1.1. Contact organisation
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STATISTICS
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Department of Short Terms Economic Indicators Statistics
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
16 Libertatii Bvd, Bucharest 5, Romania
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
31 October 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
31 October 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
31 October 2025
3.1. Data description
Statistics on Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) measure government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority governments give to different public R&D funding activities. This type of funder-based approach for reporting R&D involves identifying all the budget items that may support R&D activities and measuring or estimating their R&D content.
Main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (FM 2015, Chapter 12), which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).
Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020.
The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics (europa.eu)).
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
3.2. Classification system
Distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on the Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS) at one digit level.
3.2.1. National classification
| National nomenclature of SEO used | It was used SEO nomenclature according with Frascati Manual. |
|---|---|
| Correspondence table with NABS | The data are further collected according to the NABS, included in the dedicated chapter in R&D GOV survey. |
3.2.2. NABS classification
| Deviations from NABS | There are no differences. |
|---|---|
| Problems in identifying / separating NABS chapters and sub chapters | As specified at point 3.4.1 the budget is allocated by central government institutions and then by programs, where the specific objectives are not identical to the NABS (sub) chapters.Therefore the separation and further integration of programs/objectives by NABS (sub) chapters is rather cumbersome. |
| Ability to distribute Non-oriented research and General University Funds (GUF) by fields of R&D | It is not allocated a budget for Non-oriented research and GUF. |
3.3. Coverage - sector
See below.
3.3.1. General coverage
| Definition of R&D | YES R&D definition used is in line with the Frascati Manual (FM). Research and development is defined as any systematic and creative activity initiated to increase the volume of knowledge, including knowledge about man, culture and society and the use of this knowledge for new applications. |
|---|---|
| Coverage of R&D or S&T in general | GBARD statistics cover R&D. |
| Fields of R&D (FORD) covered | The analysis covers Natural Sciences and Engineering (NSE) and Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH). |
| Socioeconomic objective (SEO by NABS) | YES |
3.3.2. Definition and coverage of government
GBARD statistics are assumed to report detailed data on all the government's budget items that may support R&D activities and to measure or estimate their R&D content. For the purposes of GBARD, the Government sector comprises (a) the central (federal) government, (b) regional (state) government and (c) local (municipal) government subsectors (FM2015, Chapter 12).
| Levels of government | Definition | Included / Not included | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central (federal) government | Ministry of National Education and Research, Romanian Academy, Ministry of Economy /Ministry of Public Finance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Development, Public Works and Lodging, Ministry of Defense, Other ministries | Included | |
| Regional (state) government | Not applicable | Not included | |
| Local (municipal) government | Not applicable | Not included |
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Not requested.
3.5. Statistical unit
All government institutional units.
3.6. Statistical population
See below.
3.6.1. National target population
The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units, which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population.
| Definition of the national target population | All government units. |
|---|---|
| Estimation of the target population size | Administrative sources for government units involved in R&D projects. |
3.7. Reference area
Not requested.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Not requested. See point 5.
3.9. Base period
Not requested. The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat.
Not requested.
a) Calendar year:
Reference period is the calendar previous year.
b) Fiscal year: not applicable
Start month: not applicable
End month: not applicable
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
See below.
6.1.1. European legislation
Since the beginning of 2021, GBARD statistics are based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. GBARD statistics were based until the end of 2020 on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
6.1.2. National legislation
- National research, development and innovation strategy 2014-2020 - National research, development and innovation strategy
- Modification and completion of the National Strategy for research, development and innovation 2014 - 2020, approved by GD 929/2014 - Public Document National Strategy
- National Education Law – National Education Law
- Government Ordinance 57/2002 on scientific research and technological development - Government Ordinance on R&D
- Law 319/2003 on the Statute of research and development staff - Statute of research and development staff
- Evaluation and classification in order to certify the institutions from the national research-development system - Evaluation and classification of R&D institutions
- Government Ordinance 41/2015 amending and supplementing Government Ordinance no. 57/2002 on scientific research and technological development – Government Ordinance 41/2015 on R&D
- Law 206/2004 on good conduct in scientific research, technological development and innovation – Legislatie privind R&D
- Law on the organization and functioning of official statistics in Romania no. 226/2009 - Cadru Legal INS
- Government Decision no. 586/2020 on the approval of the National Annual Statistical Program 2020 - Government Decision no. 586/2020
6.1.3. Standards and manuals
- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development
- EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not requested.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.
