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World Health Assembly Update of May 25, 2019
Member states agreed to adopt the eleventh revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases
and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), to come into effect on 1 January 2022.
More info here
ICD-11 WAS RELEASED ON JUNE 18
This release is an advance preview; it will be presented at the World Health Assembly in May 2019
for adoption by Member States and will come into effect on January 1, 2022
Check the news release here
The purpose of this page is to provide background information on ICD-11, the WHO 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (currently, the eHDSI MVC contains codes from ICD-10, the 10th Revision of the Classification).
ICD-11 has been released on June 18, 2018. It is an advance preview to allow countries to plan how to use the new revision, prepare translations, and train health professionals.
Information on ICD-11 presented during the 5th F2F meeting of the eHMSEG Semantic Task Force (Norbert SIGMOND):
Other relevant links and resources:
ICD-11 Reference Guide (Draft 2017-10-09)
Update on ICD-11 Presentation by Donna Pickett and Robert Anderson (NCHS). January 12, 2018
Brief reminder of ICD
ICD is a tool for reporting and grouping conditions and factors that influence health. It contains categories for diseases, health-related conditions, and external causes of illness or death.
The purpose of ICD is to allow the systematic recording, analysis, interpretation, and comparison of mortality and morbidity data collected in different areas and at different times. With that aim, ICD is used to translate diagnoses of diseases and other health problems into an alphanumeric code, which permits storage, retrieval, and analysis of the data.
ICD has become the international standard diagnostic classification for all general epidemiological and many health management purposes.
The Chapter structure reflects major aspects of diseases. Chapters are not intended to delimit areas of medical expertise or domain of specialties. ICD includes categories for diseases, disorders, syndromes, signs, symptoms, findings, injuries, external causes of morbidity and mortality, factors influencing health status, reasons for encounter with the health system, and traditional medicine. These categories are complemented with additional detail such as anatomy, substances, infectious agents, or place of injury. Finally, ICD-11 also contains a set of rules and explanations for its use, required reporting formats, and necessary metadata.
General features of the 11th Revision
ICD-11 presents a main structural innovation: it is built on a foundation component from which the tabular list can be derived.
The addition of this foundation component and the electronic design of ICD-11 makes necessary to introduce new terminology not used in previous editions of ICD:
| ICD-11 Term | Explanation |
| Foundation | Underlying data base content that holds all necessary information to generate print versions of the tabular list and the alphabetical index as well as additional information needed to generate specialty versions of ICD-11 and country-specific modifications. |
| Stem code | Codes that can be used alone. They are found in the tabular list of ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. They may be entities or groupings of high relevance, or clinical conditions that should always be described as one single category. Their design make sure that in use cases that require only one code per case, a meaningful minimum of information is collected. |
| Extension code | Some users and for specific cases, more details are required in reporting that this provided by the stem code. This additional detail can be coded using an extension code. They can never be used without an stem code, on the contrary, they are used together to define in full detail a reported condition. |
| Cluster coding | Stem codes can be post-coordinated,or jointly used together, with extension codes or with other stem codes to fully describe one condition. In these cases, the post-coordinated codes will be grouped together to show which ones belong together to describe the disease; this mechanism is called 'cluster coding'. |
| Primary and secondary parents | ICD-11 presents the same hierarchy definition as previous editions of ICD. Specific diseases and concepts within the classification can be connected to another parent code and this possibility was introduced to enable specific extracts of the Tabular list for medical specialties or for specific use cases. Example: a code for a malignant neoplasm of the skin is included in the Chapter for malignant neoplasms → the primary parent for this code is a code or a block from this Chapter. Nevertheless, a physician specialized in skin diseases might prefer to see only codes from the classification that are relevant for his/her practice. Consequently, a secondary parent was defined in the skin Chapter, which will only show the code in this Chapter if the specific extract of code for his/her use case is selected. |
Coding scheme
| The Chapter numbering is in Arabic numbers and not in Roman numerals as before |
| Categories have now 4 characters and there are 2 additional levels of subcategories |
| Codes have now a letter in the second position to differentiate them from the codes in ICD-10 |
| The first character of the code refers to the Chapter number; it may be a number or a letter. Now in ICD-11, the range code of a Chapter always has the same character in the first position |
| When describing a casual relationship between conditions in a code title the preferred term is 'due to' |
| When describing the concurrence of two conditions in a code title the preferred term is 'associated with' |
Mechanisms to add specific details
| Extension codes | The extension mechanism uses the extension codes (groups of codes: anatomy, agent, histopathology, and others) to provide details to a code.
|
| "Code also" instructions | Inform about additional etiological information that needs to be coded in conjunction with certain categories due to the relevance of that additional information for primary tabulation.
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| Cluster coding | Mechanism of marking codes that are post-coordinated to describe one condition.
