HELLENIC STATISTICAL AUTHORITY - ELSTAT

18510, PIREOS 46 & EPONITON  STR, PIRAEUS, GREECE

GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF STATISTICS

POPULATION, EMPLOYMENT AND COST OF LIVING STATISTICS DIVISION

HOUSEHOLDS'  SPECIAL STATISTICS UNIT

18510, PIREOS 46 & EPONITON  STR, PIRAEUS , GREECE

The EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is an annual survey conducted since 2002. In GREECE, it has been conducted since 2002.

In 2023, the survey collects data on the access to information and communication technologies (ICT), on the use of the internet, e-government, electronic identification (eID) and e-commerce, e-skills, as well as privacy and protection of personal data.

National language: ΕΡΕΥΝΑ ΧΡΗΣΗΣ ΤΕΧΝΟΛΟΓΙΩΝ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΗΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΠΙΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΑΠΟ ΝΟΙΚΟΚΥΡΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΑΤΟΜΑ, ΕΤΟΥΣ 2023

English: SURVEY ON THE USE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES BY HOUSEHOLDS AND INDIVIDUALS, YEAR 2023

Questionnaire(s) in national language(s) and the translation in English are available in the Annexes below.

The following common concepts and definitions apply under the Integrated European Social Statistics (IESS):

• the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011 published in the following breakdowns: low (ISCED levels 0-2: no formal education, primary education or lower secondary education), medium (ISCED levels 3-4: upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education) and high (ISCED levels 5-6: tertiary programmes which normally need a successful completion of ISCED 3 or 4, or second-stage tertiary education leading to an advanced research qualification);
• the International Standard Classification for Occupation ISCO-08 at the 2-digit level;
• the Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2-2008), at section level;
• the Common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS 1) – finer granularity of NUTS 2 is provided on optional basis by some Member States;
• the SCL – Geographical code list;
• information about household income is provided at lower level of detail. 

Additional classifications used in the national questionnaire:   None

The ICT survey in households and by individuals covers those households having at least one member in the age group 16 to 74 years old. Internet access of households refers to the percentage of households that have an internet access, so that anyone in the household could use the internet.

No deviations in scope.

The survey is collecting data of internet users, individuals who have used the internet in the three months prior to the survey. 

This annual survey is used to benchmark ICT-driven developments, both by following developments for core variables over time and by looking in greater depth at other aspects at a specific point in time. While the survey initially concentrated on access and connectivity issues, its scope has subsequently been extended to cover a variety of subjects (for example, the use of internet, e-government, eID,  and e-commerce, e-skills and privacy and protection of personal data) and socio-economic analysis (such as regional diversity, gender specificity, differences in age, education and the employment situation). The scope of the survey with respect to different technologies is also adapted so as to cover new product groups and means of delivering communication technologies to end-users.

For more details on the methodology applicable in each survey year, please consult the Compiler's Manual for the respective year (Methodological Manual - Information society statistics).

Deviations from standard ICT concepts:  None

Households and Individuals

In the ICT usage survey, the target population for the different statistical units is:

- individuals: all individuals aged 16 to 74;

- households: all (private) households with at least one member aged 16 to 74. 

Target population composed of households and/or individuals:

• Number of households: 3,711,296 
• Number of individuals:  7,557,544

Non-compulsory age groups also included in the target population:

Whole Greek territory

Year 2023

Not applicable

Percentages of ‘Households’ and Percentages of ‘Individuals’

For most questions the reference period is the last three months before the interview. Questions in the modules on e-government and eID refer to the 'last year' before the interview.

Deviation from this assertion: 

• 31 March 2023 for educational level completed H5
• Current information for socio demographic characteristics (activity status, employment situation, country of citizenship, legal marital status, etc.), A1, G2-G4, H1, H2, H3, H4, H6-H18
• First quarter of 2023 for questions B2, B3, B4, B5, E2-E12, F1- F8, G1
• Last 12 months (April 2022 - March 2023) C1- C7, D1-D3

Survey started on 10 May and ended on 31 August 2023.

