The population is defined using the concept of usual residence, thus including all persons having usual residence in the national territory of Hungary at the reference time. The number of usually resident population at the end of the reference year is calculated as the sum of two subgroups: Hungarian and foreign citizens.

1) The number of residing Hungarian citizens at the end of the reference year is calculated as:

(0) Resident population of Hungarian citizens in Census 2022;

(+) Live births of residing Hungarian citizens until the reference date;

(-) Deaths of residing Hungarian citizens until the reference date;

(+) Migration balance of Hungarian citizens until the reference date.

2) The number of residing foreign citizens at the end of the reference year is calculated:

Based on administrative data of 31 December each year on residing foreign citizens.

The definition is in line with UN recommendation, i.e. a foetus is live born if it gives any sign of life after birth, regardless of the length of pregnancy or life after birth. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

The definition is in line with UN recommendation: final passing away of all signs of life at any time after life birth, i.e. cessation of all life functions without the capability of revival. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

National immigrants: Hungarian citizens – born in Hungary or abroad – who previously lived abroad and immigrated to Hungary (registered in the Population and Address Register of the Ministry of Interior or in the social security database of the National Health Insurance Fund). Non-national immigrants: foreign citizens with registration certificate, residence card or residence permit granted in the reference year.

National emigrants: Hungarian citizens who reported their emigration at the National Health Insurance Fund. Non-national emigrants: third country nationals whose residence permit became expired or invalidated in the reference year. The number of emigrating EU citizens is estimated using an algorithm developed on the basis of Census 2022.

Persons with valid address in Hungary who became Hungarian citizens by naturalization (born as foreign citizens).

Interruption of pregnancy through intentional – surgical – intervention. The 1992 Act No. LXXIX on the protection of the foetus modified the motives – valid since 1973 – of approvals for induced abortions. In accordance, it is allowed to interrupt a pregnancy if it seriously endangers the health of the mother or the foetus, if the foetus presumably suffers from serious disability or other damage, if the pregnancy is consequence of a crime or if the mother is in a grave situation that causes physical or mental harm or serious social threat. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

If after the separation from the mother’s body the foetus did not show any sign of life and the conception longer than 24 (28 until 1996) complete weeks passed or if the age of the foetus cannot be stated, the foetus is 30 cm or more or if the weight of the foetus is 500 g or more, while in case of twin birth if at least one foetus’ born alive. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

Death after live birth and before completing the age of one year. Stillborn infants and those deceased on the 1st anniversary of the birth are not counted among infant deaths. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

Contracted in the presence of a registrar acting officially in the presence of two witnesses. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

A marriage dissolved and annulled by a court's decision entered into legal force. All cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

No differences.

For Eurostat: all cases with Hungarian usual residence;

national website: all cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

For Eurostat: all cases with Hungarian usual residence;

national website: all cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

No differences.

No differences. 

No differences.

Not available.

No differences.

No differences.

For Eurostat: all cases with Hungarian usual residence;

national website: all cases occurred in the territory of Hungary.

No differences.

No differences.

Definition stated in Article 2.1 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 was applied.

Definition stated in Article 2.1 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 was applied. The country in which the birth took place.

The definition stated in Article 2(a) of Regulation (EU) No 351/2010 was applied for Hungarian citizens. For foreign citizens the following imputations were applied:

— EEA citizens: country of citizenship;

— Non-EEA citizens: country of address abroad.

The definition stated in Article 2(b) of Regulation (EU) No 351/2010 was applied for Hungarian citizens. For foreign citizens the following imputations were applied:

— EEA citizens: country of citizenship;

— Non-EEA citizens: country of address abroad.

The definition stated in Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 1260/2013 was applied.

The following definition was applied: divorce is a final legal dissolution of a marriage, that is, a separation of the partners which confers on the parties the right to remarriage or to registered partnership in accordance with the civil laws of Hungary.

Definition stated in Article 2.1 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 was applied.

The following definition was applied: a first-time marrying person is a person contracting marriage for the first time in her/his life.

The following definition was applied: a first-time registering partner is a person contracting registered partnership for the first time in her/his life. In Hungary, registered partnerships are legal unions contracted between same-sex partners.

The following definition was applied: foetal deaths are deaths prior to the complete expulsion or extraction of a product of conception from the mother, irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. Death is indicated by the fact that after such separation from the mother, the foetus does not breathe or show any evidences of life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord or definite movement of voluntary muscles.