A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.
a) Confidentiality protection required by law:
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (General Regulation on data protection) - Norme de confidentialitate
Law no. 190 of 18 July 2018 on measures to implement Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of these data and repealing Directive 95/46 / EC (General Data Protection Regulation) - Norme de confidentialitate
Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics.
LAW no. 363 of December 28, 2018 on protection natural persons regarding the processing of personal data by the competent authorities for the purpose of preventing, detecting, investigating, prosecuting and combating crime or the execution of punishments, educational and security measures, and regarding the free movement of such data.
Law no. 102/2005 on the establishment, organization and functioning of the National Authority for the Supervision of Personal Data Processing, with subsequent amendments and completions.
b) Confidentiality commitments of survey staff:
A confidentiality certificate agreement is signed upon employment, where the official terms of confidentiality are established.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Not the case.
8.1. Release calendar
Generally, on the NIS website there are two calendars one for the press releases and the other for publications; both of them are accessible to the general public.
At NIS level, it does not exist specific press releases related to GBARD data.
8.2. Release calendar access
Not applicable.
8.3. Release policy - user access
The NIS has on the web page a section “Calendar of press releases”, with links to the monthly lists of publications planned for the current year. Each monthly list is sorted by date of publication and contains a brief description of the statistics to be provided. The monthly calendar is established for the following year in December of the previous year. NIS publishes annually on the site the calendar of press releases, calendar based on the terms of the Annual National Statistical Program and contains: title of the press release, reference period, date of issue. The monthly calendar is established and posted on the NIS website from December of the previous year. The calendar of press releases on the NIS website covers only the statistics published by the NIS
In the event of a change in the dissemination date, this is announced 24 hours before the calendar date, specifying the new dissemination date.
Not applicable for GBARD data.
Frequency of dissemination is bi-annual.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
See below.
10.1.1. Availability of the releases
| Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... | |
|---|---|---|
| Regular releases | No | |
| Ad-hoc releases | No |
1) Y - Yes, N – No
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
See below.
10.2.1. Availability of means of dissemination
| Means of dissemination | Availability (Y/N)1 | Content, format, links, ... |
|---|---|---|
| General publication/article (paper, online) |
No | |
| Specific paper publication (paper, online) |
No |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
According with Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics.
Preliminary GBARD data are transmitted to Eurostat via EDAMIS at 6 months after the end of the reference year.
Final GBARD data are transmitted to Eurostat via EDAMIS at 12 months after the end of the reference year.
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Not requested.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
See below.
10.4.1. Provisions affecting the access
| Access rights to the information | NIS does not have a "Safe center" for access to microdata. Due to the confidential nature of microdata, direct access to anonymized data is offered only for scientific research projects according to European and national legislation in the field, through an access contract. Legal framework The current European and national legal framework enables access to anonymised microdata available only for scientific purposes. The access is, in principle, limited to universities, research institutes, national statistical institutes, central banks within the EU and euro area countries, as well as to the European Central Bank. Individuals cannot be granted direct access to microdata. The access to microdata is allowed only to research projects carried out on behalf of an accredited organization for scientific research, and exclusively for its staff, which signs a contract with NIS. Requests for changes shall be made by the contractor before the expiry of the contract by means of an amendment to the contract. |
|---|---|
| Access cost policy | No |
| Micro-data anonymisation rules | Not applicable. |
10.5. Dissemination format - other
See below.
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not requested.
10.5.2. Availability of other dissemination means
| Dissemination means | Availability (Y/N)1 | Micro-data / Aggregate figures | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Internet: main results available on the national statistical authority’s website | No | ||
| Data prepared for individual ad hoc requests | No | ||
| Other | No |
1) Y – Yes, N - No
10.6. Documentation on methodology
Explanatory notes in specific GBARD chapter from national questionnaire dedicated government sector of performance.
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Not requested.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
See below.