The legal basis for the 2023 EU survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals is the Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 October 2019 establishing a common framework for European statistics relating to persons and households, based on data at individual level collected from samples (OJ  L 261 I, 14.10.2019, p. 1), as implemented by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1399 of 1 August 2022 specifying the technical items of the data set, establishing the technical formats for transmission of information and specifying the detailed arrangements and content of the quality reports on the organisation of a sample survey in the use of information and communication technologies domain for reference year 2023 in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 213, 16.08.2022, pp. 13-56) and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/2279 of 1 August 2022 supplementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council by specifying the number and titles of the variables for the use of information and communication technologies statistics domain for the reference year 2023.

Complementary national legislation constituting the legal basis for the survey on the use of ICT in households and by individuals: 

• Law 3832/2010 (Government Gazette No 38, Issue Α): "Hellenic Statistical System Establishment of the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) as an Independent Authority", as amended by article 90 paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Law 3842/2010 (Government Gazette No 58, Issue Α): "Restoration of fiscal justice, confrontation of tax evasion and other provisions", by article 10 of the Law 3899/2010 (Government Gazette No 212, Issue A): "Urgent measures for the implementation of the assistance program of the Greek Economy", by article 45 of the Law 3943/2011 (Government Gazette No 66, Issue A): "Combating tax evasion, staffing of auditing services and other provisions falling within the competence of the Ministry of Finance", by article 22 paragraph 1 of the Law 3965/2011 (Government Gazette No 113, Issue A): "Operations Reform of the Consignment and Loan Fund, Public Debt Management Agency, Public Enterprises and Government bodies, the establishment of the General Secretary of Public Property and other provisions", by article first of the Law 4047/2012 (Government Gazette No 31, Issue A): "Ratification of the Act of Legislative Content "Very urgent measures for the implementation of the Medium-term Fiscal Strategy 2012-2015 and of the State Budget for 2011" and of the Act of Legislative Content "Regulation of very urgent issues for the implementation of law 4024/2011 "Pension provisions, uniform pay scale - grading system, labour reserve and other provisions for the implementation of the Medium-term Fiscal Strategy Framework 2012-1015" and of issues falling within the competence of the Ministries of Administrative Reform and E-Governance, Interior, Finance, Environment, Energy and Climate Change, and of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs and related to the implementation of the Medium-term Fiscal Strategy Framework 2012-2015" and other provisions", by article 323 of the Law 4072/2012 (Government Gazette No 86, Issue A): "Improvement of the business environment New corporate form - Trade Marks - Realtors - Regulating maritime, port and fishing matters and other provisions" and by article 7 paragraph 1 of the Act of Legislative Content dated 18/11/2012 (Government Gazette No 228, Issue A): "Financial rules and other provisions", by Article 93 of the Law 4182/2013 (Government Gazette No 185, Issue Α): “Code of charitable estate, inheritances in abeyance and other provisions”, by Article 6 paragraph 8 of the Law 4244/2014 (Government Gazette 60, Issue Α): “Integration in Greek law of the Council Directive 2013/1/EU of 20 December 2012 amending Directive 93/109/EC as regards certain detailed arrangements for the exer­cise of the right to vote and stand as a candidate in elections to the European Parliament for citizens of the Union residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals and amendment of law 2196/1994 (A΄ 41) and other provisions”, by Article first subparagraph C.3 of the Law 4254/2014 (Government Gazette No 85, Issue Α): “Measures for the support and development of the Greek economy, in the context of the implementation of Law 4046/2012, and other provisions of law” and by Article 33, paragraphs 5a and 5b of the Law 4258/2014 (Government Gazette No 94, Issue Α): “Demarcation process and arrangements of matters for streams - arrangements of Urban Planning legislation and other provisions”.
• Regulation on the Operation and Administration of the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT), 2012, (Government Gazette No 2390, Issue B, 28-8-2012) Regulation on the Operation and Administration of ELSTAT
• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the European statistics (Official Journal of the European Union L 87/164) Regulation No 223/2009
• Article 14 of the Law 3470/2006 (Government Gazette No 132, Issue A): “National Export Council, tax regulations and other provisions”.
• Article 3, paragraph 1c, of the Law 3448/2006 (Government Gazette No 57, Issue A): “For the further use of information coming from the public sector and the settlement of matters falling within the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization”.

