|
For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
|
|||
1.1. Contact organisation | Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) |
||
1.2. Contact organisation unit | Unit G2: European businesses |
||
1.5. Contact mail address | 2920 Luxembourg LUXEMBOURG |
|
|||
2.1. Metadata last certified | 11/10/2023 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 11/10/2023 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 11/10/2023 |
|
|||
3.1. Data description | |||
Business demography statistics provide information about the life cycle of businesses and their development over time. They also show how the economic contribution of the business economy in terms of employment develops across a number of enterprise characteristics.
The annual Business demography data collection covers variables which explain the characteristics and demography of the business population. The methodology allows for the production of data on enterprise births (and deaths), that is, enterprise creations (cessations) that amount to the creation (dissolution) of a combination of production factors and where no other enterprises are involved (enterprises created or closed solely as a result of e.g. restructuring, merger or break-up are not considered).
For the population of active enterprises:
For the population of active employer enterprises:
For high-growth enterprises, the following indicators are available at EU and country level:
More information on the contents of different tables: the detail level and breakdowns required starting with the reference year 2021 is defined in Commission Regulation 2019/2152 (‘EBS Regulation’) and Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 (‘EBS General Implementing Act’) concerning European Business Statistics. |
|||
3.2. Classification system | |||
From 2008 onwards NACE Rev.2 classification (Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community) is used for all indicators. The regional breakdown of the EU Member States BD data at NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 level is based on the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS). |
|||
3.3. Coverage - sector | |||
Starting with reference year 2021, BD data cover the economic activities of market producers within the NACE Rev. 2 Sections B to N, P to R and Divisions S95 and S96. The total economy is presented as Industry, construction and services (code BTSXO_S94). For the reference years 2008-2020, data for the Sections P, Q, R and S were provided on a voluntary basis and K64.2 was not covered. |
|||
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
The term business demography is used here to cover a group of variables which explain the characteristics and demography of the business population. The creation of new enterprises and the closure of unproductive businesses can be seen as an important contributor to business dynamism. In addition to studying the population of active enterprises, the counts and characteristics of enterprise births and deaths are examined. Special attention is paid to the impact of these demographic events on employment. In order to provide information on the impact of enterprise births, their development will be followed for five years in order to see how they survive and grow.
A methodology has been developed for the production of data on enterprise births (and deaths), that is, enterprise creations (cessations) that amount to the creation (dissolution) of a combination of production factors and where no other enterprises are involved. In other words, enterprises created or closed solely as a result of e.g. restructuring, merger or break-up are not included in this data. The methodology of enterprise birth and death is described in the Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics . The methodology and definitions are based on those of the Business Registers Recommendations Manual and Glossary, because the Business Registers serve as the sources for the Business Demography data. However recent updates of the BD requirements and definition are not included in that manual and have to be checked in the latest legal acts.
The harmonised data collection (started in 2002) aimed to provide comparable data on business demography for European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members. In particular it aims to satisfy the anticipated requirements for the indicators used for supporting the Europe 2020 strategy. It also provided key data for the joint OECD-Eurostat "Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme".
The definitions of the concepts of births, deaths, survivals and activity are as followed:
Enterprise The enterprise is the smallest combination of legal units that is an organisational unit producing goods or services, which benefits from a certain degree of autonomy in decision-making, especially for the allocation of its current resources. An enterprise carries out one or more activities at one or more locations. An enterprise may be a sole legal unit.
Enterprise Birth A birth amounts to the creation of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Births do not include entries into the population due to mergers, break-ups, split-off or restructuring of a set of enterprises. It does not include entries into a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity.
Birth of an enterprise with at least one employee. This population consists of enterprise births that have at least one employee any time in the birth year and of enterprises that existed before the year in consideration, but were below the threshold of one employee.
A death amounts to the dissolution of a combination of production factors with the restriction that no other enterprises are involved in the event. Deaths do not include exits from the population due to mergers, take-overs, break-ups or restructuring of a set of enterprises. It does not include exits from a sub-population resulting only from a change of activity.
In the Business Demography context, survival occurs if an enterprise is active in terms of employment and/or turnover and/or investment in the year of birth and the following year(s). Two types of survival can be distinguished:
Survival data are recorded in the same activity and the same employee size class as in the year of birth. A change of activity within 5 years is not so frequent, but often there is observed an increase in the number of employees in survival enterprises, however for survival data breakdown is used the same employee size class as in the year of birth. It means that survival data by employee size class are not really comparable with active enterprises by employee size class in the same reference period.