10.7.1. Documentation and users’ requests
| Type(s) of data accompanying information available (metadata, graphs, etc.) | Metadata, methodological notes and quality report. |
|---|---|
| Request on further clarification | Clarifications related to GBARD data and GOVERD data. To all other questions regarding the methodology or the manner of designing the tables and the data we respond whenever necessary. |
| Measure to increase clarity | More details about indicators if is necessaryby methodological notes. |
| Impression of users on the clarity of the accompanying information to the data | Usually, our users are satisfied of the data. |
11.1. Quality assurance
We have included in GOV questionnaire a chapter dedicated for GBARD data.
The main part of data are provided from Ministry of Research, respectively National Authority of Scientific Research.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
GBARD data are provided from administrative sources and on-line questionnaire /self-administration statistical questionnaire.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
See below.
12.1.1. Needs at national level
| Users’ class1 | Description of users | Users’ needs |
|---|---|---|
| 1 - European level | European Commission | Data used for the European R&D statistics and its further development. |
| 1 - National level | Governmental departments: Ministry of National Education and other national ministries | Data used for R&D national strategy and regional and policy makers, publications. |
| 1 - International level | OECD | Data used for international comparability. |
| 2 - Social actors | Scientific institutes and universities, Trade unions, Employer’s associations | Data used for analyses. |
| 3 - Media | International or regional media | Data used for analyses and comments to the general public. |
| 4 - Researchers and students | Researchers and students | Data used for analyses and projects. |
| 5 - Enterprises or businesses | Enterprises or businesses | Market analysis, marketing strategy, consultancy services. |
1) Users' class codification
1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.
2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.
3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.
4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)
5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)
6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.
12.2.1. National Surveys and feedback
| Conduction of a user satisfaction survey or any other type of monitoring user satisfaction | A user satisfaction survey is carried out by National Institute of Statistics. This survey is addressed to a selection of users of all statistical fields. Last one survey in 2024. Also, we receive information about from the Department of data dissemination, where are recorded the user 's requests. |
|---|---|
| User satisfaction survey specific for GBARD statistics | National user satisfaction survey is not specific to R&D GBARD statistics. |
| Short description of the feedback received | No |
12.3. Completeness
See below.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
GBARD data are collected by national questionnaire dedicated to government sector of performance in a specific chapter.
12.3.2. Completeness - overview
Completeness is assessed via comparison of the data delivered against the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197.
| 5 (Very Good) |
4 (Good) |
3 (Satisfactory) |
2 (Poor) |
1 (Very poor) |
Reasons for missing cells | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Provisional budget statistics1 | X | |||||
| Obligatory final budget statistics1 | X | |||||
| Optional final budget statistics2 | X |
1) Criteria: Obligatory data (provisional budget and final budget). Only 'Very Good' = 100% and 'Very Poor' <100% apply.
2) Criteria: Optional data (final budget). 'Very Good' = 100%; 'Good' = >75%;'Satisfactory' 50 to 75%%; 'Poor' 25 to 50%; 'Very Poor' 0 to 25%.
12.3.3. Data availability
See below.
12.3.3.1. Data availability – Provisional data
| Availability1 | Frequency of data collection | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)2 | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total GBARD | Y-1993 | Yearly | Between 1993 and 1997 there were not included capital expenditures. | ||
| NABS Chapter level | Y-1993 | Yearly | |||
| NABS Sub-chapter level | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Biotech | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Nanotech | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Security | Y-2006 (INCLUDED) | Yearly |
1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
12.3.3.2. Data availability – Final data
| Availability1 | Frequency of data collection | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)2 | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total GBARD | Y-1993 | Yearly | |||
| NABS Chapter level | Y-1993 | Yearly | |||
| NABS Sub-chapter level | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Biotech | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Nanotech | Y-2006 | Yearly | |||
| Special categories - Security | Y-2006 (INCLUDED) | Yearly |
1) Availability of the data: N: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
2) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
12.3.3.3. Data availability – Other special categories
| Special categories | Stage1 | Availability1 | Frequency of data colletion | Gap years – years with missing data | Time of compilation (T+x)3 | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from general university funds (GUF) " | Yes | Starting with 2023 reference year. | ||||
1) Stage: P - provisional, F - final.
