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ACTIVITIES :: Safer Internet Programme :: Safety tips

Safety tips

1. Social networking, chat and risks with online communication

2. Blogs

3. Bullying and Cyber bullying

4. Illegal content - Child sexual abuse material (child pornography)

5. E-commerce / Phishing / Identity theft

6. File sharing

7. Parental control: Filtering, Labels

8. Mobile phones

9. Online gaming and gambling

10. Privacy

11. Racism on the Internet

12. Spam

13. Virus

Social networking, chat and risks with online communication

1.1 What is social networking?

Social networking sites allow users to create their own content and share it with a vast network of individuals, potentially world–wide. A large number of such services exist, and content created by the Internet users (so-called user-generated content) is becoming more and more popular. The services target different groups of the public, not all are targeted towards children, but many are very popular with children and young people.

Social networking services have created a new social space or arena for children to engage, and they include chats, search, e-mail, instant messaging, blogs, videos and so on. Examples of social networking services: MySpace, Bebo, Windows Live Spaces, Piczo, Yahoo! 360, Face Party, FaceBook and Xanga, YouTube and Google Video.

Social networking sites makes it possible to create and design a personal website, blog, journal or diary using graphics, colour, music and images to represent a unique style and identity.

On these sites, children and young people share thoughts and information about areas of interest and themselves, they publish and share their own music, they receive comments from friends or guests, they publish images and videos, also of themselves and their family and friends and they link to other friends' websites.

On many sites they can also interact with friends in real-time through instant messaging, chat rooms or message boards and they can meet new friends, play online games, join communities where they can discuss their interests with others and take part in competitions and quizzes.

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1.2 What is chat?

To chat in the online environment is to communicate with others by writing messages in an online programme. Such programmes allow people to meet in a virtual meeting room in real time – a kind of telephone call performed in writing.

Two main programmes are used by children and young people for communicating through chat: Open chat rooms and Instant Messenger Programmes (IM). Although the means of communication is the same for these two possibilities, many young people don't consider using IM to be chatting, and the term chatting is reserved for what they do in the open chat rooms.

An open chat room offers direct communication with other people in real time. The communication can be with people from all over the world about common interests or just out of curiosity. Many people experience that this communication is very immediate and personal, that it is easy to get to know new people and that it is easy to make new friends.

Most open chat rooms have the possibility for people to enter closed chat rooms, where only two people communicate with each other without other people looking in.

Instant Messenger Programmes, like Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo! Messenger, makes it possible to speak to people you have selected to speak to. Such programmes allow you to see who of your friends are logged on, and many young people use it to keep connected to their friends when they are at home, doing homework or listening to music. You can choose to communicate with many at the same time or with one friend at the time. You can invite people in your network or block people that you don’t want to communicate with. Other programmes which allow you to chat in this way are Skype, ICQ, Yahoo!Messenger, Google Talk and other communication tools.

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1.3 What are the risks when children and young people communicate online?

Children can be subjected to many risks while communicating online – they can be lured into giving away personal information, they can download viruses and malware and they can get into contact with people with bad intentions.

One of the most serious risks to children and young people communicating online is that persons who have a sexual interest in children use these technologies for becoming friends with and getting close to them (so-called "grooming").

Persons who want to get into contact with children for sexual abuse sometimes use fake information to get close to the young people, for example they give false name, age and interests. However, not all give fake information.

The process of getting close to children for sexual abuse happens through a process of manipulation and persuasion, in many cases without the child noticing it. The person starts communication with the young person, asking about apparently common interests, asking about where they live and their family, if they are happy or sad and why. All the communication is aimed at gaining their trust over time.

In the online environment, one of the nice things is that you can get new friends. It is therefore only natural to talk about your interests, parents, siblings and your state of mind when you want to get to know someone. Therefore it is easy to start revealing personal information about themselves, their friends and family, and giving out the address, name of their school, telephone numbers etc. In many cases, the "new friend" aims to be the child's new best friend, the close friend he or she has always missed, the one that really understand him/her.

The persons in search for children to abuse can be very patient and take a lot of time to collect enough information about their potential victims’ life, in some cases starting to ask questions about their sexual experiences, fantasies and hopes of getting a girl- or boyfriend.

In some cases, pornographic images and images portraying child abuse are used to show the child how "normal" it is that adults have sex with children. This also puts the child in an awkward, embarrassing and sometimes threatening situation so that they won’t tell their parents. Such actions aim at weakening the potential victims and persuading them to take part in sexual acts later on.

Also, many potential abusers ask youngsters to physically meet when they believe that they have gained their trust. Such meetings can prove dangerous, and lead to sexual abuse or even to kidnapping with fatal consequences.

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1.4 What can be signs that my child is being befriended by a potential abuser?

One of the purposes of the communication with and manipulation of the child is to make sure that the child does not inform his/her parents of what is going on. The manipulation puts the child in a position where he/she feels as accomplices to the actions about to take place, and he/she can often know that what is happening is wrong, but that it is his/her fault. Revealing these actions to a parent or an adult that they trust can be extremely painful and difficult for them.

It is therefore important to signal trust in the child, get the message through that whatever has happened to them is not their fault and that you, as a parent, will not be angry or take away their access to Internet or mobile phone. If the child seems troubled, changes behaviour or is sad or angry and will not talk about it, it can be worthwhile to try to find out what is wrong. However, these "symptoms" might also be associated with other problems that the child is experiencing: a broken heart, bullying, feeling exclusion, difficulties at school or in other activities. In any case, it is better to show that you care than not.

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1.5 How can I contribute to making my child safer on social networking sites?

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1.6 How can I communicate safely online?

It is easy to communicate safely if you remember the following:

  1. Friends that you have only met online can be different and someone else from what they seem to be.
  2. Never give out personal information such as your e-mail address, your home or school address or your phone number.
  3. You have the power to stop communication if you feel it's uncomfortable, scary or just don't want to continue the conversation with someone. It is easy to block the user.
  4. Never give out information about your family, your friends, or other people you know.
  5. Never arrange to meet strangers you only got acquainted with over the Internet. Nevertheless, if you want to meet, always arrange to do so in a public place, and always go with your parent or an adult you can trust.

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1.7 What can I do if someone is harassing me online?

