,14 and 15 of Law No. 5429
- Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Law No. 5429
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.
8.1. Release calendar
Preliminary and final GBARD data are targeted to be published in August.
The results are published once a year as a news release including final results of the previous year and provisional results of the related year.
8.2. Release calendar access
8.3. Release policy - user access
It can be reached the contents of "Press Release" "Statistical Tables", "Databases", "Reports" and "Metadata" via How to access information link after you choose the related topic in "Statistics" menu.
Moreover, it can be reached many information available in international or local level via "Regional Statistics", "Province Indicators", "International Selected Indicators" applications take place in "E-Services" menu using TurkStat Website.
Annual.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
See below.
10.1.1. Availability of the releases
| Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... | |
| Regular releases | Y | The results are published once a year as a news release including final results of the previous year and provisional results of the related year. |
| Ad-hoc releases |
1) Y - Yes, N – No
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
See below.
10.2.1. Availability of means of dissemination
| Means of dissemination | Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... |
|---|---|---|
| General publication/article (paper, online) |
Tables include following information: For the latest news release and statistical tables and metadata: News Releases and Metadata |
|
| Specific paper publication (paper, online) |
N |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Not requested.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
See below.
10.4.1. Provisions affecting the access
| Access rights to the information | Regulation About Procedures and Principles of Data Privacy and Confidential Data Security of Official Statistics of Turkey is implemented. For detail information to access the data: Institutional Data Release Calendar |
|---|---|
| Access cost policy | - |
| Micro-data anonymisation rules |
10.5. Dissemination format - other
See below.
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not requested.
10.5.2. Availability of other dissemination means
| Dissemination means | Availability (Y/N)1 | Micro-data / Aggregate figures | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internet: main results available on the national statistical authority’s website | Y | ||
| Data prepared for individual ad hoc requests | N | ||
| Other | N |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.6. Documentation on methodology
it can be reach detailed information via: Documentation on Methodology
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Not requested.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
See below.
10.7.1. Documentation and users’ requests
| Type(s) of data accompanying information available (metadata, graphs, etc.) | Metadata |
|---|---|
| Request on further clarification | The most problematic issue is the difference between GBARD and government-financed GERD. |
| Measure to increase clarity | Additional explanations were made in metadata file published on web. |
| Impression of users on the clarity of the accompanying information to the data |
11.1. Quality assurance
It is based on the European Statistics Code of Practice. Within the framework of these principles and our Institution's strategic plan, all processes from data generation to presentation are structured around quality.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
GBARD data are derived from administrative sources instead of surveys and the main data source, central government budget, is enable to define R&D (except GUF) through analytical budget system which is based on COFOG classifications. Use same method to estimate R&D share of GUF with GERD. Distribution by NABS are made by using the latest survey results for intramural R&D activities of government institutions. NABS distiribution of external R&D funds of The Scientific and Technological Research Council (TUBITAK) which is the main supporter of R&D activities is made by TUBITAK with "primary objective" criteria of R&D projects. Similarly, estimation of R&D share and NABS distribution of Defence Industry Support Fund are made by Precidency of Defence Industries.
In general, Turkstat closely follows FM methodology to calculate GBARD figures and has consistent series of GBARD and government-financed GERD figures.
Turkstat needs to make an effort on transnationally coordinated R&D activities and treatment of EU funds be in cooperation with TUBITAK.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
See below.
12.1.1. Needs at national level
| Users’ class1 | Description of users | Users’ needs |
|---|---|---|
| Institutions | The Supreme Council for Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, TUBİTAK, Ministry of Industry and Technology,Ministry of Treasuary and Finanace | Statistics used for the follow up of the development and for policy purposes. |
| Institutions | Eurostat, OECD | Statistics used for international comparisons. |
1) Users' class codification
1- Institutions:
- European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
- in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
- International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.
2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.
3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.
4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)
5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)
6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.
12.2.1. National Surveys and feedback
| Conduction of a user satisfaction survey or any other type of monitoring user satisfaction | No survey conducted |
|---|---|
| User satisfaction survey specific for GBARD statistics | No specific survey |
| Short description of the feedback received | Not applicable |
12.3. Completeness
See below.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Completeness of both preliminary and final GBARD statistics is good.