2) Availability of the data: No, data are not available, Y: Yes, data are available + start year.
3) Time of compilation: T is assumed to represent the end of reference period, x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is compiled
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
a) Coverage errors,
b) Measurement errors,
c) Non response errors,
d) Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
13.1.1. Accuracy - Overall by 'Types of Error'
| Sampling errors | Non-sampling errors1) | Model-assumption Errors1) | Perceived direction of the error2) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage errors | Measurement errors | Processing errors | Non response errors | |||
| Not applicable | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | Not applicable | + |
1) Ranking of the type(s) of errors that result in over/under-estimation, from the most important source of error (1) to the least important source of error (5) In the event that errors of a particular type do not exist, is used the sign ‘-‘.
2) The perceived direction of the ‘overall’ error using the signs “+” for over estimation, “-” for under estimation and “+/-” when assumption of the direction of the error cannot be made for GBARD.
13.1.2. Assessment of the accuracy
| Indicators | 5 (Very Good)1 | 4 (Good)2 | 3 (Satisfactory)3 | 2 (Poor)4 | 1 (Very poor)5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GBARD | X | ||||
| National public funding to transnationally coordinated R & D | X |
1) High level of coverage (At least all national or federal ministries and the ministries and agencies responsible for R&D funding at state or regional level). High rate of response (>90%) in data collection. All figures broken down by NABS.
2) If at least one out of the three criteria described above would not be fully met.
3) In the event that the rate of response would be lower than 80% even by meeting the two remaining criteria.
4) In the event that the average rate of response would be lower than 70% and at least one of the two remaining criteria would not be met.
5) If all the three criteria described above are not met.
13.2. Sampling error
Not requested.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not requested.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.
a) Description/assessment of coverage errors:
We analyse the nomenclature specific to the units in the government performance sector in addition to BR, the operating R&D national laws for this sector, the administrative sources and we find out if there are units that do not belong to GOV.
All units from government sector of performance answer at chapter dedicated GBARD.
b) Measures taken to reduce their effect:
For the units described in point a) we take the decision to move to another performance sector if necessary.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not requested.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not requested.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Measurement errors occur during data collection and generate bias by recording values different than the true ones. The survey questionnaire used for data collection may have led to the recording of wrong values.
a) Description/assessment of measurement errors:
Few errors in data collection, especially for indicator "General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from general university funds (GUF) "
b) Measures taken to reduce their effect:
Taking in account that at national level there is no phenomenon attributed for this indicator, we have specific requirement to IT department in order to compare data.
The measures for reducing errors consisted in selection of staff with knowledge in R&D methodology and experience in data entry and validation checks for online questionnaires. Also, we developed detailed methodological notes regarding the new terms and their definition.
We recontact the respondents for supplementary clarifications.
13.3.3. Non response error
Non response errors: occur when a survey failed to collect data on all survey variables from all the population units designated for data collection in a sample or complete enumeration.
a) Problems in obtaining data from targeted information providers:
We consider that the respondents understood correctly the question regarding the credits allocated to the research and development activity.
b) Measures taken to reduce their effect:
In addition, we have in the questionnaire dedicated to the government performance sector a specific question regarding all the units that are subordinated to the responding unit and receive Government budget allocations for R&D (GBARD).
c) Effect of non-response errors on the produced statistics:
Obligatory filter question in GOV survey for chapter related to GBARD.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not requested.
13.3.4. Processing error
Between data collection and the beginning of statistical analysis, data must undergo a certain processing: coding, data entry, data editing, imputation, etc. Errors introduced at these stages are called processing errors. Data editing identifies inconsistencies or errors in the data.
a) Data processing and editing processes:
Few errors from respondents.
b) Description of errors:
Error related unit measure.
c) Measures taken to reduce their effect:
The measures for reducing errors consisted in selection of staff with knowledge in R&D methodology and experience in data entry and validation checks for online questionnaires. Also, we developed detailed methodological notes regarding the new terms and their definition.
We recontact the respondents for supplementary clarifications.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not requested.
