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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Statistics Finland |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Economic Statistics |
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1.5. Contact mail address | PO Box 3B, FI-00022 Statistics Finland |
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2.1. Metadata last certified | 06/08/2024 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 06/08/2024 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 06/08/2024 |
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3.1. Data description | ||||||||||||||||||
Turnover index for other services. Turnover for the largest enterprises in their respective industries is described with the data collected with the sales inquiry while the data on sales obtained from the self-assessed tax data are exploited to describe the turnover of other enterprises. Turnover is exclusive of value added tax. |
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3.2. Classification system | ||||||||||||||||||
NACE Rev. 2. |
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3.3. Coverage - sector | ||||||||||||||||||
Sections H, I, J, L, M, N, R, S of NACE Rev. 2. Administrative source: monthly data for enterprises whose annual turnover is more than EUR 100,000, quarterly data for enterprises whose annual turnover is EUR 30,001 - 100,000 and yearly data for enterprises whose annual turnover is less than EUR 30,000. Quarterly and yearly data is methodologically disaggregated into monthly data. Statistical survey covers large enterprises. |
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | ||||||||||||||||||
List and definition of variables: Domestic sales, sales abroad and of which sales of goods between countries abroad. Reference period: flow during the calendar month Variables on administrative declarations: Domestic sales by tax rate, Sales of goods to other EU Member States, Sales of services to other EU Member States, Sales of construction services, Sales taxable at zero VAT rate. Reference period: flow during the calendar month, quarter or year. |
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3.5. Statistical unit | ||||||||||||||||||
Administrative source: legal unit. Statistical survey: legal unit, kind-of-activity unit for the major multi-industrial enterprises. |
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3.6. Statistical population | ||||||||||||||||||
Statistical population is legal units which submit self-assessed tax returns to the Finnish Tax Administration and fall into NACE categories H, I, J, L, M, N, R, S. Business register is used for NACE information. The popupalation covers approximately 247.000 enterprises and entrepreneurs. The frame is updated monthly and demographic changes, such as start-ups and the most important mergers and split-offs, are included instantly. Closures are included as soon as they are noticed, at the latest in four months delay. The population of the index of turnover of service industries is formed by all enterprises practising business in Finland. Of enterprises practising business, those classified in Statistics Finland's Business Register under the industries to be published are included in the calculation. The most significant multi-industry enterprises have been divided into so-called kind-of-activity units to improve purity by industry. Units where turnover is mainly comprised of non-market activities are excluded from the population of the statistics from the beggining of base year 2021. This is the case, for example, with public administration actors. In addition, efforts are made to eliminate from the turnover of enterprises activities that are not considered to consist of goods or services produced for the market. In practice, auxiliary enterprises serving business activities in which turnover consists of internal services are removed from the statistics on this basis. Foreign corporations are not included in the population of the statistics either. |
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3.7. Reference area | ||||||||||||||||||
Geographical area coverers the whole country including the Autonomous Region Of Åland. The turnover figures also include activities carried outside Finnish territories. The largest companies are inquired monthly about the sales of goods and services from abroad to abroad. This information may contain e.g merchanting if it is reported on the financial statement of the company operating in Finland. Fully comprehensive information according to the National Accounts definition of global production has not been acquired through the questionnaire. The quality of turnover in major globally active enterprises has been examined but there is no comprehensive information on its coverage.