12.3.2. Completeness - overview
Completeness is assessed via comparison of the data delivered against the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197.
| 5 (Very Good) |
4 (Good) |
3 (Satisfactory) |
2 (Poor) |
1 (Very poor) |
Reasons for missing cells | |
| Provisional budget statistics1 | x | Needs to improve methodology on transnationally coordinated R&D projects. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Obligatory final budget statistics1 | x | Needs to improve methodology on transnationally coordinated R&D projects. | ||||
| Optional final budget statistics2 |
- Criteria: Obligatory data (provisional budget and final budget). Only 'Very Good' = 100% and 'Very Poor' <100% apply.
- Criteria: Optional data (final budget). 'Very Good' = 100%; 'Good' = >75%;'Satisfactory' 50 to 75%%; 'Poor' 25 to 50%; 'Very Poor' 0 to 25%.
12.3.3. Data availability
See below.
12.3.3.1. Data availability – Provisional data
| Availability1 | Frequency of data collection | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)2 | Comments | |
| Total GBARD | Y - 2008 | Annual | - | T-9 | The results are published once a year as a news release including final results of the previous year and provisional results of the related year. Because of this, only the last year's provisional results are accessible. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NABS Chapter level | Y - 2008 | Annual | - | T-9 | |
| NABS Sub-chapter level | N | ||||
| Special categories - Biotech | N | ||||
| Special categories - Nanotech | N | ||||
| Special categories - Security | N |
1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
12.3.3.2. Data availability – Final data
| Availability1 | Frequency of data collection | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)2 | Comments | |
| Total GBARD | Y - 2008 | Annual | - | T+3 | The results are published once a year as a news release including final results of the previous year and provisional results of the related year. Because of this, only the last year's provisional results are accessible. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NABS Chapter level | Y - 2008 | Annual | - | T+3 | |
| NABS Sub-chapter level | N | ||||
| Special categories - Biotech | N | ||||
| Special categories - Nanotech | N | ||||
| Special categories - Security | N |
1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
12.3.3.3. Data availability – Other special categories
| Special categories | Stage1 | Availability1 | Frequency of data colletion | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)3 | Comments |
| GBARD by type of funding ministry | P,F | Y | Annual | - | T+6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBARD by expenditure type (internal and external) | P,F | Y | Annual | - | T+6 | |
1) Stage: P - provisional, F - final.
2) Availability of the data: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
3) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
- Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
- Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
- Coverage errors,
- Measurement errors,
- Non response errors and
- Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
13.1.1. Accuracy - Overall by 'Types of Error'
| Sampling errors | Non-sampling errors1) | Model-assumption Errors1) | Perceived direction of the error2) | |||
| Coverage errors | Measurement errors | Processing errors | Non response errors | |||
| Does not apply. Budget analysis. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1) Ranking of the type(s) of errors that result in over/under-estimation, from the most important source of error (1) to the least important source of error (5) In the event that errors of a particular type do not exist, is used the sign ‘-‘.
2) The perceived direction of the ‘overall’ error using the signs “+” for over estimation, “-” for under estimation and “+/-” when assumption of the direction of the error cannot be made for GBARD.
13.1.2. Assessment of the accuracy
| Indicators | 5 (Very Good)1 | 4 (Good)2 | 3 (Satisfactory)3 | 2 (Poor)4 | 1 (Very poor)5 |
| GBARD | X | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National public funding to transnationally coordinated R & D | X |
1) High level of coverage (At least all national or federal ministries and the ministries and agencies responsible for R&D funding at state or regional level). High rate of response (>90%) in data collection. All figures broken down by NABS.
2) If at least one out of the three criteria described above would not be fully met.
3) In the event that the rate of response would be lower than 80% even by meeting the two remaining criteria.
4) In the event that the average rate of response would be lower than 70% and at least one of the two remaining criteria would not be met.
5) If all the three criteria described above are not met.
13.2. Sampling error
Not requested.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not requested.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.
- Description/assessment of coverage errors: Funding from regional government is not included.Municipalities are not included in frame as well.