Activity Within the Business Demography context, activity is defined as any turnover and/or employment and/or investment in the period from 1st January to 31st December in a given year. This definition complements the concept of activity in the Business Registers glossary. In 'employer business demography' an enterprise is considered active as long as it has at least one employee at any moment of year.
High-Growth Enterprises and young High-Growth Enterprises (Gazelles) (growth can be measured by the number of employees - classical definition - or by turnover)
In the Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics on Business Demography there are described different definitions of high-growth enterprises. |
|||
3.5. Statistical unit | |||
The statistical unit is the enterprise, with a few exceptions for some countries using as approximation legal unit in the period of transition to the statistical unit enterprise. |
|||
3.6. Statistical population | |||
The target population is the market enterprises. The business registers of the participating countries are used as data sources. The data sets from the business registers are processed to produce data on births, deaths and survivals, as well as to obtain related indicators on employment. In principle there is no size threshold, although in practice for the business registers of some countries there might be a threshold due to the coverage criteria of sources used to establish and update the register. In the additional datasets on employer business demography, the threshold is set to one employee at any time of the reference period following the definition. Similar, as mentioned above, a threshold of 10 employees is used to define the population of high-growth enterprises in the beginning of growth as required by definition. In addition a threshold of age is used for 'gazelles'. |
|||
3.7. Reference area | |||
The data collection covers EU Member States, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and some EU Candidate and potential candidate countries. |
|||
3.8. Coverage - Time | |||
From the reference year 2021, BD data are available following new requirements, however they are comparable (if not break in series mentioned) with previous years. |
|||
3.9. Base period | |||
Not applicable. |
|
|||
Basic variables (active, birth, death and survival enterprises as well as high-growth enterprises and their employment) are in absolute figures. Derived indictors can be expressed in absolute figures (i.e. average size of enterprise) or in percentages (i.e. birth rate). The complete list of all business demography indicators is attached in the Annexes. |
|
|||
The basic reference period is the year. There are two types of variables in the data set, namely the number of enterprises and employment (persons employed and employees).
|
|
|||
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
Starting with reference year 2021 two new regulations currently form the legal basis of Business demography:
Past regulations:
|
|||
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
Eurostat makes available all non-confidential data on its dissemination website. |
|
|||
7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
If data are of truly confidential nature according to the above mentioned regulation, they have to be flagged confidential, and they will not be published by Eurostat. |
|||
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
Confidentiality - if data are of truly confidential nature according to the above mentioned regulation, they have to be flagged confidential, and they will not be published by Eurostat. |
|
|||
8.1. Release calendar | |||
Eurostat publishes BD data by the following calendar:
|
|||
8.2. Release calendar access | |||
Plese consult the online release calendar on Eurostat website, under "Industry, Trade and Service" theme. |
|||
8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users. |
|
|||
Annual |
|
|||
10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
News releases on-line |
|||
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
Publications - Business demography Annualy: Eurostat regional yearbook (in English) |
|||
10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
Please consult free data on-line or refer to contact details. |
|||
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Not applicable. |
|||
10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics outlines the methodology to be used for the production of the data in the national statistical institutes. For more information, please contact the domain manager. |
|||
10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
Quality profile on 'Business Demography' statistics is available on Eurostat's website. |
|
|||
11.1. Quality assurance | |||
As from the reference year 2008 Member States have been providing Eurostat with regular (annual) quality reports covering most of the categories of the ESS Standard for Quality Reports. Eurostat prepares a summary quality reports which is discussed in a yearly meeting with Member States. |
|||
11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
According to the information available from the quality reports, data are of good or very good quality. |
|
|||
12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
Business demography data collection was developed in cooperation with the main users. The information is used by different users (European Commission services, international organisations, ECB, national governments and central banks, economic analysts in private companies and financial institutions, journalists, researchers etc.) and serves different purposes. |
|||
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
Eurostat has not organized a user survey yet. |
|||
12.3. Completeness | |||
Data was collected on a voluntary basis until and including reference year 2006. Not all Member States are therefore covered yet. Starting with reference year 2007 data collection has become mandatory. Backdata on birth for the years 2004-2007, according to NACE Rev.2, were also required. Starting with the reference year 2008, all Member State should provide business demography data, except those variables for which countries have derogations. |
|
|||
13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Data are taken from the business register and therefore the accuracy depends on its quality. In addition, the methodology and definitions for the source data are based on the Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics which provides the guidelines to be used for the data production. The general use of the Manual by the Member States may ensure high accuracy of the data collected. |
|||
13.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
|||
13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
Not applicable. |
|
|||
14.1. Timeliness | |||
Data generally should be published within 2 calendar years of the end of the reference year. In the case of indicators on enterprise deaths, a two year lag is foreseen in the methodology in order to confirm whether a presumed death is in fact reactivated. For this reason information on final deaths is generally available later than the stock of enterprises and enterprise births. |
|||
14.2. Punctuality | |||
EU regulation 2019/2152 on European business statistics (EBS) and its implementing act, EU regulation 2020/1197 require the EEA countries to send annual data within the following months after the end of the reference year:
|
|
|||
15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
Although the business demography statistics is produced in a unified way based on the recommendations manual, some differences stemming from the data sources can occur that restrict the data comparability across countries. Different administrative sources depending on national law, as well as surveys, are used to update the business registers. More importantly the presence of different size thresholds in business registers may have a substantial impact on comparability especially on data for start-ups.
