Results Glossary Form

• RNA
  
  Description: Like DNA, a type of nucleic acid. There are three major types: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA. All are involved in the synthesis of proteins from the information contained in the DNA molecule.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  Description: Ribonucleic acid. A substance found in cells. RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical processes. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA. There are several classes of RNA: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and other small RNAs, each serving a different purpose.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Rational expectations
  
  Description: The hypothesis that decision-makers base their decisions on predictions which contain no systematic errors.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Recalcitrant seed
  
  Description: Seed that does not survive drying and freezing.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Receiving Party
  
  Description: Receiving Party means the Party or Parties to this Protocol to whose jurisdiction a transboundary [release or transfer] [movement] of an LMO has taken place or is envisaged to take place.
  Source: Convention on Biological Diversity CBD
  
  
  
• Reciprocal externality
  
  Description: These are externalities where all parties using some resource impose external costs on all others.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Recombinant DNA
  
  Description: See: rDNA
  Source: None
  
  
  
• Recombination
  
  Description: The formation of new combinations of genes. Recombination occurs naturally in plants and animals during the production of sex cells (sperm, eggs, pollen) and their subsequent joining in fertilization. In microbes, genetic material is recombined naturally during conjugation.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Regeneration
  
  Description: The process of growing an entire plant from a single cell or group of cells.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Regional economic integration organization
  
  Description: An organization constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by this Convention and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to it.
  Source: Convention on Biological Diversity CBD
  
  
  
• Resource
  
  Description: A substance or place required by an organism for its growth, maintenance and reproduction.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Restoration
  
  Description: The return of an ecosystem or habitat to its original community structure, natural complement of species, and natural functions.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Restriction enzymes
  
  Description: Bacterial enzymes that cleave DNA at very specific locations.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Restriction map
  
  Description: A diagram that shows restriction sites (i.e., where a restriction enzyme cleaves DNA) in relation to one another.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Revealed preference approach
  
  Description: These approaches, which include derived demand approaches and indirect valuation methods, infer values from data on behavioural changes in actual markets related in some way to the missing market(s.)
  Source: Global Biodiversity Assessment GBA
  
  
  
• Ribonucleic acid
  
  Description: See: RNA
  Source: None
  
  
  
• Rights
  
  Description: Entitlements assured by custom, law or property.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• Risk
  
  Description: The outcome of an action is said to involve risk where: the set of all possible outcomes of that action is known, and where the probability distribution of all possible outcomes is also known.
  Source: Global Biodiversity Assessment GBA
  
  Description: «Appreciable» «significant» risk means risk which presents either the low probability of causing very considerable [disastrous] harm or the higher than normal probability of causing minor, though [appreciable][significant], transboundary harm.
  Source: ILC Draft Articles on Liability for Injurious Consequences of Acts Not Prohibited by International Law
  
  Description: Risk is the combination of the magnitude of the consequences of a hazard, if it occurs, and the likelihood that the consequences will occur.
  Source: Malaysia
  
  Description: Risk means the expected frequency of undesirable effects of exposure to the [pesticide].
  Source: FAO Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides
  
  Description: Risk is the combination of the magnitude of the consequences of a hazard, if it occurs, and the likelihood that the consequences will occur.
  Source: UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology
  
  
  
• Risk assessment
  
  Description: Risk assessment means the identification and evaluation of potential benefits versus harm of living modified organisms and products thereof in accordance with the criteria and procedure set out by this protocol, and based on the characteristics of the organism used, the characteristics of the site and the surrounding environment including socio-economic impacts and conditions of the release.
  Source: African Group
  
  Description: Environmental impact assessment means a national procedure for evaluating the likely impact of a proposed activity on the environment.
  Source: Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context
  
  Description: Environmental risk assessment means the evaluation of the risk to human health and the environment (which includes plants and animals) connected with the release of GMOs or products containing GMOs.
  Source: Council Directive 90/220/EEC on the Deliberate Release into the Environment of Genetically Modified Organisms
  
  Description: Risk assessment means an evaluation of (a) the potential for the introduction, establishment or spread of a [pest or disease] and associated biological and economic consequences; or (b) the potential for adverse effects on human or animal life or health arising from the presence of an [additive, contaminant, toxin or disease-causing organism] in a food, beverage, or feedstuff.
  Source: North America Free Trade Agreement
  
  Description: The measure to estimate what harm might be caused, how likely it would be to occur and the scale of the estimated damage.
  Source: UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology
  