- Measures taken to reduce their effect: Not applicable.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
There is no over-coverage
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not requested.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Measurement errors occur during data collection and generate bias by recording values different than the true ones. The survey questionnaire used for data collection may have led to the recording of wrong values.
a) Description/assessment of measurement errors: No such errors known.
b) Measures taken to reduce their effect:
13.3.3. Non response error
Non response errors: occur when a survey failed to collect data on all survey variables from all the population units designated for data collection in a sample or complete enumeration.
a) Problems in obtaining data from targeted information providers: Does not apply.
b) Measures taken to reduce their effect: Does not apply
c) Effect of non-response errors on the produced statistics: Does not apply
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.4. Processing error
Between data collection and the beginning of statistical analysis, data must undergo a certain processing: coding, data entry, data editing, imputation, etc. Errors introduced at these stages are called processing errors. Data editing identifies inconsistencies or errors in the data.
a) Data processing and editing processes: Does not apply. Budget analysis.
b) Description of errors: Does not apply
c) Measures taken to reduce their effect: Does not apply
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Model assumption errors occur when the assumptions made for the estimation of parameters, models, the testing of statistical hypotheses, etc., are violated. As a result, the quality of the resulting statistics is affected (e.g. degrees of confidence might be inflated).
Description/assessment:There is no model assumption errors due to data compiling method.
14.1. Timeliness
Preliminary and Final GBARD data are provided to Eurostat 7 months after the end of the calendar year (July) and are targeted to be released in September. There is no time lag between provisional and final GBARD data transmission.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Date of first release of national data: Does not apply
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Date of first release of national data: Not applicable
14.2. Punctuality
There is no lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)
14.2.1.1. Deadline and date of data transmission
| Transmission of provisional data | Transmission of final data | |
| Legally defined deadline of data transmission (T+_ months) | 6 | 12 |
| Actual date of transmission of the data (T+x months) | 6 | 6 |
| Delay (days) | 0 | 0 |
| Reasoning for delay | Not applicable | Not appplicable |
15.1. Comparability - geographical
See below.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not requested.
15.1.2. Survey Concepts Issues
The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Regulation No 2020/1197, Frascati manual and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics paragraphs with recommendations about these concepts / issues.
| Concepts/issues | Reference to recommendations | Deviation from recommendations | National definition / Treatment / Deviations from recommendations |
| Research and delopment | FM2015 Chapter 2 (mainly paragraphs 2.3 and 2.4). | No deviations. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage of levels of government | FM2015, §12.5 to 12.9 | No deviations. | |
| Socioeconomic objectives coverage and breakdown | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 20 | No deviations. | |
| Reference period | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 20 | No deviations. |
15.1.3. Deviations from recommendations
GBARD encompass all spending allocations met from sources of government revenue foreseen within the budget, such as taxation. Spending allocations by extra-budgetary government entities are within the scope only to the extent that their funds are allocated through the budgetary process (FM2015 §12.9). The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national GBARD statistics.
| Methodological issues | Reference to recommendations | Deviation from recommendations | National definition / Treatment / Deviations from recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of GBARD | FM § 12.9 | No deviations. | |
| Stages of data collection | FM2015 §12.41 | No deviations. | |
| Gross / net approach, net principle | FM2015 §12.20 and 12.21 | No deviations. | |
| EU/other funds | Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics | Structural EU funds are excluded. | |
| Types of expenditure | FM2015 §12.15 to 12.18 | No deviations. | |
| Current and capital expenditure | FM §12.15 | No deviations. | Both current and capital expenditure are included in GBARD. |
| Extra budgetary funds | FM §12.8, 12.20, 12.38 | All funds are included if they are in the central government budget. | |
| Loans | FM §12.31, 12.32, 12.34 | Economical codes of Analytical Budget Classification allow distinction between non-repayable and repayable subsidies. | |
| Indirect funding, tax rebates, etc. | FM §12.31 - 12.38 | No deviations. | Indirect support of R&D activities (tax incentives) are calculated and reported seperately. |
| Treatment of multi-annual projects | FM2015 §12.44 | No deviations. | |
| Treatment of GBARD going to R&D abroad | FM2015 §12.19 | No deviations. | Contributions to the EU Framework Programme are included. |
| Criterion for distribution by socioeconomic objective | FM2015 §12.50 to 12.71 | No deviations. | |
| Method of identification of primary objective | Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics, topic 2, statement B.6 | No deviations. |
15.2. Comparability - over time
See below.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
See below.
15.2.2. Breaks in time series
| Length of comparable time series | Break years1 | Nature of the breaks | |
| Provisional data | 2008 and onward. | There is no breaks. | |
| Final data | 2008 and onward. | There is no breaks. |
1) Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Different concepts, generally GBARD data are slightly higher than GOVERD.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not requested.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
Not requested.