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Other general features of ICD-11
| Short description and long definition of categories | In ICD-11 categories have a short description and a long definition labeled 'additional information'.
|
| Special tabulation lists | They continue to exist in ICD-11, although there are three additional ones → the Startup Mortality List (SMoL), the list for verbal autopsy and infectious diseases by agent. Additional special tabulations can be derived from the new multiple parenting technique (e.g. all WHO notifiable diseases, listing all conditions that are assigned to the relevant section of the infectious diseases Chapter). Special tabulations allow the representation of content for a specific specialty, creating subsets, and allowing the pre-coordination of more detail, if desired. |
| Definition of main diagnosis | For morbidity, this definition has changed to be the reason for admission after assessment at the end of the stay. This new definition is less prone to interpretation and for countries that switched from the 'biggest resources' definition to the 'reason for admission at the end of the stay' using ICD-10, noticed only small changes in their activity statistics (see definitions in ICD-10 here). |
Example:
The Foundation Component and the Tabular Lists
The Foundation Component is a multidimensional collection of all ICD entities.
Entities can be diseases, disorders, injuries, external causes, signs and symptoms. Some entities may be very broad, while other are more detailed (e.g. 'injuries to the head' and 'Superficial injury of nose').
The Foundation Component contains also the necessary information to use the entities to build a tabular list - a mono hierarchy in the style of a traditional statistical classification, information on where and how an entity is represented in a tabular list, whether it becomes a grouping, a category with a stem code, or whether it is mentioned as an inclusion in a particular category.
Different tabular lists can be built from the Foundation Component: a set of the so-called congruent tabular lists can be built on the same hierarchical tree. Later, data collected with any tabular list of such congruent lists can always be aggregated to the smallest common denominator, provided that the same rules for reporting, coding, and selection were applied.
In a tabular list, entities of the foundation become categories. The categories are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive, and linked to a mono hierarchical tree, i.e. they have only one parent. The information referring to an entity that has become a category and has multiple parents is still available from the foundation.
The core tabular lists for international use are:
- Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (MMS)
- Primary care low resources settings (PCL)
- Primary care intermediate resources setting (PCM)
- Verbal Autopsy (VA)
- Simple Mortality List (SMoL)
Pre- and Post-Coordination, Cluster
Post-coordinating allows describing a health condition to any level of detail by combining:
- two or more stem codes
- stem codes with one or more extension codes
Stem codes hold all pertinent information in a pre-combined fashion or pre-coordinated way, while when additional detail that refers to a single condition is described by combining multiple codes, this is called post-coordination. Cluster coding is the mechanism that shows which codes are post-coordinated.
Example:
- Single code (pre-coordination) → 'Type 1 diabetes mellitus'
- Single code (pre-coordination) → 'Adenocarcinoma of ascending code or right flexure of colon' (in pre-coordination, both site and pathology are combined in a single pre-coordinated diagnostic code)
- Cluster coding (post-coordination) → Stem code: 'Other specified malignant neoplasms of bronchus or lung' and extension code: 'Bilateral'
- Cluster coding (post-coordination) → Stem code: 'Invasive ductal carcinoma of breast' and extension code: 'Upper inner quadrant of breast'
Multiple Parenting
It happens that entities can be correctly classified in two different places in ICD, for example, lung cancer can be classified by site or by etiology → it can be classified as a condition of the respiratory system and also as a cancer under malignant neoplasms.
The Foundation Component will incorporate the "includes" notes for these situations mentioning both possible parents (multiple parents) → although, for the tabulation of statistical out from a tabular list, there can only be one parent for primary tabulation. In the foundation view, both parents will be displayed the same way and in a tabular list the primary parent place will show the entity and its parents in black, and possibly the secondary parent place in grey.
Example:
An 'Invasive ductal carcinoma of breast' is a malignant neoplasm as well as a disease of the genitourinary system
The Content Model
All the content of ICD-11 is contained in the Foundation Component.
In the Foundation Component every entity is specified by a definition, machine-readable properties that have values, and one or more parent-child relationships; plus additional links providing information for post-coordination → all this multidimensional information is then projected on one line with mutually exclusive categories as a Tabular list.
The foundation contains information on where and how a specific entity is represented in a tabular list. An entity might become a grouping, a category, or just a term, which is included in the Index.
The Content Model is the structured framework that defines each entity in ICD in a standard way. It presents the background knowledge that provides the basis for defining each ICD-entity in a systematic way that allows for computerization. As an entity can be seen from different dimensions, the Content Model represents each one of these dimensions as a 'property' → there are 13 main properties defined in the Content Model to describe an entity.
A disease is defined using a set of relevant aspects from the list below - a disease is then considered a set of dysfunctions in a body system defined by:
The key components of the definition of a disease are included as different properties within the Content Model.
The 13 main properties of the Content Model are:
Example:
The ICD entity 'Invasive ductal carcinoma of breast' is defined:
| Properties | Values |
| Anatomy | breast |
| Morphology | invasive ductal carcinoma |
The full range of values for a specific property is predefined using standard terminologies and ontologies constituting a Value Set.
Definitions
- Fully Specified Name
- Description
- Additional information
Clinical or Diagnostic Criteria
Functioning Properties
ICD-11 Conventions
Code Structure
Codes in ICD-11 are alphanumeric: ranging from 1A00.00 to ZZ9Z.ZZ
EDEE.EE where:
|
Updating cycle
It has been agreed that ICD-11 update will be performed at different levels with different frequencies so to keep stability for mortality while allowing faster updates for morbidity use:
- 10 years → Mortality and morbidity rules
- 5 years → updates with impact on international reporting (the 4- and character structure of the stem codes)
- 1 year → updates at a more detailed level
- 1 year → additions to the index or extension codes