14.1. Timeliness
Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Date of first release of national data: 6 months after the end of the calendar year (June)
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Date of first release of national data: 12 months after the end of the calendar year (December)
14.2. Punctuality
Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)
14.2.1.1. Deadline and date of data transmission
| Transmission of provisional data | Transmission of final data | |
|---|---|---|
| Legally defined deadline of data transmission (T+_ months) | 6 | 12 |
| Actual date of transmission of the data (T+x months) | 6 | 12 |
| Delay (days) | - | - |
| Reasoning for delay | - | - |
15.1. Comparability - geographical
See below.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not requested.
15.1.2. Survey Concepts Issues
The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Regulation No 2020/1197, Frascati manual and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics paragraphs with recommendations about these concepts / issues.
| Concept / Issue | Reference to recommendations | Deviation from recommendations | National definition / Treatment / Deviations from recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Research and development | FM2015 Chapter 2 (mainly paragraphs 2.3 and 2.4). | No deviation | |
| Coverage of levels of government | FM2015, §12.5 to 12.9 | No deviation | |
| Socioeconomic objectives coverage and breakdown | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 20 | No deviation | |
| Reference period | Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 20 | No deviation |
15.1.3. Deviations from recommendations
GBARD encompass all spending allocations met from sources of government revenue foreseen within the budget, such as taxation. Spending allocations by extra-budgetary government entities are within the scope only to the extent that their funds are allocated through the budgetary process (FM2015 §12.9). The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national GBARD statistics.
| Methodological issues | Reference to recommendations | Deviation from recommendations | National definition / Treatment / Deviations from recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definition of GBARD | FM § 12.9 | No deviation | The GBARD components are carried out through the state budget. |
| Stages of data collection | FM2015 §12.41 | No deviation | |
| Gross / net approach, net principle | FM2015 §12.20 and 12.21 | No deviation | The net principle is followed. |
| EU/other funds | Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics | No deviation | Not included;- cofinancing R&D projects supported from structural funds. |
| Types of expenditure | FM2015 §12.15 to 12.18 | No deviation | |
| Current and capital expenditure | FM §12.15 | No deviation | Since 1998, capital expenditures are included. |
| Extra budgetary funds | FM §12.8, 12.20, 12.38 | No deviation | Only the resources from the State budget are included. |
| Loans | FM §12.31, 12.32, 12.34 | No deviation | All public financing instruments (the national and the sectoral-specific R&D programs) are based on non-reimbursable grants regime. The various budget lines are separated by specific budgetary codes. |
| Indirect funding, tax rebates, etc. | FM §12.31 - 12.38 | No deviation | There are no indirect funding facilities (tax incentives) provided by the Fiscal Code. Therefore there are no such data included in GBARD. |
| Treatment of multi-annual projects | FM2015 §12.44 | No deviation | |
| Treatment of GBARD going to R&D abroad | FM2015 §12.19 | No deviation | GBARD does include the state budget funds. Therefore, it includes the money "for Europe", namely the national amounts foreseen for: - contribution to international programs organisations (e.g. EU, FP, ESA, ESF, EUREKA, COST, ICGB Trieste). |
| Criterion for distribution by socioeconomic objective | FM2015 §12.50 to 12.71 | No deviation | |
| Method of identification of primary objective | Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics, topic 2, statement B.6 | No deviation |
15.2. Comparability - over time
See below.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
See below.
15.2.2. Breaks in time series
| Length of comparable time series | Break years1 | Nature of the breaks | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provisional data | 1998; 2022 | Previous to 1998 there were not included the capital expenditures. Since 2011, for General University Funds (GUF) NIS the data are collected from central ministries and governmental institutions. Starting with 2022 reference year, it was applied another method from breakdown for GBARD amount, due the changes in methodology of the most important reporting unit at national level. Until 2022, the distribution of amount it was broken down proportionally according to the number of institutes from National Plan and Core Plan. Starting with 2022 reference year, for National Plan have been associated the domains according from NABS questionnaire with the domains found in the reports received from the programs managers. |
|
| Final data | 1998;2006;2011;2012; 2022 | Previous to 1998 there were not included the capital expenditures; previous to 2006 have been filled in data at item level. Previous of 2011 there were not included the general university funds (GUF) Since 2012 we collected the data from a specific chapter included in the national GOV sector questionnaire. Starting with 2022 reference year, it was applied another method from broken down for GBARD amount, due the changes in methodology of the most important reporting unit at national level. Until 2022, the distribution of amount it was broken down proportionally according to the number of institutes from National Plan and Core Plan. Starting with 2022 reference year, for National Plan have been associated the domains according to NABS questionnaire with the domains found in the reports received from the programs managers. |
1) Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
GERD covers R&D expenditures at national level, having as source the declarations of the units performing R&D activities.