Always remember that you have the control. If you are chatting, and feel that somebody in the chat room acts strangely or is trying to harass you, just end the conversation and exit the chat room with a simple ‘click’. Immediately inform the chat moderator.

If somebody is harassing you through Instant Messaging, block the user. if the bullyer is someone you know, talk to your parents and ask them for help. If somebody keeps harassing you through your e-mail address, then you should immediately inform your parents and ask them to help you block those messages. Finally, you can consider changing your e-mail address.

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1.8 Where can I register offences (hotlines)?

See list of links: www.inhope.org.

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1.9 Can you indicate safe chat rooms for children?

It is almost impossible to indicate safe chat rooms for children. The reason is that it is almost impossible to verify that someone is a child (or an adult) in the online environment.

Some chat rooms are safer than others – look for the following signs:

It is a good idea for the parent to try out the sites that their children communicate in: social networking sites, blogs and chats.

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Blogs

The word “blog” is short for “weblog”, and refers to an online journal or home page created and published by groups and individuals. A vlog is a blog in which users post video along with their commentary. Moblogs – or mobile blogs – use new Internet publishing capacities on mobile phones. Blogs also allow users and readers to comment on news articles and express their own opinions.

2.1 How can I set up my own blog?

Many sites offer tools for creating and publishing content as a blog. Take a look at http://www.blogger.com/start which provides tools for blogging and moblogging. This site gives step-by-step instructions to help you create an account, name your blog and choose an appropriate template to get you started. You can then compose, add or edit content from a central webpage using the user-friendly tools provided. Images and hyperlinks will make your blog more interesting. Most services that allow you to create a blog also describes how you do it.

If you want your Weblog to be interactive, make sure you choose a tool that has a built-in commenting feature so you can invite others to discuss your posts. Visitors to your blog can then comment on content by clicking on a comments link at the end of each entry.

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2.2 What are the risks if I set up my own blog?

One of the risks related to having your own blog is the temptation to reveal personal information that could be disseminated throughout the Internet and used against you, for instance Identity theft or being contacted by strangers with bad intentions. It is always a good idea to use a nickname to protect your identity.

Remember that everyone has the right to privacy. If you are planning to post information (including images) about someone else, you must obtain their permission first.

Another risk is breach of copyright. You should never use material (e.g. text, music, video) or a blog design from other people’s sites without their permission. Further information is available about copyright laws in the “Copyright” section of this FAQ.

Be careful never to include offensive, racist or harassing material or content which might be illegal (gambling, pornography etc.) on your blog.

For more information about how to blog safely:

http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/blog-anonymously.php

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2.3 What can I do if I find my personal information on another person's blog?

Publishing personal information about other people is an infringement to their right to privacy. Before publishing personal information about other people, you should always send them the information you plan to publish in order to get their permission.

If anyone publishes personal information about you on a blog, contact them immediately to ask them to delete the offending information. Blog sites usually provide a contact address. If not, you could contact the blog provider to request that action be taken. Don’t post a comment about the unwanted content except as a last resort, as this would make the problem bigger by possibly drawing even more attention to the unwanted information about you.

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2.4 What should I do about undesirable or illegal comments posted on my blog?

When you are choosing your blog software, make sure that you will be able to delete any comments that you consider unsuitable. If someone persists in putting up offensive comments, contact the blog provider. Some blog software sends the blog owner an email each time a comment is posted. If you check your mailbox regularly, this is a very useful alert system which would enable you to get rid of unwanted comments rapidly.

If anyone informs you that you have personal or offensive information on your blog, check it out immediately and take the necessary steps (e.g. delete the data). You don’t want to be prosecuted for defamation or breach of copyright.

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2.5 Can I limit the amount of people who have access to my blog site?

Many blog software providers enable you to make parts of, or even your entire, blog accessible only to people who have the password, that is to those you have chosen to see your blog. If you want to exchange more personal information, such as family or holiday photos on your blog it is a good idea to protect your blog with a password. Remember to ask the persons you give your password to not to give the password away to others.

You can avoid that major search engines such as Google lead to your blog in search results by creating a special file that tells these search engines to ignore your domain. For more information: http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/blog-anonymously.php.

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2.6 Where can I find out more about safe blogging?

Your national Safer Internet contact point can provide advice and further information.

Blog providers also give tips. Check your provider’s website for general advice to find out what special features are offered by their blogging tool.

Electronic Frontiers Foundation (EFF) has an online guide for bloggers which gives specific advice about keeping a blog anonymous.

http://www.eff.org/Privacy/Anonymity/blog-anonymously.php.

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Bullying and Cyber bullying

3.1 What is bullying?

Bullying is aggressive and harassing behaviour that is intentional, repeated over time, and involves an imbalance of power or strength. A child who is being bullied has a hard time defending himself or herself.

Bullying is when someone keeps doing or saying things to have power over another person. Some of the ways a bully bullies other people are by: calling them names, saying or writing nasty things about them, leaving them out of activities, not talking to them, threatening them, making them feel uncomfortable or scared, taking or damaging their things, hitting or kicking them, or making them do things they don't want to do.

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3.2 How does it occur?

Situations of bullying between children and adolescents may occur in very diverse forms. They sometimes take the form of fights and aggressions, but are also frequently accompanied by different types of intimidation such as:

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3.3 Is bullying part of growing up?

Some people think bullying is just part of growing up and a way for young people to learn to stick up for themselves. But bullying can make young people feel lonely, unhappy and frightened, and is a serious problem. It makes them feel unsafe and think there must be something wrong with them. They lose confidence in themselves and may not want to go to school any more. This might lead to academic failure amongst other problems. In addition, continuous, constant and severe bullying has led to terrible consequences such as the suicide of children in some European countries.

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3.4 What is racist bullying?

Racist bullying occurs when people are picked on and harassed because of their race, culture or religious faith. In these cases, racist name-calling and the use of stereotyped phrases are very common.

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3.5 What is cyber bullying?

Bullying in many cases take place at school, in the playground or at other arenas that children and young people use. However, as more and more children use Internet and mobile phones, the bullying is also carried into these arenas. This type of bullying is called cyber bullying and it adds and additional strain on the children that experience it. It can take place throughout the whole day, also when the child is at home, and it is in many cases invisible for the parents or other adults who could help.