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3.8. Coverage - Time | ||||||||||||||||||
Time series from year 1995. |
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3.9. Base period | ||||||||||||||||||
Base (reference) year 2021=100. |
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Euro, data is published as indices. |
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Month. |
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6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
The production of the indices are based on the Statistics Act (280/2004) and guided by Regulation (EU) (N:o 2019/2152) of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) (N:o 2020/1197) on European business statistics. The Regulation obliges Member States to produce index series on turnover data for certain industries. The Statistics Act (280/2004) is the general act for the National Statistical Service (NSS). It contains the principles for the data collection, processing, and dissemination of official statistics. The act defines the roles of statistical authorities (Statistics Finland, Customs, National Institute for Health and Welfare, and Tike, Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) and other authorities producing statistics. The Statistics Finland Act (48/1992) states that Statistics Finland (SF) shall provide for the general development of official statistics in collaboration with other central government authorities. The aim of the NSS is to produce official statistics, Official Statistics of Finland (OSF). European law (especially the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European statistics (EC) No 223/2009) applies to a large portion of OSF. The Statistics Act requires that the primarily exploited sources for statistical purposes shall be the data accumulated in the administration of general government and the data produced as a consequence of the normal activities of employers, self-employed persons, corporations, and foundations. SF has the right to have access to these data under the Statistics Act. In addition, all public and private entities in Finland are obliged to provide SF with data on their finances, products and staff as necessary for the production of statistics. The right of SF to collect data by virtue of the obligation does not extend, however, to data that are kept confidential for reasons of international relationships, public safety, the interest of national defence, or the safety of the state. Before any data collection based on the obligation, the statistical authority must consult the respondents or their representatives about the contents, timing, collection methods, duration of storing of the data as well as about costs. Besides those data obtained directly from administrative sources data from natural persons are always collected on voluntary basis by using interviewing or mail and web surveys. In addition, the interviewees must be informed in advance in a written form. The Statistics Act stipulates that a data provider who willfully fails to provide the obligatory data or willfully provides false data shall be sentenced to a fine. Nevertheless, SF is allowed to refrain from bringing charges if the violation is regarded as minor, but in practice charges have not been filed. |
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6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
Data sharing and coordination among data producing agencies
The data are transmitted monthly to Eurostat. |
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
Confidentiality of individual reporters' data The Statistics Act obliges statistics-producing authorities to inform respondents in writing or in other appropriate manner about the intended use of the data, the procedures to be used in producing the statistics, the principles governing whether the provision of data is obligatory or voluntary, the rights of the respondents, the arrangements for protecting the data, and the duration the data will be stored. The Statistics Act allows a statistical authority to grant access to confidential data for use in scientific research or statistical surveys if statistical units cannot be identified directly from them. The right to use data may be given in compliance with a well-defined process including a written application. |
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
The data is treated confidential if an enterprise is found to be dominating regularly. Divisions 51, 53 are not published because of dominating enterprises, but are included in Section H. The data is confidential as it is flagged when sent to Eurostat. |
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8.1. Release calendar | |||
A release schedule for the coming year, specifying precise dates of release, is published in the Release Calendar in December by Statistics Finland. |
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8.2. Release calendar access | |||
Future release dates are available on Statistics Finland's public website, https://stat.fi/en/statistics/plv#calendar. |
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8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
Indices are published simultaneously to all interested parties on the home page of the Turnover of service industries (https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/plv). No one has prior access to the statistics before their general release. Series are transmitted to Eurostat during the same day they are published in Finland. The transmission is done via EDAMIS web portal by using SDMX coding system. Commenting on erroneous interpretation and misuse of statistics |
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Monthly. |
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10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
A regular news release accompanies the most recent monthly results. |
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10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
A monthly publication is made available to the media and the public free of charge. The indices are published monthly on the Internet, https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/plv. |
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10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
Indices are revisions published in the StatFin-databank of Statistics Finland (https://stat.fi/tup/statfin/index_en.html). Information published:
Some of the above mentioned data is also published as quarterly, semiannual and annual aggregates. Revisions are published from the original, working day adjusted and seasonal adjusted index series. A revision is presented as the difference between percentage point changes found in the first and the latest release. |
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10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Statistics Finland's researcher services offer unit-level data, i.e. micro data, for scientific studies and statistical surveys. The conditions and rules with respect to data access can be found on the home page http://stat.fi/tup/mikroaineistot/index_en.html. |
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10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
Data is sent monthly to Eurostat. Tailored tables and data files are provided on request for a fee. |