Soon there will be available country specific metadata on the methodology used for the data production of Business Demography. |
|||
15.2. Comparability - over time | |||
Restrictions in comparability over time are related to the construction of the indicator and the small size of the time series presently available. |
|||
15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
Number of active enterprises and employment in them is collected and published also by Structural Business statistics domain. The aim is to have the same values, however for time being values still can differ due to different focus of collections. |
|||
15.4. Coherence - internal | |||
In between Eurostat releases, Member States may revise their figures; Eurostat publishes the new Member States' figures shortly after reception but does not recalculate the EU aggregates until the next scheduled EU release (twice per year). Geographical coherence may thus be lost for a brief period. In turn, a certain stability of annual aggregates is assured. |
|
|||
In general, business demography data collection does not impose additional burden and cost, as the basic information is available in the national business registers. |
|
|||
17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
The general Eurostat revision policy applies to this domains and is further specified by the following revision practice for Business Demography Statistics. |
|||
17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
New data are used to update disseminated data according to the provision schedule set by Eurostat, following the dissemination of late transmitted data, or in cases of reported errors.
|
|
|||
18.1. Source data | |||
Data were provided in all cases by national statistical institutions. The national business registers serve as the sources for the business demography data. Business registers hold data on the creation and cessation of enterprises, their economic activity, their legal form, employment, turnover, and other information. No samples are drawn from the registers, but the full registers are processed. Some differences in the coverage among the countries can occur. Different administrative sources depending on national law, as well as surveys, are used to update the business registers, and in some countries VAT thresholds for registration apply (see Country Metadata soon). |
|||
18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
Annual |
|||
18.3. Data collection | |||
Although practices vary somewhat between countries the data processing starts by establishing a series of annual snapshots of the business register. The populations in each of these snapshots are then matched in order to identify the target populations and to be able to follow each unit across the time period considered. Other sources may then be used to update some of the information (such as employment or turnover). Data for active enterprises are obtained from the business registers by checking for activity. A unit is considered active if it shows employment and / or turnover and / or investments during any time of a calendar year. Births and deaths are separated from other creations and cessations by eliminating mergers, take-overs, break-ups and split-offs. ID numbers are used to identify all new enterprises. Thus, reactivations of inactive units can be followed as well. A reactivation of an enterprise after more than two years is considered a birth, while a death is confirmed only after two years of inactivity. |
|||
18.4. Data validation | |||
Data are pre-validated by countries as well as automatically validated at reception by toolsprovided by Eurostat. Aditionally, special comparison is done to ensure consistency between different data collections. Coherence between variables is also verified, for example to ensure that there are not more surviving enterprises in a stratum than there were births the previous year. A number of apparent inconsistencies exist for methodological reasons. For example, if employment is measured in full-time equivalents, then it is possible to have a lower level of employment in a stratum than there are enterprises. All inconsistencies are verified with the data provider and methodological notes made of any practices that explain apparent incoherence. |
|||
18.5. Data compilation | |||
Starting with the reference year 2009 EU aggregates are available. Data related to the number of enterprises as well as related employment data are reported as units. |
|||
18.6. Adjustment | |||
Not applicable. |
|
|||
Due to different revision policy for the European aggregates and the Member States' data, there may be a difference between the European aggregate and the appropriate sum of national data between updates. |
|
|||
|
|||
BD dissemination correspondence table before & after EBS Regulation Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics |
|
|||