The behaviours involved can include:

Sometimes abusive mobile phone text messages are sent through websites using the names and phone numbers of people who have nothing to do with the message but who were blamed for it.

Another technique used by cyber bullies includes setting up websites to target certain people by inviting others to post hate messages.

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3.6 Where can parents and children go for help?

Bullying is often a problem connected to school life, but because of the use of Internet and mobile phones, cyber bullying can take place at all times. The school has a responsibility to deal with bullying and take it seriously. It can therefore be a good idea to contact the school, talk to the teacher or a social worker at school.

There are several initiatives in European countries and abroad to provide the victims of bullying and their families with different types of support and assistance. In many countries, the Child Ombudsmann also has a responsibility to deal with bullying and can direct you in the right direction for getting help.

In Spain, PROTEGELES, a child welfare NGO has launched a helpline where victims and their family are individually supported by professionals and are given directions on how to proceed in each particular situation. PROTEGELES also serves as a moderator between the family and the schools and advises families on when it is necessary to take their action further (reporting to the Police or to the Child Ombudsman). For more information visit the website www.acosoescolar.info. 

In the UK, the registered charity Bullying Online offers help and advice to victims of bullying, their parents and school. For more information visit their website at http://www.bullying.co.uk/. 

In Scotland, the Anti-Bullying Network was established by the Scottish Executive in 1999 so that teachers, parents and young people could share ideas about how bullying should be tackled. Their website is very helpful: http://www.antibullying.net/.

In the USA the Department of Health and Human Services has a very helpful website with practical information for parents, students and teachers on bullying and its consequences both for the victims and the perpetrators. For more information visit http://stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov. 

In Sweden, Friends.se is an NGO that aims at preventing bullying. They offer lectures to schools and work together with national partners to create visibility about the consequences of bullying and the possible ways to stop it.

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Illegal content - Child sexual abuse material

4.1 What is illegal content?

What constitutes illegal online content varies according to national legal definitions. In most European countries online distribution of child sexual abuse material (commonly referred to as child pornography) is illegal. As a minimum child sexual abuse material constitutes an image showing a person who is a child and who is engaged in or is depicted as being engaged in explicit sexual activity. The material constitute documentation of sexual abuse, and is seen as evidence material by law enforcement.

In addition, in some countries knowingly possessing child abuse material is also a criminal offence and sometimes the legislation includes material that is computer generated or altered images (morphed) and cartoon characters.

The Council of Europe in its Cybercrime Convention from 2001 gives the following definition: 

The term “child pornography” shall include pornographic material that visually depicts:

  1. a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct;

  2. a person appearing to be a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct;

  3. realistic images representing a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct.

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4.2 What is the difference between "child pornography" and adult pornography?

Adult pornography depicts two adults engaging in sexual activity, and the act is in most cases voluntary by the two persons. In contrast to this, what is commonly referred to as child pornography is, in fact, the depiction of a criminal act where a child is the victim of sexual abuse. For the child involved, the circulation of the documentation of the abusive situation on the Internet, where thousands of people can see it, means that he or she is violated over and over again.

Adult pornography has different legal definitions and different levels of acceptability in different countries. The minimum defines pornography as a picture (video, dvd, audio, text) that shows a person who is an adult and who is engaged in or is depicted as being engaged in explicit sexual activity. Across Europe most people agree that access to certain material, such as adult pornographic material, might affect the physical and mental development of minors and should be allowed only for adults.

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4.3 What is a paedophile ring?

A paedophile ring is a group of persons working together across the Internet in different countries and jurisdictions to collect and distribute child sexual abuse material for their own gratification. In some cases, the network also share expertise and plan for and commit sexual offences against children.

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4.4 How do paedophile rings use the Internet?

The Internet has become a major factor in the development of paedophile rings world-wide and convictions in the United States and in the United Kingdom have shown that the Internet is being widely used by members of such rings, both to share experience and to traffic in child sexual abuse material.

The dissemination of child abuse material is causing major concern to all agencies, national, regional and international, that are engaged in the protection of minors. As the paedophile rings increasingly use advanced telecommunications technologies, making use of encryption and code names, they have become more and more difficult to uncover. International cooperation of law enforcement agencies and other relevant actors, such as ISPs and credit card companies is vital in order to fight this criminal activity.

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4.5 Are there other forms of sexual abuse related to Internet?

Internet, mobile phones and other electronic communication technologies have certain features which make them easy to use for adults who want to target children for sexual abuse.

The technologies allow children to communicate anonymously; they can create their own websites or take part in social network with their own profiles. Internet and mobile phones are also arenas where children and young people in many cases communicate without the supervision of parents or other adults.
As a result, offenders can easily get into contact with children online. The process when a person befriends a child with the intention of meeting him or her for sexual abuse is commonly referred to as "grooming". Grooming takes place in all arenas children use, but the term is mostly used for the process taking place in the online environment.

For more information about online grooming, see FAQs on social networking.

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4.6 Where can I report child abuse material or other illegal content or activity on the Internet?

If you come across a website or activity on the Internet you suspect to be illegal, don't ignore it - make a report to your national hotline. The INHOPE network of hotlines focuses on the fight against illegal content on the Internet, in particular child sexual abuse material.

The INHOPE hotlines allow you to send a report to them, and they will pass it on to the appropriate body for action: the police or another hotline if the site/material is hosted in one of the other countries of the network.

Users can easily access all INHOPE hotlines through INHOPE’s website at www.inhope.org. Click on REPORT ILLEGAL CONTENT/CLICK HERE, choose the country where you live, click on the link and fill in any details you have using the online form provided by the national hotline.

If your country is not listed, but you think you know where the website is hosted, report to the hotline in that country instead. Or report to any of the other hotlines.

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4.7 What is a hotline?

The hotlines in the INHOPE network provide a mechanism for receiving complaints/reports from the public about alleged illegal content and/or use of the Internet. They must have effective transparent procedures for dealing with complaints/reports and they must have the support of government, industry, law enforcement, and Internet users in the countries of operation.

In addition to these requirements, to be a member of INHOPE, a hotline must co-operate with other members in exchanging information about illegal content, share their expertise, make a commitment to maintain confidentiality and respect the procedures of other members.

There is probably a hotline in your country if you wish to report illegal content, just visit INHOPE’s website at www.inhope.org.

