Statistical Service of Cyprus (CYSTAT)

Science and Technology Statistics Unit

Statistical Service of Cyprus

CY-1444

Nicosia

Cyprus

Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.

The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).

Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. Statistics on science, technology and innovation were collected until the end of 2020 based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology.  

• The distribution of principal economic activity and by product field is based on Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (NACE Rev. 2);
• The local units for the statistics are compiled at regional level according to NUTS 2 – Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics;
• The distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS);
• The fields of research and development based on Classification and distribution by Fields of Research and Development (FORD).

See below.

According to the Frascati Manual, expenditure on extramural R&D (i.e. R&D performed outside the statistical unit) is not included in intramural R&D performance totals (FM, §4.12).

See below.

See below.

The Full-time Equivalent (F.T.E.) expresses the total time devoted to research by a person during one year.  One F.T.E. may be thought of as one person-year which corresponds to one person working full-time on R&D during one year.  Thus, a person who normally spends 30% of his time on R&D and the remaining 70% on other activities should be considered as 30/100 = 0,3 person-years.  Three persons who spend 30%, 50% and 80% of their time on R&D activities correspond to 0,3 + 0,5 + 0,8 = 1,6 person-years.

The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.

According to the FM2015 (Chapter 10, §10.2) the PNP sector includes all non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH), as defined in ESA 2010, except those classified as part of the Higher
education sector. Such units have a heterogeneous legal nature and can even be included in the PNP sector simply because they do not match the requirements for being included in any other sector.
The inclusion in the SNA list S.15 is thus the main criterion to be applied to identify and to describe them. The statistical unit used is the legal entity.

See below.

The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population of institutional units.

The objective of the European R&D statistics is to cover all intramural R&D activities. In line with this objective, the target population for the national R&D survey of the PNP Sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including known R&D performers or assumed to perform R&D). In practise however, countries in their R&D surveys might have difficulty in identifying R&D activities at the municipality level. 

Government controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.

R&D statistics cover national and regional data.

Not requested. See point 3.4.

Not requested. The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat.

The units of measures used for the data set disseminated are Euro, %, number of persons.

Calendar year 2021

Article 3 of the national Official Statistics Law, No. 25(I) of 2021 defines the functions of the Statistical Service of Cyprus regarding the production and dissemination of official statistics. Moreover, Article 13, explicitly stipulates the mandate for data collection and introduces a mandatory response to statistical enquiries by stipulating the obligation of respondents to reply to surveys and provide the data required. This relates not only to national but also to European statistics which, by virtue of Article 8 of the said Law, are incorporated in the annual and multiannual programmes of work without any further procedure.

- Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development

- European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D

Not requested.

Confidentiality, being one of the process quality components, concerns the privacy of data providers (households, enterprises, administrations and other respondents), the confidentiality of the information they provide and the extent of its use for statistical purposes.

A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.

a)       Confidentiality protection required by law: Yes under the provisions of the Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021.

b)       Confidentiality commitments of survey staff: Yes under the provisions of the Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021.

Official statistics are released in accordance to all confidentiality provisions of the following:

• National Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 (especially Article 16 on statistical confidentiality).
• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and its later amendments (especially Chapter 5 on statistical confidentiality).
• European Statistics Code of Practice (especially Principle 5 on statistical confidentiality).
• Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data.

• Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1074  

• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (consolidated text): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02009R0223-20150608&qid=1504858409240&from=EN
• European Statistics Code of Practice: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/KS-32-11-955

• Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data:https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1066

The survey is carried out in accordance to the Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021.  The Statistical Service is bound, under the provisions of the Statistics Law, to treat all information collected as confidential. All collected information and data are used solely for statistical purposes. Data on individual enterprise cannot be published or disclosed to either public bodies or private individuals.

The treatment of confidential data is regulated by Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data.

• Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1066

Notifications about the dissemination of statistics are published in the release calendar, which is available on CYSTAT’s website. The annual release calendar, announced during the 4^th quarter of the each year, includes provisional dates which are finalised the week before publication.

Link to CYSTAT’s release calendar: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/AnnouncementList

Link to CYSTAT’s release calendar: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/AnnouncementList

Frequency of data dissemination: Yearly

See below.

1) Y - Yes, N – No

See below.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

Not available.

Not requested.

See below.

See below.

Not requested.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/MethodologicalDisplay?s=49

Not requested.

See below.

 The quality of statistics in CYSTAT is managed in the framework of the European Statistics Code of Practice which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 11 of the Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics.