15.4. Coherence - internal
This part compares GBARD statistics from the provisional and final budget for the reference year.
15.4.1. Comparison between provisional and final data according to NABS 2007
| R&D allocations in the provisional budget delivered at T+6 | R&D allocations in the final budget delivered at T+12 | Difference (of final data) | |
| Exploration and exploitation of the Earth | 21.356.009 | 49.259.463 | 27.903.455 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Environment | 53.290.491 | 72.823.666 | 19.533.175 |
| Exploration and exploitation of space | 107.553.224 | 336.999.880 | 229.446.656 |
| Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures | 634.843.176 | 967.020.125 | 332.176.949 |
| Energy | 167.574.542 | 175.917.410 | 8.342.868 |
| Industrial production and technology | 1.451.474.141 | 2.080.614.037 | 629.139.897 |
| Health | 271.268.961 | 548.910.972 | 277.642.011 |
| Agriculture | 92.488.847 | 326.333.562 | 233.844.715 |
| Education | 760.797.198 | 715.761.212 | -45.035.986 |
| Culture, recreation, religion and mass media | 5.251.276 | 7.829.853 | 2.578.577 |
| Political and social systems, structures and processes | 32.555.001 | 20.905.780 | -11.649.221 |
| General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from General University Funds (GUF) | 8.170.370.839 | 9.771.427.870 | 1.601.057.032 |
| General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from other sources than GUF | 1.363.196.703 | 2.025.969.357 | 662.772.654 |
| Defence | 5.206.763.970 | 3.148.890.139 | -2.057.873.831 |
| TOTAL GBARD | 18.338.784.376 | 20.248.663.327 | 1.909.878.950 |
The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible.
16.1. Costs summary
| Costs for the statistical authority (in national currency) | % sub-contracted1) | |
| Staff costs | Not available. | There is no subcontracting. |
|---|---|---|
| Data collection costs | Not available. | |
| Other costs | Not available. | |
| Total costs | Not available. | |
| Comments on costs | ||
| These research based on administrative records (budged data). It is not included subcontracting. | ||
1) The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.
16.2. Components of burden and description of how these estimates were reached
| Value | Computation method | |
| Number of Respondents (R) | 0 | |
| Average Time required to complete the questionnaire in hours (T)1 | 0 | |
| Average hourly cost (in national currency) of a respondent (C) | Does not apply. | |
| Total cost | 0 |
1) T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)
17.1. Data revision - policy
Frascati Manual, methodological document used for R&D statistics, updated version was published in 2015 in addition to more detailed data compiling studies to provide national and international data requirements in this context coverage deficiencies in existing statistics have been eliminated and methods for the estimation of R&D expenditure in higher education sector has been improved. As a result of this improvement, the internal distribution of source of funds for R&D expenditure in higher education sector for 2008-2015 periods was updated. Therefore, the results for Government budget allocations for R&D were revised for 2008-2016 period.
The Revision Information Form regarding the revisions to be carried out in 2019 for the statistics produced in the scope of this press release can be accessed from the link below.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Not requested.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not requested.
18.1. Source data
a) Provisional data: Public budgets
b) Final data: Public budgets
c) General University Funds (GUF): Public budgets and estimations methods
18.2. Frequency of data collection
See 12.3.3.
18.3. Data collection
See below.
18.3.1. Data collection overview
| Provisional data | Final data | Comments | |
| Data collection method | Budgetary data obtained from Ministry of Finance by "Analytical Budget Classification". R&D share of Defence Industry Support Fund is reported by Precidency of Defence Industries. | Budgetary data obtained from Ministry of Finance by "Program Budget Classification". R&D share of Defence Industry Support Fund is reported by Precidency of Defence Industries. | Appropriations in R&D functions of the analytical budget classification of central government budget from Ministry of Finance. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stage of data collection | Initial budget appropriations (stage IV) | Obligations | |
| Reporting units | - | - | |
| Basic variable | Initial budget appropriations
|
Actual outlays | |
| Time of data collection (T+x)1) | T-9 | T+3 | |
| Problems in the translation of budget items | |||
1) Time of data collection (T+x): T is assumed to represent the end of reference period. x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is collected.
18.3.2. General University Funds (GUF)
The proportion of GUF data calculated using public budget data and estimation methods. Estimation methods are based on Higher Education R&D survey results.