Definition stated in Article 2(e) of Regulation (EU) No 351/2010 was applied.

Definition stated in Article 2.1 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 was applied.

The following definition was applied: infant death means the death of a live-born infant who has not yet completed 1 year of life.

The following national definition was applied: late foetal death is if the foetus comes into the world, after the 24th completed week of pregnancy without showing any sign of life (breathing, heart function or pulsation of the umbilical cord), and in case of multiple birth – independently of the age of the foetus - if at least one foetus was born alive. If the age of the foetus cannot be determined, the body length (more than 30 cm) or the body weight (more than 500 g) of the foetus forms the basis of the definition.

The following definition was applied: Legally induced abortion means any interruption of pregnancy, initiated by deliberate action, in conformity with the national laws, undertaken with the intention of terminating the pregnancy.

Level of development means the relative degree of development of a country as defined by statistical measures of three basic dimensions – health, education and standard of living. The countries are categorized according to the level of development based on the human development index (HDI)calculated by the United Nations.

Definition stated in Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 1260/2013 was applied.

The following definition was applied: live-birth order means the numerical order of the live birth being recorded in relation to all previous live births of the mother.

The following definition was applied: Marriage is the act by which the legal relationship of the partners is constituted; the legality of the union is established by the laws of the country.

Definition stated in Article 2(d) of Regulation (EU) No 351/2010 was applied.

The following definition was applied: person contracting legal union for first-time means a person contracting for the first time in life either a marriage or a registered partnership. In Hungary, registered partnerships are legal unions contracted between same-sex partners.

“Regional” means NUTS level 1, NUTS level 2 or NUTS level 3 within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 2066/2016 in the version applicable at the reference time.

In Hungary from 1 July 2009 according to the act No XXIX/2009 registered partnership is contracted between two same-sex persons, aged 18 or more, in the presence of a registrar acting officially in the presence of two witnesses.

Not available.

The data used for purposes of population estimation – the starting the last census population, the yearly statistics of vital events and the migration data – are based on full scope data collections and data transmissions. Refugees (persons granted international protection) are included, while asylum seekers are not included. The presence of asylum seekers staying in the country for more than 12 months is very rare. There may be differences between the calculated population number and the population number of the next census. The reasons for the differences between the calculated population and the census population stem from the methodology used and the characteristics of data collection. The correction of the calculated population might be required retrospectively because of the differences: the latest correction for the entire period between two censuses (between 1990 - 2001) was based on the census of 1 February 2001. The deviation between the Census data of 1 October 2011 and the calculated population based on Census 2001, was considered to be insignificant (0.26 %). (However, more significant deviations appeared when data was broken down into subcategories). 

The population figures for 1 January 2023 are based on the new 2022 Census data, while the data for the years 2012-2022 are based on the 2011 Census results. This has resulted in significant breaks in subcategories between the 2022 and 2023 population data, for example in the Y_OPEN category, which includes the 100+ age group. The retrospective revision of the 2012-2022 intercensal period based on the new, 2022 census is currently underway.

The presence of unknown values in vital statistics and migration statistics is negligible. In case of unknown values, imputation is carried out using information available from other sources. Persons taken under international protection are part of the population while statistics on asylum seekers is not part of the Hungarian population data. 

The refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in Hungary are included in the number of population and incorporated both in the vital events (live births and deaths) and the migration flow.

The data on live births in Hungary is fully comprehensive and reliable. Information on mothers is generally available, but for fathers, unknown information is more frequent due to non-response, especially for births outside of marriage and civil partnerships.

Live births that occur abroad to persons with a valid address in Hungary are also registered, but with less detail. In these cases, only the necessary data for subsequent registration in Hungary is provided. The compulsory questionnaire that is usually filled out at birth is not completed, resulting in a lack of detailed information such as the parents' education and occupation, as well as the newborn's characteristics at birth, including birth weight and length, live births order and the duration of gestation.

It is important to note that refugees are included in this data, while asylum seekers are not.

In summary the possible unknown categories in the live births data are coming from non-responses and the partially available information on live births that occured abroad.

The data on deaths in Hungary is fully comprehensive and reliable.

Deaths occurred abroad of persons with valid address in Hungary are also registered, albeit with less details.

It is important to note that the data includes refugees but not asylum seekers.