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E-commerce / Phishing / Identity theft

5.1 What are untrustworthy commercial websites?

Untrustworthy websites will have one or more of the following characteristics:

Commercial websites may also offer services to children that are unwanted or illegal (gambling, pornography etc.).

Quite often, such websites have their origin in countries where there is not a good legal framework to ban such activities.

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5.2 How can I recognise trustworthy commercial websites?

First of all, well known and well established companies are most likely as trustworthy online as in “real” life.

Other criteria that help to recognise reputable commercial websites:

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5.3 How can I recognise secure payment methods?

Trustworthy commercial websites conduct transactions only through “secure electronic transaction” means. So it is very important that when you enter your payment information (e.g. credit card data), you always check that the address of the website you are visiting starts with “https://” and not with “http://”. In that way you will know whether or not the website provides secure transactions.

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5.4 How can I avoid risks at online auctions?

The main problem with online auctions is advance payment. If your contracting party receives money but does not deliver, it is very difficult to get back the transferred money.

The best solution is to use trusted services which are offered by online auctions platforms.

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5.5 What is Identity Theft (Fraud)?

We speak about identify theft when personal details have been stolen and are used illegally. In most cases identify theft happens through the method of phishing or pharming.

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5.6 How can someone steal my personal data? - The pharming method

Pharming is a form of domain name fraud that results in users believing they are on a genuine site with the correct URL, when they are in fact diverted to a fake website. When the users starts conducting a transaction on that site, which in most cases involves the insertion of personal data, account codes, or credit card details the third parties behind the fake website can easily grab the victim’s data and use it for their own benefit.

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5.7 How can someone steal my personal data? - The phishing method

Phishing is the practice of tricking a user into giving away personal information into a fake form on the Internet. Such an activity will allow a cracker to steel or falsify the victim’s information or/and gain illegal access to his/her data such as personal accounts, subscriptions, e-mails, PIN codes, TAN codes, etc.

For example, the user receives an email which looks as if it comes from their bank. This informs about security ‘holes’ in the banking system, and asks them to kindly log into a special website (which again seems to come from the bank itself) and insert their user IDs, passwords, e-banking information etc. It is important to remember that no bank would ask for personal information about its clients through e-mail or other Internet activities.

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5.8 What do I do if I find out that someone has stolen my personal data?

You may become a victim of identity theft if you have lost or someone has stolen important personal identity documents, such as passport, credit cards or drivers license, or if expected documents from the bank do not arrive.

If you suspect that you have been the victim of identity theft, get hold of your credit file from a credit reference register, and read it carefully. If you think that the identity theft involves use of a credit card or other plastic card, take contact with the financial institution concerned to get their advice. You should also contact your local police office to report all the stolen documents and report the case to them. If you suspect that your mail has been redirected, contact the post office.

As precautionary principles, keep your plastic cards, personal documents, passwords and PIN codes safe and do not give away personal information online.

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File sharing

6.1 What is file sharing?

File sharing is the sharing or exchange of files between people using computers connected to the Internet. The term covers both the making available of the file (uploading), for instance on a file sharing service such as Kaaza, MLDOnkey and BitTorrent, and the downloading of a file from the Internet to a computer.

In principle, sharing any type of file is considered file sharing, including text files, computer programmes, pictures, music, and films etc. The term does not distinguish between distribution of files created by the sharer himself and files created by others. It is important to distinguish between files you have copyright to, because you created them yourself, and files to which others have copyright - copyright legislation grants different rights to creators of files and users of these files. Not all file sharing is illegal. In recent years the term “file sharing” has been associated with illegal sharing and piracy.

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6.2 Is file sharing the same as Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks?

A peer-to-peer network allows people to share files that are stored on their personal computers with others that are connected to the network. It is only one of several ways files are shared on the Internet. Many peer-to-peer providers offer anonymity, and therefore they have often been associated with illegal file sharing.

Peer-to-peer services and peer-to-peer technology are increasingly being used by the film and movie industry in legitimate online content services.

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6.3 What is Copyright?

Copyright is an exclusive right for authors to distribute, reproduce and make their works available to the public. Its purpose is to allow creators to make a living from their creativity and copyright provides them with a tool to control the use of their work. There are certain exceptions to the exclusive right that allow users of protected works to make a limited amount of copies for private use, make copies against a fee for use in schools etc. Before the Internet, making copies of pages in a book for private use was in most countries considered legal. The extent of this right to make private copies and share them with friends and a larger audience in the digital environment is in essence what the debate on file sharing is all about.

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6.4 Is file sharing illegal?

File sharing is not illegal if it involves sharing your own files that you yourself have created. Therefore you can share photos from your last holiday with your friends and family, but uploading and downloading music and films without prior permission from the rights holder is illegal in most countries in Europe and in most other countries in the world. Where the boundaries are between legal and illegal file sharing must, however, be determined by the copyright law of each individual state - even within the EU. There are, for example, differences between the copyright law of France and the UK that allow for the exchange of files in France that are not permitted in the UK. As a rule of thumb, however, consider file sharing of music and films illegal. The reference to film and music in this case is made because most questions arise on the legality of the sharing of these types of files.

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6.5 Can my son or daughter go to jail for illegal file sharing?

Even though file sharing of blockbuster films or the latest MTV hit is illegal, a jail sentence is not likely to be the legal consequence of either the uploading or downloading of these files. In most cases, courts will make sure that the sharer economically compensates for the estimated loss/value. Large scale illegal file sharing can, however, lead to criminal procedures and result in jail sentences depending on the volume of files shared, the profit motive involved etc. As pointed out above, copyright laws are different in different countries. So are the consequences of infringement. Even in the EU where copyright and the enforcement of copyright is harmonised to a certain extent, infringements are not necessarily dealt with in the same manner.

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6.6 If I should advise my children, what are the alternatives to illegal file sharing?

Advise your children to use one of the many legitimate services like Itunes and others if they want to download music to their computer. As a rule of thumb, they should not share files with others unless explicitly permitted by the rights holder.

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6.7 Where can I learn more about file sharing and Copyright?