European Statistics Code of Practice (CoP), was first adopted by the Statistical Programme Committee (SPC) in 2005. The CoP was revised by the European Statistical System Committee (ESSC) in 2011 and 2017; the ESSC endorsed the latter revision on 16 November 2017.

• Presidential Decree 226/2000 (Government Gazette No 195, Issue Α): “Organization of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece”.
• Articles 4, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the Law 2392/1996 (Government Gazette No 60, Issue Α): "Access of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece to administrative sources and administrative files, Statistical Confidentiality Committee, settlement of matters concerning the conduct of censuses and statistical works, as well as of matters of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece".

Access to the data is based on the legal conditions according to the Commission Regulation (EU) No 557/2013 of 17 June 2013 on access to confidential data for scientific purposes. Upon agreement, access is provided for practical arrangements to the anonymised micro-datasets for researchers free of charge.

The issues concerning the observance of statistical confidentiality by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) are governed by articles 7, 8 and 9 of the Law 3832/2010, as amended by article 90 paragraph 8 of Law 3842/2010 and by article 10 of Law 3899/2010, as well as by article 8 of Law 2392/1996, which was brought back into force, in accordance with article 90 paragraph 8 of Law 3842/2010. http://www.statistics.gr/en/legal-framework

Furthermore, ELSTAT disseminates the statistics in compliance with the statistical principles of the European Statistics Code of Practice and in particular with the principle of statistical confidentiality COP.

- ELSTAT protects and does not disseminate data it has obtained or it has access to, which enable the direct or indirect identification of the statistical units that have provided them by the disclosure of individual information directly received for statistical purposes or indirectly supplied from administrative or other sources. ELSTAT takes all appropriate preventive measures so as to render impossible the identification of individual statistical units by technical or other means that might reasonably be used by a third party. Statistical data that could potentially enable the identification of the statistical unit are disseminated by ELSTAT if and only if:

1. these data have been treated, as it is specifically set out in the Regulation on Statistical Obligations of the agencies of the Hellenic Statistical System (ELSS), in such a way that their dissemination does not prejudice statistical confidentiality or
2. the statistical unit has given its consent, without any reservations, for the disclosure of data.

- The confidential data that are transmitted by ELSS agencies to ELSTAT are used exclusively for statistical purposes and the only persons who have the right to have access to these data are the personnel engaged in this task and appointed by an act of the President of ELSTAT.

- ELSTAT may grant researchers conducting statistical analyses for scientific purposes access to data that enable the indirect identification of the statistical units concerned. The access is granted provided the following conditions are satisfied:

1. an appropriate request together with a detailed research proposal in conformity with current scientific standards have been submitted;
2. the research proposal indicates in sufficient detail the set of data to be accessed, the methods of analyzing them, and the time needed for the research;
3. a contract specifying the conditions for access, the obligations of the researchers, the measures for respecting the confidentiality of statistical data and the sanctions in case of breach of these obligations has been signed by the individual researcher, by his/her institution, or by the organization commissioning the research, as the case may be, and by ELSTAT.

- Issues referring to the observance of statistical confidentiality are examined by the Statistical Confidentiality Committee (SCC) operating in ELSTAT. The responsibilities of this Committee are to make recommendations to the President of ELSTAT on:

• the level of detail at which statistical data can be disseminated, so as the identification, either directly or indirectly, of the surveyed statistical unit is not possible;
• the anonymization criteria for the microdata provided to users Anonymization criteria;
• the granting to researchers access to confidential data for scientific purposes.

- The staff of ELSTAT, under any employment status, as well as the temporary survey workers who are employed for the collection of statistical data in statistical surveys conducted by ELSTAT, who acquire access by any means to confidential data, are bound by the principle of confidentiality and must use these data exclusively for the statistical purposes of ELSTAT. After the termination of their term of office, they are not allowed to use these data for any purpose.

- Violation of data confidentiality and/or statistical confidentiality by any civil servant or employee of ELSTAT constitutes the disciplinary offence of violation of duty and may be punished with the penalty of final dismissal.