The possible unknown categories in the data are due to non-responses, typically regarding the education attainment of the deceased.

Data on immigrating foreign citizens is comprehensive and reliable. Return migration of Hungarian citizens might be underestimated due to that not all Hungarian citizens report their migratory events to the authorities. Refugees are included in the year when they granted the status. Asylum seekers are not included.

Data on emigrating Hungarian citizens might be underestimated due to that not all Hungarian citizens report their migratory events to the authorities. Refugees are included, while asylum seekers are not included.

Data on the acquisitions of citizenship is reliable.

Statistical data on legally induced abortion are nearly fully comprehensive and reliable, however item non-response (e.g. marital status, education, economic activity) might cause difficulties.

Statistical data on late foetal loss are nearly fully comprehensive and reliable, however item non-response (e.g. marital status, education, economic activity) might cause difficulties.

Data on infant deaths are fully comprehensive and reliable.

Data on marriages in Hungary are fully comprehensive and reliable.

Data on divorces in Hungary are nearly fully comprehensive. However, since courts occasionally provide information in statistical questionnaires with delay, a low share of divorces might not appear in a given reference year. Annually, the share of unprocessed statistical questionnaires is approximately 2 percent.

The calculated population has been yearly available since 1876. Until the year 1900, population censuses took into account the civil population and after that date the total population. The starting date of time series might be different by demographic characteristics:

— detailed population number by sex and age-groups is available from 1924,

— population number by marital status is available from 1949.

The regional population calculation became possible after the 1960 census. Up to 1970, data refer to the population present (according to the de facto principle the persons staying in the respective administrative unit on the census day), after 1970 data refer to the resident population.

The number of live births calculated for the present territory of Hungary is available since 1876. The starting date of time series might be different by demographic characteristics:

— Information on the sex of the child, whether born in/outside of marriage, age of the parents, month of birth is available since 1921. Data are comparable on the national definition used by HCSO.

— Data based on the concept of usual residence is available since 2013.

Comparable data on deaths in the territory of Hungary are available since 1876. Information on the sex, age-groups, marital status and month of death is available since 1920. Data are comparable on the national definition used by HCSO. Data based on the concept of usual residence is available since 2013.

Reliable migration statistics is produced since 1995. As regards Hungarian citizens, from 2008 data contain returners who came back from temporary emigration). Until 2008 it contained those returners who came back from a permanent emigration. Data on foreign born Hungarian citizens is produced using administrative data from Population and Address Register of the Ministry of Interior. Data on immigrating foreign citizens is calculated on the basis of the National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing database.

Data on emigrating Hungarian citizens is calculated on the basis of the National Health Insurance Fund database.

Comparable data of induced abortions are available since 1954.

Comparable demographical data on late foetal deaths (stillbirths) is available since 1919. Important methodological changes were implemented in 1997: a late foetal death refers to a gestation age of over 24 weeks instead of the gestation age of over 28 weeks used earlier.

Comparable data on infant deaths in the territory of Hungary is available since 1900. Data based on the concept of usual residence is available since 2013.

For the years 1876-1918 the number of marriages is partially based on estimations. Detailed demographic data (sex, age and former marital status) became available in 1919/1920. Data referring to 1919 and 1920 contain marriages contracted in territories annexed by Austria in accordance with the WW1 peace treaties. Further, data for certain years during WW2 are incomplete.

For the years 1876-1918 the number of divorces is partially based on estimations. Detailed demographic data (sex, age and marital duration) became available in 1901. Data for certain years during WW1 and WW2 are incomplete.

Not available.

Census data serve as a basis for population statistics. Vital events and migration data are added annually.

Data on live births are provided by civil registrars and health institutions.

Data on deaths are provided by civil registrars and health institutions.

Sources for migration data are administrative registers: Population and Address Register of the Ministry of Interior, National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing Register, social security database of the National Health Insurance Fund.

The sources for migration data are administrative registers: National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing Register, social security database of the National Health Insurance Fund.

The source for data on Acquisitions of citizenship is the Population and Address Register of the Ministry of Interior.

Not available.

Data on legally induced abortions are provided by health institutions.

Data on late foetal deaths are provided by health institutions.

Data on infant deaths are provided by civil registers and health institutions.

Data on marriages are provided by civil registers.

Data on divorces are provided by courts and civil registers.

Not available.