Many organisations provide extensive information about copyright and file sharing. Here is a non-exhaustive list of some organisations and sites providing useful information:

• EU: http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/index_en.htm 

• WIPO: http://www.wipo.int/enforcement/en/

• IFPI: http://www.ifpi.org/

• Motion Picture Association (US): http://www.mpaa.org/piracy_AndLaw.asp

• http://www.childnet-int.org/music/

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Parental control: Filtering, Labels

In order to make sure that children use online technologies in a safe way, a combination of different measures can empower both parents and children; supervision of the child/young person in ways to use the technology safely, installing technical filters and helping the children to evaluate and judge online material go hand in hand.

7.1 What is a filter?

Filter systems are applications regulating access to information or services on the Internet according to defined criteria. They can be installed on the user's PC, on a central Internet computer belonging to an institution (e.g. on a proxy server in a school) or on the computers of an Internet access provider and trigger a variety of different reactions: They can warn against problematic websites, record the user's path through the Internet in detail, block incriminated sites or even turn off a computer altogether.

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7.2 What is the main task of a filter?

The most important task of filters for the protection of minors is to provide a reliable barrier preventing access to content that the parents see as inappropriate or harmful, dangerous or morally damaging to the development of minors. Ideally, at the same time, content suitable for children and young people should not be affected.

Filtering in the context of parental control also concerns outgoing streams, for instance to avoid that young children disclose their names, address, school name or parents’ credit card number. This type of filtering is particularly important for young users and there is free software (freeware) available to deal exclusively with that issue, like http://www.free-downloads.net/sub_category/Parental_Control_Tools.

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7.3 How do filters work?

Filters are based on some principles:

Editorial classification

Positive lists only permit access to content suitable for children, which an editorial team has inspected and selected. Negative lists block all content, which a manual inspection has classified as relevant to the protection of minors.

Automatic classification

In this method, algorithms decide whether the content can be accessed or not. The simplest method for automated evaluation of the typical features of a website is keyword blocking. This blocks all websites containing specific forbidden words. "More intelligent" filter systems evaluate different typical features of websites (e.g. statistical analysis of the full text for a website) in order to categorise them automatically. The best automatic classification tools do not use only text analysis but includes also image analysis, for instance detecting a predominance of skin texture in an image to detect pornographic material.

Self-classification by the provider

With this solution every content provider marks his websites with a virtual content classification label. Software installed on the user's computer reads the label and decides whether or not to display the content based on the user's settings.

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7.4 What are labels?

It can be difficult to tell if a site is safe for children or not. In an attempt to make it easier for parents to choose which sites are safe to use, some content providers and regulators have created labels that can give a hint towards this.

Labelling is also one precondition for effective filtering. It can be done by users or by providers or automatic (see above: How do filters work). Sites are labelled in order to protect minors, increase public trust and use of online transactions, and also to comply with legal standards. When labelling website content (by editorial or provider), a code is written into the webpage html code, thereby detailing its contents so that the page can be rated. This rating – which in most cases is invisible on the page itself, details the nature of the content and is detected by filtering mechanisms, which will subsequently either block or load the page.

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7.5 What kind of filters are available?

Recommended lists with content suitable for children

So-called "walled gardens" or "white lists" are lists of selected content, which only permit the user to surf to these selected websites.

Blacklists of Internet addresses with content relevant to the protection of minors

Filter systems based on blacklists take the opposite approach. They permit access to all Internet content and attempt to filter out morally damaging or dangerous content. However, editing the entire Internet is impossible, so the blacklisting of Internet content will probably never catch up with developments in Internet content

Blocking websites according to a list of forbidden words

The simplest filter systems block Internet content using a list of forbidden words. These keyword lists are easy to produce and simple to maintain, but some websites providing unwanted content make sure that they do not make reference to words common in the black lists.

Filtering based on automatically classified contents

The second generation of automatic classification systems evaluate the complete text contained in a website. They use statistical methods familiar, for instance from spam filters.

Self-classification by the providers

Providers use a list of questions to describe what can be seen on their websites (e.g. naked breasts, killing of people). This description is inserted into the source code for the website or saved on the web server in a standardised form so that filter systems can evaluate the classification and block all content, which does not conform to the user's settings. Currently the effectiveness of the filters using labelling is still very low because only a few providers have taken the trouble to classify their pages themselves.

Combinations of filtering methods

The basic approaches to filtering are now combined in many ways in order to increase their effectiveness but also to permit age-differentiated access.

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7.6 What are recommendable filter programmes?

At the moment, it is impossible to recommend one specific filter for the protection of minors because no programme of this type has proved its effectiveness under comparable conditions.

Since no reliable benchmark figures relating to the effectiveness of filter systems and no uniform standards or test procedures exist the European Commission is carrying out a study for "an objective evaluation of filtering software and services currently available on the market, independent of the seller or provider and conducted by experts" (www.sip-bench.org).

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7.7 What can I do until good filters are developed?

The filtering of Internet content can support parents and teachers in the media education of children and young people, but it cannot be counted on alone, as filters cannot deal with for instance children's and young people's use of online communication services. Educational supervision from schools and at home is more important than technological barriers as it is most likely to contribute to the education of young people, and therefore empower them to use online technologies like Internet and mobiles safely.

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Mobile phones

Most children and young people in Europe own mobile phones. For parents, giving their children mobile phones is in many cases seen as an advantage – they can more easily get in touch with their children, and their children can get in touch with them, should it be necessary. As children become youth, communicating with friends becomes more and more important.

Young people use mobile phones for talking, sending text messages (SMS), taking and sending photos, playing games etc. Although their use of mobile phones gives them great opportunities, there are also certain risks associated with mobile phone use. For a parent, the most important thing to remember is to talk to your child about their use of the mobiles, possibilities and how they see and deal with the risks.

Below you will find information about:

8.1 What can I do to limit mobile phone costs?

Certain mobile services can be expensive, such as MMS, mobile phone chats and premium rate services/premium SMS (ring tones, logo services etc), which have additional costs in comparison to normal SMS. In some cases, users of premium rate services have been automatically ordering a subscription without realising it, and the mobile phone bill increases to much more than normal phone bills. Premium rate services can usually be stopped by sending a STOP message to the service number. If this does not help, contact the service provider.

Using pre-paid mobile phone cards or special offers from mobile phone providers that limit your mobile costs to a predefined maximum per month can help keep the costs down. However, a combination subscription, where it is possible to get detailed print-outs of the communication in case of emergency, is recommended.