ELSTAT, by its decision, may impose a penalty amounting from ten thousand (10,000) up to two hundred thousand (200,000) euros to anyone who violates the confidentiality of data and/or statistical confidentiality. The penalty is always imposed after the hearing of the defence of the person liable for the breach, depending on the gravity and the repercussions of the violation. Any relapse constitutes an aggravating factor for the assessment of the administrative sanction.

Press Release date - General Results – «Survey on the Use of Information and Communication Technologies by Households and Individuals - Year 2023»: 11 December 2023

https://www.statistics.gr/el/calendar#112023

Users are informed on data release dates through ELSTAT’s website. The equal access of users to data is governed by the European Statistics Code of Practice.

Annual

The press release has been announced on 11 December 2023.

Publication “The Living Conditions in Greece” provides, both in Greek and English languages, the latest statistics illustrating living conditions in Greece, among  which data from the Survey on the use of information and communication technologies in households and by individuals.

The publication is updated with the latest data the first Friday of January, March, May, July, September and November.

Also publication “Greece in figures” publishes data on the ICT survey.

Online data base (anonymized microdata files) for data access, will be available in ELSTAT’s site, on 19/01/2024: https://www.statistics.gr/el/public-use-files

Information is not available. However, up to mid November 2023, 11,142 users have visited ELSTAT’s site (www.statistics.gr) to consult information (Press Releases, Tables, Questionnaires, SIMS) on HH ICT survey, in general, and not of a specific year.

Microdata are available to users upon request in the competent Unit of Statistical Information using the following links:

http://www.statistics.gr/statistical-data-request

http://www.statistics.gr/data-for-scientific-purposes

http://dlib.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE

Information is not available.

Information on the survey (in Greek and in English) is posted on the website of ELSTAT https://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SFA20/-

Users in the above link can find the questionnaire of the survey, the surveys’ guidelines (only in Greek) and the SIMS in national language and in English.

100%

Commission Implementing Regulation EU 2022/1399 specifies the detailed arrangements and content of the quality reports on the organisation of a sample survey in the use of information and communication technologies domain for reference year 2023 pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Quality documentation is included in the Quality Report.

The quality of the survey is ensured by the existence of a methodological handbook issued by Eurostat, as well as by the use of a common questionnaire – template, in order to improve comparability of results in all member states, and in general by the implementation of the European Statistics Code of Practice.

Quality assessment is carried out by ELSTAT and Eurostat.

The sample size is such as to ensure high accuracy results, representative for the reference population and all necessary steps are taken so as to make all appropriate checks and minimize measurement errors in data collection. Data are accompanied by the quality report analyzing the accuracy, consistency and comparability of data.

After the checks in order to detect errors, which are being corrected, and the estimation of sampling errors, the obtained results are considered to be of high quality.

Main users of the survey data is Eurostat, the State, OECD, Universities (professors, graduate and post graduate students), researchers on the field of information society, telecommunication providers etc. 

The Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) is in cooperation with the Ministry of Digital Governance during the development of the questionnaire, even at the very early stage, during the written consultations.

Department of Statistical Information Transmission conducts a survey on users’ satisfaction: http://www.statistics.gr/user-satisfaction-survey

All variables required for transmission (mandatory variables) have been included in the microdata.

The completeness of data and breakdowns are considered to be very satisfactory according to user needs, while ESTAT’s requirements are set out in Commission Regulations (EU) 2019/1700 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 10 October 2019 and Implementing Regulation 2022/1399.

The concept of accuracy refers to the precision of estimates computed from a sample rather than from the entire population. Accuracy depends on sample size, sampling design effect and structure of the population under study. In addition to that, sampling errors and non sampling errors need to be taken into account.

The sample size has been defined from the Division of Methodology, Quality Management and Public Relations, according to the provisions set in the surveys’ implementing regulation, allowing thus the production of high accuracy estimations for the country and also for the 4 great geographical areas of the country (NUTS1 level). Sampling errors are being calculated from the competent division (see §13.2 below). For the non-sampling errors see §13.3 below.

Please find the description of the sampling error estimation method in the annex below.

Precision estimates for the question "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in in the question “When did you last buy or order goods or services for private use over the internet?”):

Number of respondents (absolute value for ‘Yes’ answers):  2,586 

Estimated proportion (in %):   45.75% of total population 16-74 years old 

Standard error (in percentage points): 0.72 

Details of the breakdowns are available in document INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_2023_0000_an_24 in the Annexes below. 