GBARD includes R&D amounts from national budget.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not requested.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
Not requested.
15.4. Coherence - internal
This part compares GBARD statistics from the provisional and final budget for the reference year.
15.4.1. Comparison between provisional and final data according to NABS 2007
| R&D allocations in the provisional budget delivered at T+6 | R&D allocations in the final budget delivered at T+12 | Difference (of final data) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exploration and exploitation of the Earth | 57048.527 | 68211.446 | +11162.919 |
| Environment | 101372.576 | 101685.782 | +313.206 |
| Exploration and exploitation of space | 538053.046 | 542707.645 | +4654.599 |
| Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures | 21927.497 | 21927.497 | |
| Energy | 62388.890 | 62388.890 | |
| Industrial production and technology | 376162.579 | 376162.579 | |
| Health | 41605.374 | 97565.006 | +55959.632 |
| Agriculture | 84779.161 | 157310.455 | +72531.294 |
| Education | 1835.000 | 8729.546 | +6894.546 |
| Culture, recreation, religion and mass media | 930.302 | 11726.861 | +10796.559 |
| Political and social systems, structures and processes | 4790.914 | 7465.525 | +2674.611 |
| General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from General University Funds (GUF) | 100000.000 | +100000.000 | |
| General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from other sources than GUF | 564989.653 | 632334.477 | +67344.824 |
| Defence | 147038.075 | 252700.546 | +105662.471 |
| TOTAL GBARD | 2002921.594 | 2440916.255 | +437994.661 |
The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible.
16.1. Costs summary
| Costs for the statistical authority (in national currency) | % sub-contracted1) | |
|---|---|---|
| Staff costs | Not available separately | no subcontracting |
| Data collection costs | Not available separately | |
| Other costs | Not available separately | |
| Total costs | Not available separately | |
| Comments on costs | ||
| Not available seprately | ||
1) The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.
16.2. Components of burden and description of how these estimates were reached
| Value | Computation method | |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Respondents (R) | Ministries and R&D Institutes | |
| Average Time required to complete the questionnaire in hours (T)1 | Not applicable | |
| Average hourly cost (in national currency) of a respondent (C) | Not applicable | |
| Total cost | Not available separately | Not available seprately |
1) T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)
17.1. Data revision - policy
Not requested.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Not requested.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not requested.
18.1. Source data
a) Provisional data:
The main provisional data are provided from National Authority for Scientific Research and some another governamental units.
b) Final data:
The final data are provided by the National Authority for Scientific Research and all other government units that complete the dedicated chapter GBARD.
c) General University Funds (GUF):
Data for General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from other sources than GUF and also for General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from GUF .
18.2. Frequency of data collection
See 12.3.3.
18.3. Data collection
See below.
18.3.1. Data collection overview
| Provisional data | Final data | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Data collection method | Administrative sources/ self auto-administrated questionnaire/web portal - on line questionnaire. | Data is collected through a standard table, annually. | Since 2011, NIS redesigned a new questionnaire dedicated only for governmental sector of performance with specific chapter with questions related to GBARD. |
| Stage of data collection | Initial budget appropriations by the yearly State Budget Law (figures as voted by the Parliament for the coming year). | Final budget appropriations (figures as voted by the Parliament for the coming year, including additional votes during the year).Changes are due to the rectification of budget appropriations during the year. | |
| Reporting units | The institutions provide data by R&D national programs, which are transposed in social and economic objectives. | The institutions provide data by R&D national programs, which are transposed in social and economic objectives. | |
| Basic variable | The generic name is “Funds allocated for R&D programs”. | The generic name is “Funds allocated for R&D programs”. | |
| Time of data collection (T+x)1) | T+6 | T+12 | |
| Problems in the translation of budget items | No problems. | ||
1) Time of data collection (T+x): T is assumed to represent the end of reference period. x expresses the number of months after (positive) or before (negative) T when data is collected.