Avoid letting other people use your mobile, other in emergency cases, and only if you are present. Never leave your mobile unattended, and don't borrow it to friends.

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8.2 Accessing harmful content and access to Internet

More and more mobile phones have full Internet access and children and young people use stationary Internet connections and mobile phones in a dynamic manner. Therefore, the same safety measures as for using the Internet become important for using mobile phones (protection of personal data, harmful content, consumer protection, gaming etc.).

Children and young people use the mobiles in a very private manner and it can be difficult for parents to keep informed about their children’s using habits. Contact your mobile phone operator to find out if there are age verification or filter systems available, and talk to your children about the risks concerning using Internet and mobile phones.

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8.3 Bullying and communicating with potential abusers

Mobile phones are used for bullying and harassment, as well as by individuals with a sexual interest in children who use mobile and online technologies to identify and target potential victims (grooming).

Above you find more information about Bullying and Cyber Bullying.

For more information about how persons use Internet and mobile phones to befriend children, see under Social networking.

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8.4 Tips for children

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8.5 Tips for parents

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8.6 What do I have to take into account when using a mobile phone camera?

Many children and young people have mobile phones with camera, and like to take and send images to friends or publish them on the Internet.

When publishing pictures, be aware of the following aspects:

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Online Gaming and Gambling

9.1 Gaming and online gaming

"Gaming" is a container term for 'the act of playing electronic games'. It is mostly used to designate an above average interest.

Some electronic games can be played by more than one player, sharing the same play area. The players then either create teams that play against each other, or simply see which single player is the best. Multiplayer games can be played through computers linked locally, or over the Internet. Popular online genres are Action (Counter-Strike), Role-Playing (World of Warcraft and Second Life) and strategy (Civilization).

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9.2 Gambling and online gambling

Gambling is a several thousand years old activity. One bets money or other valuables on the outcome of some event, either an external one, or one within the gambler's control. One can for example bet on who wins a football match, a horse race, or on whether you win or lose a game of Backgammon. If the financial part is removed, the activity is transformed into games playing.

Regular gambling involves gathering two or more persons for the exchange of bets and if applicable, the bet-able activity itself, either physically or through a proxy server, somewhat like a traditional bookmaker. The Internet has made this activity a lot easier, whether it is for regular betting, or poker, backgammon or chess games - one doesn't have to physically meet. For example, the poker game can be played through a shared electronic interface, displayed on every player's computer screen in real-time.

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9.3 What is the difference between gaming and gambling?

Gaming and gambling are two fundamentally different activities. While gaming has a non-real approach, with fictional ties to the physical world, gambling involves the risk of financial loss or gain.

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9.4 What are the problems with online gaming?

A lot of research has gone into finding links between playing games and violent behaviour. The results are not clear – it seems that other social factors have much more influence on an individual's actions.

Gaming triggers the physiological release of adrenaline, which might cause a short term behavioural change, estimated at approximately one hour. It is therefore important that a gamer gives him- or herself some time to wind down before going to sleep, otherwise sleep patterns might be disturbed, resulting in general physical problems.

Physically, standard gaming is a somewhat static activity. Gamers should therefore take regular breaks, move around, get enough nutrients and fluids, etc.

There are indications that the addiction to online games might be a problem for some gamers. However, research shows that this seldom comes from playing itself, but rather the online social network that exists within the game world. The online networks might help boost self esteem, and particularly for people with a low self esteem to start with, it can enable them to form relationships with the persons around them. On the other hand, there is a real risk of players spending so much time on the game that it severly affects the rest of one's life.

Most online games feature some form of inter-player communication. Therefore, some of the risks associated with chat and social networking may apply to games as well, such as bullying, harassment and grooming.

Although the purpose of gaming is not to bet money, many of the online games make it an asset to buy certain things – money, furniture, clothes, weapons etc. which may be bought through for instance mobile phones.

Some might also find some of the games' topics, descriptions and depictions problematic or offensive. To aid parents in making purchase decisions for their children, the PEGI rating and labelling system has been established. For more information on this, see separate topic, or visit www.pegi.info.

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9.5 What are the problems with gambling?

There are two main problematic issues concerned with online gambling: the risk of financial loss and addiction.

There is nobody stopping you from gambling away one's savings, house, inheritance, spouse and dog when gambling online. This is to some degree connected to the issue of gambling addiction, where it becomes impossible for a person to stop betting more money, in the hope that just one more round will win it all back. Unlike gaming, where the fun of the experience is the main draw, with gambling it is always about the money. Addiction to gambling is a known psychological phenomenon, with treatment programmes available in many countries.

Additionally, there are the risks connected with giving out credit details online, as well as the health and time issues mentioned above, connected to sitting still in front of a computer screen for long periods of time.

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9.6 Advice

Playing games is one of the main activities of children who use Internet and mobile phones. In most cases, the games are harmless and do not cost money to participate in. It can nevertheless be an idea to follow what the children are doing online:

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9.7 Is there a way to know if I buy the appropriate online game for my children?

A widely used rating system is the Pan-European Game Information, short PEGI. Designed to ensure that minors are not exposed to games that are unsuitable for their particular age group, the system is supported by the major console manufacturers, including PlayStation, Xbox and Nintendo, as well as by publishers and developers of interactive games throughout Europe. PEGI applies to products distributed in many European countries. Most games have pictograms on their game covers, showing the rate of the game according to age and/or content.

http://www.pegi.info/en/

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9.8 What kinds of rating descriptors can be found on a game cover?

Within the scope of PEGI there are 2 types of pictograms that are relevant age categories and content descriptors.

a) Age categories: The PEGI age ratings are 3+, 7+, 12+, 16+, 18+. They indicate whether the games contain elements that are considered harmful to children and minors. The PEGI rating does not focus on the level of difficulty of a game. A game rated 3+ is considered harmless but may be too complex for a 3-year old to play.

It is important to note that the PEGI ratings are not designed as traditional “age limits”, but purely as parental guidance. The final responsibility still lies in the hands of the parents.

b) Content descriptors: These are icons, displayed on the back of the game box, that describe the type of content to be found in the game. Depending on the type of game, there may be up to six such descriptors for violence, bad language, fear, sex, drugs, and discrimination. The intensity of the content is appropriate to the age rating of the game.