See more details on non-sampling error below.

Coverage errors are caused by the imperfections of a sampling frame for the target population of the survey.

Coverage errors include over-coverage, under-coverage and misclassification:

• Over-coverage: relates either to wrongly classified units that are in fact out of scope, or to units that do not exist in practice.
• Under-coverage: refers to units not included in the sampling frame.
• Misclassification: refers to incorrect classification of units that belong to the target population.

A systematic source of coverage problems is the time lag between the reference date for the selection of the sample and the fieldwork period, which should be made the shortest.

1.03% of selected households did not belong in the target population because all members were over 74 years old.

Not requested in the ICT survey.

1)    Measurement errors:  

They occur at the time of data collection from the questionnaire (design, content and wording), the interviewers and their training, the respondents, the routing, the skills testing before starting the fieldwork, etc. 

In order to reduce these errors the following actions were done:

2)    Questionnaire design and testing:  

• For building up the questionnaire we adopted the questionnaire proposed from Eurostat as the basis. The structure of the questionnaires is similar. The majority of the questions are almost literally copied and translated.
• Detailed guidelines handbook is provided to all interviewers. Also, a manual on the use of the data entry programs / electronic questionnaires designed using Oracle - SQL (in central office desktops), as well as manual on the use of the web application designed with LimeSurvey.
• Cooperation with the Ministry of Digital Governance during the development of the questionnaire (in particular of the e-government module) in order the questions to include the most common examples of citizens' transactions with public services and authorities.

3)    Interviewer training: 

• Training to interviewers took place via e-Presence, a service enabling Greek State Agencies to organize and hold online teleconferences of high security and quality.
• Participation in the survey of skilled and experienced, with previous years’ ICT survey and other household surveys, interviewers.

Finally, checks (validation/ logical/ completeness/ flow, etc.) are carried out both by ELSTAT and EUROSTAT (validation programs). Supervisors are in close communication with interviewers for attending work progress or to discuss and solve occurring problems.

4)    Proxy interview rates:  Not applicable.

Information about non-respondents: 

Non-response errors are errors due to an unsuccessful attempt to obtain the desired information from an eligible unit. Unit non-response: refers to the absence of all information of a whole unit (household and person) selected for survey.

The unit non-response rate is the ratio of the number of in-scope non-respondents (= number of rejected interviews) to the number of eligible elements selected from the sampling frame.

Unit non-response rate for

• Households:   48.30%
  
• Individuals (aged 16-74):  48.30% 
  

Comments, if any:

1)    Methods used for dealing with unit non-response: 

The sample of households was divided into classes (Response Homogeneous Groups) in which the units have approximately the same propensity to respond and the variables of interest are homogeneous as constant as possible. These classes were created by 13 Regions-NUTS2 plus aggregating strata in former Greater Thessaloniki, as well as Regional Unities in former Greater Athens Area.
In each weighting class, inverse of inclusion probabilities (design weights) of households were multiplied by the inverse of the estimated response propensity score.                                                                   

2)    Methods used for minimizing unit non-response:  

An advanced notification letter is sent to all households; approximately 1 month before the survey conduct, among others providing information on how the data collected are being used. In cases where the households couldn’t be approached, mainly due to temporary absence, a number of attempts for phone calls (up to three) are being used. The letter (annexed in greek language only) also includes data (infographic) from the latest survey, showing thus to the respondents how the data they are providing are being used.                                                                       

3)    Substitution permitted:  No substitution is permitted  

4)    Substitution rate (in %):  0%

Items with low response rates (observed rates in %):  0

Such errors can occur at all stages of data processing after collection, such as the coding of questionnaire responses. Good processing methods, but also quality controls having been developed since 2002 (1st year of survey) have significantly reduced this type of errors.

Data entry controls

Several plausibility checks have been made, using the validation rules of ESTAT, as well as using additional checks prepared by ELSTAT.