18.3.3. Distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO)
| Level of distribution of budgetary items – institution or programme/project | Distribute figures by using main objective of project / programme are supported on the budged. |
|---|---|
| Criterion of distribution – purpose or content | Previous year's R&D survey results are used for intramural R&D expenditures of public administrations. For extramural R&D expenditures, related government bodies distribute figures by using main objective of project / programme supported. If there is no information, functional codes of Analytical Budget Classification are used. |
| Method of identification of primary objectives | The program or functional and economic codes in the budget are used. R&D survey results and expert opinion are used as well. |
| Difficulties of distribution | Not applicable |
18.3.4. Questionnaire and other documents
| Annex | Name of the file |
|---|---|
| GBARD national questionnaire and explanatory notes in English: | Not available |
| GBARD national questionnaire and explanatory notes in the national language: | Compiled from administrative records. |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in English: | Not available |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in the national language: | Not available |
18.4. Data validation
GBARD data is checked for consistency and compared with previously calculated data before publication. Suspected errors are questioned and reported to the authorities.
18.5. Data compilation
See below.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
There is no imputation
18.5.2. Data compilation methods
See below.
18.5.2.1. Identifying R&D
| Method(s) of separating R&D from non-R&D | Using functional budget classification to identify budget items related to R&D. Functional Classification is designed to show the types of state activities. It consists of four code level and include codes related to R&D in accordance with the FM definitions. For expenditures financed by The Defence Industry Support Fund, related administration estimate the R&D figures by project level analysis. |
|---|---|
| Description of the use of the coefficient (if applicable) | Not applicable |
| Coefficient estimation method | Not applicable |
| Frequency of updating of coefficients | Not applicable |
18.5.2.2. General University Funds (GUF)
| Method(s) of separating R&D from non-R&D | For R&D personnel expenditure, the results of Higher-Education Sector R&D Activities Survey (Time-Use Survey) conducted by TURKSAT in 2015 are used. For other type of expenditures, functional budget codes are used FTE values will be renewed for 2022 and onward. |
|---|---|
| Description of the use of the coefficient (if applicable) | |
| Coefficient estimation method | FTE values are used as coefficients to estimate R&D personnel expenditures financed by GUF. |
| Frequency of updating of coefficients | Not regularly, FTE values will be renewed for 2022 and onward. |
18.5.2.3. Other issues
| Treatment of multi-annual programmes | Multi annual programs are reported in the years in which budget is authorised. |
|---|---|
| Possibility to classify budgetary items by COFOG functions | Yes, the Functional Classification allow to classify budget items by COFOG. |
| Possibility to classify budgetary items by other nomenclatures e.g. NACE | No |
| Method of estimation of future budgets | Future budgets are not estimated. |
18.6. Adjustment
Not requested.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not requested.
Statistics on Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) measure government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority governments give to different public R&D funding activities. This type of funder-based approach for reporting R&D involves identifying all the budget items that may support R&D activities and measuring or estimating their R&D content.
Main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (FM 2015, Chapter 12), which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).
Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020.
The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics (europa.eu)).
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
17 December 2025
Not requested.
In the study, only the central government institutions / organizations covered, local governments and State-Owned Enterprises are not included. Accordingly, Public administrations within the scope of general budget, Special Budget administrations (include universities and high technology institutes) and Regulatory and supervisory agencies are covered. Additionally, The Defence Industry Support Fund is also covered. Due to coverage update in revised version of Frascati Manual which is methodological document used for R&D statistics, expenditure financed by Regional Development Agencies is also included.
See below.
The central government institutions / organizations in Turkey.
a) Calendar year:2023
b) Fiscal year:
Start month:January
End month:December
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
- Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
- Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
- Coverage errors,
- Measurement errors,
- Non response errors and
- Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
GBARD data is available in the following units: National currency (MIO_NAC), Percentage of gross domestic product (PC_GDP), Percentage of total GBARD (PC_GBA - for the breakdowns by socio-economic objectives and by funding mode),percentage of central government budget expenditures (%)
See below.
a) Provisional data: Public budgets
b) Final data: Public budgets
c) General University Funds (GUF): Public budgets and estimations methods
Annual.
Preliminary and Final GBARD data are provided to Eurostat 7 months after the end of the calendar year (July) and are targeted to be released in September. There is no time lag between provisional and final GBARD data transmission.
See below.
See below.