  Description: The use of scientific data to identify and characterize the nature and magnitude of hazards, if any, and the likelihood of hazards being realized.
  Source: Report of Panel of Experts on Biosafety
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the process of estimating what harm to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity might be caused by an LMO, how likely it would be to occur, and the extent of the harm, using scientific data and methodologies.
  Source: Australia
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the measures to estimate what harm might be caused, how likely it would be to occur and the scale of the estimated damage.
  Source: UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the use of scientific data to identify and characterize the nature and magnitude of hazards, if any, and the likelihood of hazards being realized.
  Source: Report of Panel of Experts on Biosafety
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the measures to estimate what harm might be caused, how likely it would be to occur and the scale of the estimated damage. [In accordance with the definition in the UNEP Technical Guidelines].
  Source: Peru
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the use of appropriate measures to estimate what adverse effects might be caused, the extent of the adverse effects and how likely they would be to occur.
  Source: New Zealand
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the measures to estimate what harm might be caused, how likely it would occur and the scale of the estimated damage to the affected country and its environment, taking into account socio-economic impacts, including in particular to human health, agriculture and welfare.
  Source: Malaysia
  
  Description: Risk assessment inter alia should be based on the characteristics of the organism, the introduced trait, intended use, the receiving environment, knowledge about ecological interactions, possible socio-economic impacts, and the interaction among these.
  Source: India
  
  Description: Risk assessment means the multi-profile analysis procedure on scientific basis to determine possible damages, occurrence probability and possible scope of the activities related with the use if living modified organisms.
  Source: Cuba
  
  Description: Risk assessment is the use of scientific data to identify and characterize the nature and magnitude of hazards, if any, and the likelihood of hazards being realized.
  Source: China
  
  
  
• Risk management
  
  Description: The emplementation of the most appropriate measures to minimize the identified risks and mitigate their effects while achieving the anticipated results.
  Source: Report of Panel of Experts on Biosafety
  
  Description: Refers to the ways that appropriate methods are applied in order to minimise risks and should not be determined by and in proportion to the results of the risk/safety analysis. It does not include broader considerations of a political, socio-economic, value and/or ethical nature.
  Source: Safety Considerations for Biotechnology Scale-up of Crop Plants OECD 1993
  
  Description: Risk management is the measures to ensure that the transfer, handling and use of an LMO is safe, including measures to mitigate any damage likely to occur.
  Source: Malaysia
  
  Description: Risk management refers to the ways that appropriate measures to manage risks and should not be determined by and in proportion to the results of the risk/safety analysis. It does not include broader considerations of a political, socio-economic, value and/or ethical nature.
  Source: New Zealand
  
  Description: The measures to ensure that the production and handling of an organism is safe.
  Source: UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology
  
  Description: Risk management means any appropriate measure for the management of potential risk, including experimental design, post-release monitoring, emergency plans and other measures indicated in this protocol.
  Source: African Group
  
  Description: Risk management is the identification and implementation of the most appropriate measures to minimize identified risks.
  Source: Australia
  
  Description: Risk management is the implementation of the most appropriate measures to minimize the identified risks and mitigate their effects while achieving the anticipated results.
  Source: China
  
  Description: Risk management means the group of measures intended to reach a safe use of living modified organisms.
  Source: Cuba
  
  Description: Risk management is the measures to ensure that the production and handling of an organism is safe.
  Source: UNEP International Technical Guidelines for Safety in Biotechnology
  
  Description: Risk management refers to the ways that appropriate methods are applied in order to minimize risks and should not be determined by and in proportion to the results of the risk/safety analysis. It does not include broader considerations of a political, socio-economic, value and/or ethical nature.
  Source: Safety Considerations for Biotechnology Scale-up of Crop Plants, OECD 1993
  
  Description: Risk management is the implementation of the most appropriate measures to minimize the identified risks and mitigate their effects while achieving the anticipated results.
  Source: Report of Panel of Experts on Biosafety
  
  Description: Risk management is the measures to ensure that the production and handling of an organism are safe. [In accordance with the definition in the UNEP Technical Guidelines. We believe it necessary to include within the definition a warning and prevention system for release into the environment].
  Source: Peru
  
  
  
• rDNA
  
  Description: Recombinant DNA is formed by the DNA from two or more different organisms. By extension, the adjective "recombinant" is applied to any molecule produced from an organism with modified DNA (e.g., recombinant vaccine).
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  Description: DNA that is formed through combining DNA from two different sources. Humans direct the formation of recombinant DNA through selective breeding and genetic engineering.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries
  
  
  
• rDNA technology
  
  Description: The laboratory manipulation of DNA in which DNA, or fragments of DNA from different sources, are cut and recombined using enzymes. This recombinant DNA is then inserted into a living organism. rDNA technology is usually used synonymously with genetic engineering.
  Source: Specialized encyclopedia and dictionaries