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Why are young people shunning science? How can the taste for research be restored? What can be done to stop the brain drain? European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin explains how he sees the situation.

Holograms, the story of Newton, Cartesian divers, travelling exhibitions, web surfing... Teachers and educators are proposing new ways of teaching sciences, each with its own sensitivity, tools and cultural specificities. But they all place stress on the 'playful' or experimental approach in which pupils use their curiosity and intelligence to learn through practical experience.

Why are secondary school students giving up on science subjects just about everywhere in Europe? Education experts are trying to explain the reasons and come up with some solutions. Meanwhile, many teachers in the field are trying alternative methods, often based on active experimentation. Whatever the case may be, they all share the same sense of urgency.

Pupil skills, teacher training, use of new technologies, expenditure on education... How can the quality of education in Europe be measured? On what criteria can reliable international comparisons be based? And what lessons can be drawn? This exercise was conducted on the initiative of the European Commission. We focus on a report which merits attention, pausing to look at science education in particular.

Together with the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris and the Royal Science Museum in London, the Deutsches Museum is one of the 'dinosaurs' of European science and technology museums. But a very innovative dinosaur, featuring a science theatre, an observatory where children can stargaze through the night, an internet site for the very young, and special facilities for welcoming teachers and pupils.

Between 9 and 13 July, Grenoble hosted the eighth International Expo-Sciences - ESI 2001 - an event which alternates between continents. It was an occasion for more than 1 500 young people from all over the world to come together to share their passion for learning and discovery.

A biologist and expert on deep-sea fauna, Jean-François Rees shares his passions and life as a researcher via a website named Nemo. With a ship's log updated daily, photos of expeditions, scientific descriptions, action stories and more, the site is sure to capture the imagination of young oceanography enthusiasts as they discover the secrets of this 'silent world'.

It was 20°C in Bergen at the end of September. Prince Haakon and his young wife lent a special sparkle to the event, as did the presence of five Nobel prizewinners - Ivar Giaver, Sir Harold Kroto, Ben Mottelson, Jen Skou and Gerardus 't Hooft. With visits to Bergen Aquarium, scientific lectures and a reception at the university, a symposium on European research, and a concert at Grieg's house, there was certainly no shortage of activities.

Access to biological identity makes it easier to solve complex judicial inquiries. But before a reliable international exchange of genetic data is possible, the methods of analysis must be standardised. Which is precisely the aim of a network of European institutes.

Access to biological identity makes it easier to solve complex judicial inquiries. But before a reliable international exchange of genetic data is possible, the methods of analysis must be standardised. Which is precisely the aim of a network of European institutes.

Fear and insecurity, violence and despair, exclusion and injustice, anger and vulnerability are all part of everyday urban life in the early 21st century. In an attempt to bring about change, police, social workers, psychologists, teachers and doctors are joining forces and switching roles. They are also adapting to new policies aimed at managing deviant behaviour.

Are Europe's demographic trends a time bomb waiting to go off? Although economic and social scientists are agreed on the figures, the scenarios sketched by the researchers differ. But one thing's certain: the age of the baby boom is well and truly over. 

Who will the scientists, researchers, teachers and inventors of the future be? The transfer of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next is not a subject which is often discussed. But it is a very real problem for Europe, requiring a carefully thought-out strategy based on a full awareness of the facts.

There is no denying the economic and demographic realities. 'Active ageing' is replacing early retirement as 'lifelong learning' becomes the motto for the future. By 2007, there will be more workers aged 55-64 than 15-24. 

British biologist Anne McLaren is someone people listen to when it comes to questions of ethics and life sciences. She was in on the invention of in vitro fertilisation and embryo transplantation. Nowadays her intellectual rigour and analytical capacity are tools to create a lucid and open-minded approach to the ethical and social issues which arise from the application of scientific knowledge.

Living longer is one thing, but how are we also going to live better? What challenges does an ageing population pose for medicine and society? What will be the economic impact? Why has death become taboo? These questions are at the heart of a number of research projects supported by the European Union.

Is it true to speak of a European identity? How did the sense of belonging to Europe evolve during the 20th century? What are the factors which shape it? For the past decade more than a 100 historians have been networking, in small groups, on these complex issues which underlie the contemporary political debate. Their research won them a place among the finalists for the Descartes Prize.
 

The Commission's proposals for the 2002-2006 framework programme embody an innovative approach which gives substance to the European Research Area, following the positive reactions to the concept in political, scientific and industrial circles.

Flexibility at work takes various forms - variable working hours, telework, sub-contracting, atypical statuses - and is affecting a growing number of sectors. Although for some Europeans this offers new freedoms and autonomy, for others it means reduced job security. In particular, the absence of any legal framework is a worrying vacuum. This is why researchers on the Flexcot project are suggesting a number of avenues which the public authorities and social partners could usefully explore.
 

Europeans have mixed feelings about certain scientific advances. They are suspicious of the way in which decisions with serious - or even unforeseen - consequences are taken by politicians behind closed doors. We look at the new relations which must be established between scientists, decision-makers and citizens.
 

Would we be prepared to change our habits to counter the risks of climate change? Ulysses, a European project involving experts from the social and natural sciences, has been experimenting with a new kind of methodology for urban democratic participation.
 

The risks of climate change are serious. What could they mean for Europe? And how should we respond? By analysing the scenarios and likely socio-economic consequences in relation to specific geographic characteristics, experts from Acacia are bringing policy-makers, industrialists and social players face-to-face with realities that can no longer be ignored - and the changes they will require.
 

How do Europeans view the life sciences and their applications? What are their fears and hopes in the face of the explosion in biotechnologies? What information sources do they trust in this field? For the fourth time since 1991, an opinion poll on biotechnology has been conducted throughout the European Union. It reveals growing scepticism and suspicion.
 

Last April, Philippe Busquin, European Commissioner for research, announced the establishment of a Biosciences High-Level Group. The French geneticist Axel Kahn, charged with heading the group, describes the tasks now facing this 'team' of 11 eminent scientists. He also speaks about his personal feelings on some of the current major debates sparked by advances in our knowledge of the living organism.
 

Today's cities are grappling with multiple and complex problems as they seek to ensure a sustainable development as the sole guarantee of quality of life for their inhabitants. 'The City of tomorrow and cultural heritage', a key action under the Fifth Framework Programme, is endeavouring to promote an in-depth and integrated approach to all the technological, socio-economic and environmental challenges facing our metropolitan areas. David Miles, who is responsible for this policy at the European Commission, explains.
 

Although there is substantial evidence for the greenhouse gases of the industrial revolution producing global warming, some scientists point out that this may not be significant on a geological time-scale. What is the public to think - and how can science communicators help?
 

The Joint Research Centre's IPTS (Institute for Prospective Technological Studies) has just spent two years analysing the technological and social changes Europe is set to experience by the year 2010. It sets out a future in which the opportunities to be grasped will be matched by the challenges that must be met.
 

The flow of European scientists to the United States, long feared by politicians, is real, according to an on-going Joint Research Centre study. But provided the scientists eventually return, Europe may actually be the winner in this "circulation of brains".