In general, data entry programs and post-data entry programs checks concern the following:

• Coverage
• Checks on the number of questionnaires expected to be collected.
• Monitoring of flows, valid values and out of range values
• Intra-year inconsistencies check
• Intra-questionnaire inconsistencies check
• Longitudinal checks

Codification

The codification regarding occupation (ISCO-08), economic activity of the local unit (NACE rev.2), as well as nationality, is undertaken by experienced personnel, following the international classifications.

Not requested for ICT Survey

Date of data dissemination at national level: The time lag between the reference period of the survey data and the publication of data is approximately 10 months.

No time lag exists between the actual delivery of the data and the target date, as data are being delivered on time.

There is no problem of comparability across the country’s regions.

Not relevant

Possible limitations in the use of data for comparisons over time: From 2002 onwards, the data are comparable because common definitions and methods of data production are applied; therefore, in general, no problem on comparability over time exists.

The length of comparable time series depends on the module and variable considered within each of the modules of the survey.

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

All statistics are coherent within the dataset.

MANDATORY questions in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2023:

Table 15.4.1. of document INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_2023_0000_an_4 in the Annexes lists the questions of the national questionnaire for which the coverage of subjects and characteristics differs from of Annex 2 of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/2279 of 1 August 2022. 

Adoption of OPTIONAL questions and items in the Eurostat model questionnaire 2023:

Table 15.4.2. of document INFOSOC_HHNSI_A_2023_0000_an_5 in the Annexes lists the optional questions from the annual Eurostat model questionnaire 2023 included in the national questionnaire and their coverage for age groups beyond the standard scope. 

Additional questions introduced in the national questionnaire in 2023:  No additional questions have been added to Eurostat questionnaire.

Effects of deviations from the routing used in the Eurostat model questionnaire:  All statistics are coherent within the dataset.

The revision policy may relate to the survey data and the survey itself, i.e. the questionnaire, the sample, etc., and takes into account users’ needs for additional statistical information: http://www.statistics.gr/en/policies.

The revision policy may relate to the survey data and the survey itself, i.e. the questionnaire, the sample, etc., and takes into account users’ needs for additional statistical information: http://www.statistics.gr/en/policies.

Not relevant

The source of the raw data is described with more details in the paragraphs below.

It is a multi-stage stratified sampling survey. The primary sampling units are the areas (one or more unified city blocks) participating in the EU-SILC survey of the years 2016-2022.

Also only the private households participate in the survey. Individuals who permanently reside in collective houses (as hospitals, hotels, asylums, houses of old people, orphanages etc) are not covered by the survey. These individuals are - as a rule - members of institutional households.

HH ICT is a stand-alone-survey, and the participation is mandatory according to Greek law.

The sampling design is a probability design (multi-stage stratified sampling).

Number of individuals interviewed in the selected household: One individual

Number of sampling stages: Two stages for households and three stages for individuals.

More information on the sampling stages is detailed in the document attached in the annexes below.

Annual

1) Methods used to gather data:

Data are collected via telephone

2) Short description of the survey method: 

The survey method used to collect the data is the telephone interview. Upon the completion of the questionnaire, the interviewers enter the answers in electronic questionnaires (web application)

3) Variables completed from an external source: Not applicable.

Data validation is carried out by qualitative and quantitative tests based on:

• Longitudinal checks on raw data (with data of previous years)
• Comparisons of key variables with variables / data of other statistical sources
• Calculation of sampling errors, also used as a criterion for the final validation of data.

Checks in data are made from ELSTAT’s experienced personnel, following Eurostat validation standards. Rational checks, inconsistency checks, as well as coverage checks are being done.

Adequate number of rational and inconsistency checks also "run" while data entering in the electronic questionnaires.

Population and sample weighting adjustments were used to compensate for non-response. More details in 18.5.3.

For the target indicator "Individuals having ordered goods or services for private use over the internet in the last 12 months" (individuals who ticked 'Within the last 3 months' or 'Between 3 months and a year ago' in the question “When did you last buy or order goods or services for private use over the internet?”:

Imputation rate (% of observations): 0%

Imputation rate (share of estimate): 0%

Methods used to impute item non-response: None

Grossing up procedures have been applied to: Individuals and/or Households

Description of the weighting procedures: Details of the description of the weighting procedures are given in the annexes below.

Not relevant

Not relevant