The combination of age rating and game descriptors allows parents and those purchasing games for children to ensure that the game they purchase is appropriate to the age of the intended player.

For more information please consult the FAQ of the PEGI rating system at: http://www.pegi.info/pegi/index.do?method=faq.

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Privacy

10.1 What is privacy?

Privacy concerns the ability of an individual to keep his/her lives and personal affairs out of public view, or to control the flow of information about him/herself. It is sometimes related to anonymity and can be seen as an aspect of security.

In the online environment, children and young people communicate with others, they make blogs and home pages, and engage on social networking sites. In many cases, they publish personal information about themselves with the perception that this can really only be seen by the persons they want to see it.

Privacy also concerns how much information companies and agencies gather about a person, and how they use it in other situations than the ones the person has allowed it to.

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10.2 How can I protect my privacy when going online?

You can protect your privacy by never publishing online personal information about yourself such as your real name, address, telephone number, name of your school or information concerning friends and family.

When chatting, use a nickname, and avoid getting personal, if you don’t physically know the person(s) you are chatting with.

When entering websites that ask for where personal information, check the sites first in order to be sure that they are trustworthy, and, before sending your information, ask why it is needed. In all cases, consult the ‘Terms and Conditions’ and/or the “Privacy Statement” of the company operating that website.

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10.3 What can I do, if my mobile phone is stolen? How can I prevent the thieves from using my mobile phone?

If your mobile phone is stolen, it is possible to stop thieves from using your mobile phone. Your phone has a unique identification number, called IMEI. You can find your phone’s IMEI by pressing *#06# on your mobile phone. Write down the number you see on your phone’s screen, and keep it in a safe place. If you phone is stolen, report your SIM number (i.e. your phone number) together with the IMEI to your mobile phone company. The company will immediately cancel the SIM card, and the thieves will not be able to call from your mobile phone and charge your bill.

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10.4 If a classmate or friend asks for my password to an Internet or mobile service, shall I give it out?

No. Do not give your password to him/her - because you are responsible for any activity he or she may carry out in your name, and it can be traced back to you if he/she misuses the service.

In general, you should never give out your password. If you believe that somebody found out your password, you should immediately change it. Always try to have a password that nobody else would be able to guess. For example, avoid your name, names of your family members, close friends, birthdays, your pet’s name, etc.

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10.5 Am I invisible on the Internet, or can I be discovered?

You are not invisible on the Internet, even if it feels like it. All Internet users always leave evidence, the so-called “cybertrails” (like footprints), when they go online. This is actually good: if people commit crimes on the Internet, the police or other competent authorities can trace this evidence, and catch them.

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10.6 I want to take a picture of a friend with my mobile phone or digital camera and upload it on the Internet. Can I do it?

If you want to take a picture of a friend, family member, classmate etc., first you have to ask the person for permission to do so. Nevertheless, never upload such a picture on the Internet, but keep it safely, and only for your own personal use. Remember that as soon as you send a picture on the Internet or another mobile phone, it stops of being private and you cannot control where this picture will end up.

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10.7 If a commercial company asks for my personal information to send me some advertising material or to let me participate in a lottery, what shall I do?

First of all, be sure that the company is to be trusted. There is nothing wrong in receiving advertising material or in taking part in a lottery or contest etc. Before sending your personal data, check the privacy policy of the company, i.e. how it intends to use your data, and if it explicitly states that your data will be kept confidential and not handed out to third parties.

Ask your parents if it is ok to send someone your personal information and, only if they allow you to, give out your information, and let them make the judgement.

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10.8 An online friend has asked me to send a picture of myself. What shall I do?

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Racism on the Internet

Sites with a racist and hate content are common in the online environment. The legislations of such sites vary across Europe. For children and young people, such sites can inspire them to bully others and the sites in many cases give wrong information about historical facts. Many of these sites also look trustworthy by first glance, and are made that way precisely to misinform.

11.1 What are the legal grounds for stopping racism in Europe?

Although the legislation around Europe concerning racism varies, some overarching principles exist.

Article 14 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms states that the human rights and fundamental freedoms set forth in the Convention cannot be subject to any discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

Council of Europe Cyber Crime Convention - Additional Protocol:

In the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems, hate speech is defined in the following way: “racist and xenophobic material” means any written material, any image or any other representation of ideas or theories, which advocates, promotes or incites hatred, discrimination or violence, against any individual or group of individuals, based on race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin, as well as religion if used as a pretext for any of these factors.

Council of Europe Directive of June 29 2000.

In addition, the Council of Europe Directive on the June 29 2000 was adopted, with the objective of applying the principle of equal treatment in the European Union States regardless of the person’s racial or ethnical origin, the Council of Europe Directive of the 29th of June 2000 was adopted. This Directive combats discrimination based in the racial and ethnical origins. It completes and enforces the existing national legislations since it gives a common definition of what is illegal discrimination.

This Directive prohibits all discrimination on grounds of race and ethnical origin. Such discrimination might be expressed in a worse treatment to the affected person or any other disposition, criteria or practice that might be neutral at first sight but that might lead to unfavourable consequences for a determined person or group of people. On the other hand, it obliges Member States to guarantee equality in treatment regarding the access to jobs, training, education, work conditions, participation in professional organizations, protection and social security, the access to goods and services and their provision.

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11.2 What is the impact of the Internet on racist and xenophobic content?

The use of the Internet to spread racist, anti-Semitic and other hostile propaganda is increasing throughout the world. The targets of hate may vary from place to place, but no country is immune to the problem, and a single website is often managed across different borders.

There are growing concerns that Internet hate may incite violence and lead to physical hate crimes.

Even where it is difficult to establish a direct causal link, there is no doubt that the Internet can be used to foster a climate of hostility against certain groups, as well as for fundraising and attracting sympathizers.

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11.3 Where can European Internet users report material related to racism and xenophobia?

The INHOPE network of hotlines focuses its main line of work in the eradication of illegal content on the Internet. In many of its member hotlines’ countries racist and xenophobic Internet content is considered illegal and therefore these hotlines receive reports of such content. www.inhope.org

In addition to the INHOPE network of hotlines a group called the International Network Against Cyber Hate (INHACH) receives complaints of content dealing with racist and xenophobic material on the Internet. Users may report by sending an e-mail to complaints@inach.net or they can enter INACH’s website at http://www.inach.net/ and report directly to one of its members.