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10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The documentation on methodology and sources used in preparing statistics is available on the Internet (https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/documentation/plv). Advance notice is given to the public on the statistics website (https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/plv) when major changes are introduced in methodology, sources, and statistical techniques. In the case of major changes, briefings for the main users and press will be organized. In the case of major changes, briefings for the main users and press are also organized. |
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10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
The documentation on quality management is available on the Internet (https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/documentation/plv). |
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11.1. Quality assurance | |||
Monthly follow-up of revisions is available for public within every release and in the StatFin-databank of turnover of service industries. Quality policy SF develops its activities according to the Total Quality Management principles. It has been influenced by, among other things, the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model, the United Nations’ Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics and Handbook of Statistical Organization, as well as the European Statistics Code of Practice. The quality criteria of OSF are harmonised with the respective criteria of the European Statistical System. Impartiality of statistics Selection of sources, methodology, and modes of dissemination Guidelines for staff behavior |
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11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
Quality monitoring |
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12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The information is used for the follow-up and analysis of the development of business statistics in Eurostat, in the European Central Bank, in some international organizations and in Finland's public administration and regional development. The economic life and the research institutions use information to the evaluation of the market's and the competitors' development. The Trend Indicator Of Output and Quarterly national accounts use Index of turnover in industry as their source material in Statistics Finland. |
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12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
Co-operation between SF and important users with regard to the relevance of statistics and the users’ needs consists of an extensive feedback system and co-operative working groups with the main users, such as users of national accounts. There are regular meetings of SF directors and experts with the users, even at the senior management level. Users are usually also invited to participate in discussions concerning the establishment of new statistics or revisions of existing ones. In addition, there are specific feedback systems for receiving the users’ opinions at SF. These systems consist of an anonymous feedback channel on the web, media monitoring, surveys among different user groups for the evaluation SF’s performance, user surveys, and a system for collecting and disseminating information that is strategically important for SF. Specific statistical products conduct their own user surveys and keep in regular contact with their main interest groups. |
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12.3. Completeness | |||
Data cover almost the entire entrepreneurial activity in Finland. The latest index figures may change a little due to material accumulation and changes in business reporting and accuracy of estimation. The measured variable is similar to Eurostat definitions. The used concept of turnover, corresponds to the turnover according to the Accounting Act. The used data may include the use of asset sales, other income and extraordinary items. The material available to the completeness of the statistical method can be considered almost unbiased. |
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13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Accuracy is good, due to total data in use. Data updates over one year backwards. However the most notable changes affect the five most recent months. The average revision of the first estimate (lag of around 45 days) in total turnover of service industries in time period 1-12/2023 was 1,5 percentage points (measured 5/2024). The most significant sources of error are coverage errors, data processing errors and classification changes. The first error source mentioned is the most significant one and the two latter are less significant. The data used in the first estimates is based on a cut-off sample and thus it is assumed that the units in the sample develop in a similar way with the rest of the population. However in different economic fluctuations it may be that the assumption does not apply and in that case the first estimates may be biased. |
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13.2. Sampling error | |||
The population used for calculating the turnover indices is formed from VAT-data. The most recent month's VAT data was introduced in April 2020 in indices published with a one and a half months delay and from the beginning of January 2024, the lag was shortened to around 30 days. In the first sampling, the coverage of the VAT turnover data is on average 40 percent, measured by the turnover of the companies. In the second sampling, the VAT data is almost completely accumulated. The first estimate calculated is based on Statistics Finland's sales inquiry which includes about 600 most important companies in the service sector. The sales inquiry is a cut-off sample and is kept up to date by removing closures and companies whose activity is greatly reduced. The sample is also updated with new and expanding businesses. The sample size has been made to as minimum as possible still to achieve an adequate coverage in terms of turnover in different industries. The accuracy of the first estimate may be reduced in some industry levels because the development of the large enterprises in the sample may differ from the rest of the population covered by the VAT data. However due to the sampling method being as a cut-off and the sample being quite fixed within years the sampling error is not relevant to be calculated. The average revision caused by the cut-off sample total turnover of service industries in time period 1-12/2023 was 0,7 % percentage points. The number of the companies in the sample covers 0.1-0.6 per cent depending of the top level of each industry. But when measured by turnover the sample covers around 38 per cent of the total turnover in the service sector. The turnover coverage of the sample in top levels of service sector:
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13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