 European Statistics Code of Practice: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-manuals-and-guidelines/-/KS-32-11-955

• ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF): http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/64157/4392716/ESS-QAF-V1-2final.pdf/bbf5970c-1adf-46c8-afc3-58ce177a0646

• Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/4031688/8188985/KS0217428ENN_corr.pdf/116f7c85-cd3e-4bff-b695-4a8e71385fd4

• Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1074

• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (consolidated text):http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02009R0223-20150608&qid=1504858409240&from=EN

The R&D data on the PNP sector in Cyprus are assessed as being of high quality. The definitions, concepts and methodology used are in compliance with the requirements of Eurostat and follow the guidelines of the Frascati Manual 2015. The national R&D survey is a well established survey which yields the maximum of the information required on an annual basis and with a relevantly short time lag from the end of the reference period.

See below.

1)       Users' class codification

1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.

2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.

3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.

4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)

5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)

6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)

To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.

See below.

Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D):  The share in total R&D expenditure is 13.5%

Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D):  The share in total R&D expenditure is 13.5%

1) This question is optional. It refers to variables and breakdowns NOT asked by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 (neither as 'optional').

2) Y-start year

Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).

Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:

1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.

2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:

a) Coverage errors,

b) Measurement errors,

c) Non response errors and

d) Processing errors.

Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.

That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.

The main indicator used to measure sampling errors is the coefficient of variation (CV). 
Definition of coefficient of variation: 
CV= (Square root of the estimate of the sampling variance) / (Estimated value)

Coefficient of variation for Total R&D expenditure : Not applicable. No sampling is used.

Coefficient of variation for Total R&D personnel (FTE) : Not applicable. No sampling is used.

Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.

a)       Extent of non-sampling errors: The data collection and processing phase is managed by a highly skilled person who is working in the field for more than 22 years. Information providers, in most cases, stay the same for years and, consequently, are very well aware of the questionnaire and the relevant concepts and definitions.

b)       Measures taken to reduce the extent of non-sampling errors: Regular contacts by telephone or e-mail and, in some cases, personal interviews, are also made to provide clarifications and assistance and to check and correct possible inconsistencies and oversights in the questionnaires received.

c)       Methods used in order to correct / adjust for such errors: The data reported are also checked against administrative records kept by the Research & Innovation Foundation. The CORDIS database, as well as the web sites of various funding agencies and programmes, are also frequently consulted in order to identify any possible research activities that the information providers may have failed to report. Data entry is done in MS Excel spreadsheets. They incorporate various cross-checking and validation capabilities. Controls and checks for logical inconsistencies are used to eliminate any remaining errors. Comparisons are also made with the responses provided by the same unit in the previous years’ surveys. Errors detected in the questionnaires are corrected by further contacting the information providers. There is no unit non response.

Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Not requested.

Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.

Time lag between the end of reference period and the release date of the results:
Indicator: (Release date of provisional/ first results) - (Date of reference for the data)

No release of provisional national data.

a) End of reference period: No release of provisional national data.

b) Date of first release of national data: No release of provisional national data.

c) Lag (days): No release of provisional national data.

a) End of reference period: 2021 (T)

b) Date of first release of national data: T+19 months

c) Lag (days): 0 days

Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)

See below.

Not requested.

No comments.

The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 or Frascati manual paragraphs and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics with recommendations about these concepts / issues.

The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national R&D statistics. The table gives the references in the Frascati manual, where related recommendations are made. Countries are asked to report on the existence of any deviations from existing recommendations and comment upon.

See below.

See below.

1)       Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.

All data are produced in the same way in the odd and even years.

See below.

Not requested.

R&D statistics are fully reconcilable with National Accounts.

See below.

This part compares key R&D variables as preliminary and final data.

(1)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the internal R&D personnel, excluding those who are only formally ‘employees’ (university students, grant holders, etc.).

(2)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the external R&D personnel (FTEs/other current R&D costs for external R&D personnel).

The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible. 

1)       The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.

1)        T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)

A data revision policy is in place at CYSTAT. It is published on CYSTAT’s web portal, at the following link:

https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1072

CYSTAT also publishes a list of scheduled revisions (regular or major revisions), also published on its web portal, at the following link:

https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/AnnouncementList

Not requested.

Not requested.

Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. For simplicity, we call them surveys irrespective of whether they are sample surveys, censuses, collections of administrative data/pre-compiled statistics. This section presents the names of the surveys by sector of performance as well as methodological information for each survey. Depending on the type of survey and sector of performance, only the sections corresponding to that survey and sector are filled in.

In accordance to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197, the reference periods to be covered are uneven years, starting with 2021 reference year. For a number of variables and for preliminary data the reference periods to be respected are annual.

See below.

Validation activities include: checking that the population coverage and response rates are as required; comparing the statistics with previous cycles; confronting the statistics against other relevant data (both internal and external); investigating inconsistencies in the statistics; verifying the statistics against expectations and domain intelligence, outlier detection.

See below.

Not applicable.

Not requested.

Not requested.