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Spam

12.1 What is Spam?

Spam e-mails are unwanted e-mails or SMS messages that are distributed in a large quantity.

The term “unwanted” is very subjective, typical examples are e-mails or SMS messages with content that is related to pornography, pharmaceuticals, dubious financial transactions etc. In most cases spam is distributed with the intention to trick people into using money and giving away personal information.

Not all mass messages are spam: in some cases trustworthy companies or private users send mass e-mails. National laws give various definitions as to precisely when unwanted e-mail is defined as Spam. Ask your national awareness node for further details: Safer Internet project site.

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12.2 Are there technical solutions that can protect me from receiving spam?

The most important tools against Spam are “Spam filters”. You can activate them in your e-mail programme and your e-mail provider usually offers anti-Spam options as well. Contact your e-mail provider for detailed information.

Spam filters can never work accurately, some might judge e-mails as spam even though they are not unwanted or they might not recognise e-mails as Spam for one reason or another.

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12.3 How can I take precautions against receiving spam?

Be careful with publishing your e-mail address online or registering your e-mail address or mobile phone number in online resources/services. If possible, avoid that your e-mail address appears on websites. You can “mask” your e-mail address on websites so that programmes which search automatically for addresses are not able to recognize them. You can use an image with your e-mail address instead of text or you can write “john dot public at xy dot com“ instead of “john.public@xy.com”.

Use two e-mail addresses: One for communication with friends, colleagues etc, the other for entries in public forums, guest books, registrations etc. If you receive too much spam in your second address you can delete it and register a new one. For this purpose you can use free mail services, such as Hotmail or Yahoo!

Never answer Spam e-mails (to complain etc) - this confirms to the people sending you spam that your e-mail address is valid, and they will send you more spam.

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Virus

13.1 What is Malware?

Malware is malicious software encompassing viruses, worms and Trojan horses amongst other programming components.

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13.2 What is a Virus?

A virus is a programme that normally attaches itself to another programme or data file in order to spread and reproduce itself without the knowledge of the user. Normally a virus enters your computer through a spam e-mail which has attachments (pictures or files). A virus can damage files or create unwanted behaviour of your computer.

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13.3 What is a Worm?

A worm is a virus that reproduces by replicating itself across a network of computer systems. A worm can harm a network, can consume tremendous bandwith, and can shut a computer down.

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13.4 What is a Trojan Horse?

It is a programme that appears to be working properly but actually causes damage in some form. It is called a Trojan horse because it can enter your computer through operations considered harmless, for example, through a game, or even through a virus tracking programme, and then trick the user by hiding the underlying activity. In general, Trojan horses cannot multiply themselves as viruses do.

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13.5 What is a difference between a virus and a worm?

The main difference between a virus and a worm is that a virus can not replicate itself like a worm, and it only affects the computer it has invaded.

A worm acts autonomously, and uses a computer network in order to multiply itself and to send copies of itself to other systems.

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13.6 What is Spyware?

It is a programme that can be secretly attached to files you download from the Internet. As soon as it is downloaded it installs itself in your PC without your knowledge, and starts to monitor your Internet activity. The monitored information is then transmitted to a third party, in most cases to companies which are interested in forming your personal profile. Later on, it will start sending you advertising or other information.

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13.7 How can I prevent malware from entering my PC?

It is important not to open any e-mails which come from senders you don’t know. Many of those e-mails have luring titles like “You have won in a lottery” or “Happy birthday, I have a present for you” and so on. Never open any attachments coming with such e-mails, as this might cause the programme to install a virus or a worm in your PC.

Install an antivirus software on your PC. This will protect your computer against viruses and other malware threats.

You can also install a firewall, which will keep watch on all files that go in and out of your computer.

Try to avoid suspicious websites, and if you accidentally enter one which seems strange, leave it immediately. If pop-up windows alert you or ask you to agree to anything, immediately close them and never click on any button inside them.

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13.8 What is an Anti-virus software?

This is software used to protect a computer against viruses or other malware threats. The software is installed on your PC and checks all files on your computer as well as files attached in incoming e-mails against viruses. If it finds viruses it immediately informs you and, in most cases, it quarantines / cleans the infected files.

An antivirus software needs to be regularly updated, and can also be used for security such as content or website filtering.

For some examples see the following links: Norton, AVG, McAfee

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13.9 I have a dialup connection and used the Internet for a couple of hours only but I got a huge bill at the end. Why? What can I do? - Dialers

This happened because, without your knowledge, a so-called dialer stopped your local Internet connection with your ISP provider and redirected the connection to an international line with (in most cases) tremendous billing costs. This normally happens when a user visits an untrustworthy website with suspicious content, or with erotic content.

If you have a dialup connection you can contact your telecom company and ask the operators to lock the line for being able to call international numbers. In this way, you will prevent a dialer to re-direct you to an ISP somewhere else in the world.

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13.10 What is a firewall?

A device or software designed to prevent or stop unauthorised people from accessing your computer via the Internet without permission. A firewall controls all the files that go in and out of your computer. If there is a suspicious file, it will take care of it for you and your computer is safe.

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13.11 What is a hacker?

A hacker is a person who, without permission, gains illegal access to a computer system and its data, but without having intention of causing any damage.

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13.12 What is cracker?

A cracker is a person who, without permission, gains illegal access to a computer system and its data, with the intention of causing financial or other damage, and/or stealing information.

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13.13 Which methods do crackers use?

Crackers normally insert viruses or other kinds of programmes which contain special codes into target systems, with the intention of causing severe damage to the attacked system. In most cases, such code is:

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13.14 What is the difference between a hacker and a cracker?

Normally, hackers see their activity as a challenge and a pleasure in entering a highly secure computer system, and they don’t intend to cause any damage. Many times hackers enter a system (for example a banking or a government system) to reveal security holes. If they achieve their purpose, they inform the respective organisation about their success, hoping for financial benefits.

On the other hand, crackers try to illegally enter a computer system in order to steal data, or to cause damage to the information found in the system’s archives. For example, as soon as they get hold of a credit card number, they use it for their benefit.

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