18.3.2. General University Funds (GUF)
Starting with 2023 year of reference.
18.3.3. Distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO)
| Level of distribution of budgetary items – institution or programme/project | The budgetary items are distributed at three levels:-first level: by central government institutions (the Romanian Academy is also included in this list);-second level: by budgetary programs. The integration by socio-economic objectives (specific to the GBARD structure) is done taking into account the third level, from the various central government institutions. |
|---|---|
| Criterion of distribution – purpose or content | The distribution by objectives is made according to the main content of the R&D programs. |
| Method of identification of primary objectives | Not applicable. |
| Difficulties of distribution | No problems. |
18.3.4. Questionnaire and other documents
| Annex | Name of the file |
|---|---|
| GBARD national questionnaire and explanatory notes in English: | Not available |
| GBARD national questionnaire and explanatory notes in the national language: | No specific questionnaire dedicated for GBARD data. |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in English: | Not available |
| Other relevant documentation of national methodology in the national language: | Not available |
18.4. Data validation
Specific rules for data validation. Data are compared with previous years at the same period of reference.
The data are completed in the online portal and all specific validation rules are applied.
18.5. Data compilation
See below.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
No-imputed data.
18.5.2. Data compilation methods
See below.
18.5.2.1. Identifying R&D
| Method(s) of separating R&D from non-R&D | Not the case. |
|---|---|
| Description of the use of the coefficient (if applicable) | Not applicable. |
| Coefficient estimation method | Coefficients are not used. |
| Frequency of updating of coefficients | Not the case. |
18.5.2.2. General University Funds (GUF)
| Method(s) of separating R&D from non-R&D | Not the case. |
|---|---|
| Description of the use of the coefficient (if applicable) | Not the case. |
| Coefficient estimation method | Not the case. |
| Frequency of updating of coefficients | Not the case. |
18.5.2.3. Other issues
| Treatment of multi-annual programmes | Most of national R&D programs are multi-annual. Their budgets are broken down by the corresponding budgeted years. The State Budget Law provides a four year budget projection. |
|---|---|
| Possibility to classify budgetary items by COFOG functions | Possible. |
| Possibility to classify budgetary items by other nomenclatures e.g. NACE | Not applicable. |
| Method of estimation of future budgets | The estimation of the overall budget allocated to R&D activities is done on the basis of the strategic orientations and budgetary programs provided by ministries. They take into account the influence of economic growth rate and inflation rate, according to the guidelines of the Ministry of Finance. The Romanian Government is committed to maintain a rapid pace in increasing the level of state budget funds allocated for R&D, in order to approach the 1% of GDP target according with Europe 2027 strategy. Thus, an yearly increase of 0.2% of GDP is foreseen by the current Law 15/2021, Official Monitor 236/2021 approving the State Budget for 2021. |
18.6. Adjustment
Not requested.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not requested.
Statistics on Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) measure government support to research and development (R&D) activities, and thereby provide information about the priority governments give to different public R&D funding activities. This type of funder-based approach for reporting R&D involves identifying all the budget items that may support R&D activities and measuring or estimating their R&D content.
Main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities (FM 2015, Chapter 12), which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).
Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020.
The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics (europa.eu)).
Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.
31 October 2025
Not requested.
All government institutional units.
See below.
Not requested.
a) Calendar year:
Reference period is the calendar previous year.
b) Fiscal year: not applicable
Start month: not applicable
End month: not applicable
Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).
Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:
1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.
2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:
a) Coverage errors,
b) Measurement errors,
c) Non response errors,
d) Processing errors.
Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.
Not requested.
See below.
a) Provisional data:
The main provisional data are provided from National Authority for Scientific Research and some another governamental units.
b) Final data:
The final data are provided by the National Authority for Scientific Research and all other government units that complete the dedicated chapter GBARD.
c) General University Funds (GUF):
Data for General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from other sources than GUF and also for General advancement of knowledge: R&D financed from GUF .
Frequency of dissemination is bi-annual.
Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.
See below.
See below.