The first estimates are calculated from a sample. When the first estimates are calculated the size-weighted unit response rate of the total turnover of service industries in time period 1-12/2023 was 96,3 percentage. There is no item non-response. From the beginning of January 2019 time series modelling had been used for helping calculations of the indices at a lag of around 45 days. From the beginning of January 2024, the lag of time series has been shortened to around 30 days. Same modelling methods is being used for the first estimates with the shortened timetable. Time series modelling can also be used for industries in a later period if needed. More information about the used forecast methods is available on the Methodological report. Due to accumulation of the VAT data the indices are revised for over a year. The data will be revised the most in the five latest months after the first publication. The first time (lag of around 30 days) VAT data is received the coverage is approximately 40 per cent and the second time (lag of around 60 days) approximately 99 per cent in terms of business turnover. The turnover used from VAT data does not fully correlate the turnover with the Accounting Act since it may contain for example fixed asset sales, other income and extraordinary items. The data may also contain for example optical reading errors or human errors in filling the forms. Because of the coverage of the data used the statistical method is considered nearly unbiased. The latest two months in the time series are supplemented by the imputation of the missing data. The imputation is conducted on a legal unit level. The imputation may not perform well for the legal units with abnormal observations or when there is significant changes in business cycle. Due to the uncertainty of the used imputation method there might be occasional revision in the series in various industry levels. |
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14.1. Timeliness | |||
Preliminary data are published around 30 days after the end of the reference month on the level of services total (NACE HIJLMNRS). Series are transmitted to Eurostat during the same day they are published in Finland. Reporting units should file their declarations to the tax authorities within 1 month and 12 days from the end of the reference period. Statistics Finland receives the data within 1 month and 20 days after the end of the reference period. |
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14.2. Punctuality | |||
National publications are implemented on time. All of the deliveries to Eurostat on time. |
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15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
Indices are comparable geographically. |
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15.2. Comparability - over time | |||
Indices are comparable over time. |
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
Comparisons are made once a year between the annual data from Business Register and with SBS data. Sorces of differences between statistics are as follows: Separate purposes of use of statistics Calendar year vs. the accounting period Comparability of concepts Some differences are likely to remain because of differences in statistical units used. |
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15.4. Coherence - internal | |||
The time series are internally coherent in time. |
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Total costs of survey data productions: 14791 person-hours. 1on year 2023. From 2023 onwards the information reported includes the total time spent on both data collection and validating the unit-level data from which the index is being calculated. Previously, the information on total costs of survey was reported according to the time used for data collection. This information is no longer available. |
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17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
Revisions are possible particularly during the following five months after the publications. Revisions are analysed for group and division levels monthly. Same revision policies are applied to national releases and to transmissions to Eurostat. All revisions caused by accumulation of the data and corrections in/to the data used are applied immediately. Large revisions due to methodological changes are implemented at the same time with the change of the base year every five years. All the major changes in the statistical production are informed on the statistics website (https://www.stat.fi/en/statistics/plv). More detailed explanation can be found here http://www.stat.fi/org/principles/publication-principles-for-statistics/practices-when-changes-are-made-to-statistical-data. Comparisons are made once a year between STS and SBS data. See more in the paragraph 15.3. of this metadata report. Classification changes introduce regular revisions and are taken into account once a year on one year delay when the Business register is final for the described year. |
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17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
Because the Tax Administration's self-assessed tax return data supplements also after the due date, the data is repeatedly updated for over a year. Revised figures are published monthly according to the changes in data, but not announced as such. Methodological changes, errors in the newest release and the outstandingly significant revisions are announced at the time of change. Errors are corrected immediately. An annual overhaul of seasonal adjustment models is carried out monthly. Follow-up of revisions is available for public within every release and in the StatFin-databank of turnover of service industries. The revisions have been calculated from the period 2021-2023, when the delay of the statistic was 45 days. The Mean Absolute Revision (MAR) and Mean Revision (MR) of year-on-year growth rates for unadjusted and calendar adjusted data are as follows: Unadjusted MAR = 0,7 % |
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18.1. Source data | |||
Administrative source VAT data (which is basically a census) is complemented by a statistical survey of the largest enterprises in each industry (cut-off sample). Note that turnover indices for motor and wholesale trades are compiled along with retail trade and are not described here. In the first sampling, the coverage of the turnover VAT data is on average of 40 percent, measured by the turnover of the companies. In the second sampling, the data is almost completely accumulated.
Imputation is used for part of the missing data. The unit non response is corrected with one of the five simple rules, and imputed values are included into calculations only when the single imputation can be considered as reliable. |
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18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
Monthly, collected data refer to full reference month. |
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18.3. Data collection | |||
A web questionnaire is used to collect the survey data. E-mail reminders are sent twice and thereafter the remaining non respondents are contacted by phone. |
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18.4. Data validation | |||
Validation level 0: Validation level 1: Validation level 2-3: |
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18.5. Data compilation | |||
Type of index: Data editing: Estimates for non-response: Method of weighting and chaining: |
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18.6. Adjustment | |||
Gross, working day adjusted, seasonally adjusted and trend series with TRAMO/SEATS-method. - Software used is JDemetra+ 2.2.2. Information of seasonal adjustment policies in Statistics Finland is available in a document Seasonal adjustment with the Tramo/Seats method. The seasonal adjustment is performed on partially overlapping sub-periods, where structural breaks in seasonality patterns are detected. The overlapping period is set to twelve months in order to avoid breaks in the final seasonally adjusted series. |
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Not available. |
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Metadata template for service turnover |