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    <title>Science for Environment Policy: Agriculture</title>
    <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/index_en.htm</link>
    <description>Science for Environment Policy Agriculture news feed</description>
    <language>en-us</language>
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      <title>Science for Environment Policy: Agriculture</title>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/index_en.htm</link>
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      <title>Together, wild bees and honeybees improve crop pollination</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Apr 2013 09:27:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/324na2ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The presence of wild bees alongside honeybees was found to increase almond orchard production in a recent study. The findings demonstrate how increased biodiversity enhances ecosystem services, such as pollination, and provide an opportunity to increase agricultural yields whilst also benefitting wildlife.  

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      <title>Limiting bioenergy crops to marginal land would not work, says study</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Mar 2013 12:06:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/322na5ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Large-scale cultivation of bioenergy crops on marginal land is unfeasible, according to a recent study.  While limiting bioenergy crops to less productive land could cut the sector’s impact on food prices, the financial incentive to grow crops on more productive land may be too strong for landowners to ignore, the researchers suggest.

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      <title>CO2 and ozone affect wheat’s nutritional quality</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 2013 13:01:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/321na4ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Predicting the effects of changing levels of atmospheric gases on agricultural crops is vital to ensuring food security under global environmental change. As well as yield, impacts on the nutritional value of crops must be considered. A new study has now shown that increased ozone decreases yields and increases the proportion of protein in the grain. Conversly, elevated levels of CO2 boosts wheat yields, but it also reduces protein proportion in two different ways. ]]></description>
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      <title>New programme to monitor bee populations proposed</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 2013 10:08:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/319na1ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers have presented their proposal for a global monitoring method to quickly detect small changes in bee populations, which could pre-warn of large-scale drops in pollination activity. Implementing the method could be a cost-effective way to ensure a sustainable food supply, according to the authors of the new study.

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      <title>With the land goes the water: ‘land grabbing’ redistributes global water resources </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2013 11:45:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/318na4ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under pressure from rising food prices, many nations have begun to acquire large tracts of agricultural land in foreign countries, a practice known as ‘land grabbing’. New research has now quantified current levels of land grabbing and demonstrated that it is accompanied by concerning levels of ‘water grabbing’ which could affect water supply in the ‘grabbed’ countries. 

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      <title>New tool to map pollinator exposure to pesticides </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Feb 2013 11:44:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/318na2ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As bee populations decline, exposure of pollinators to pesticides is of increasing concern. Italian research has now demonstrated that an index of exposure which accounts for insect behaviour, as well as pesticide application, provides a valuable tool for assessing the realistic risk of pesticides to pollinators. 

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      <title>Harmful levels of fungal spores released by crop harvesting</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Feb 2013 12:20:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/317na4ss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Danish researchers have recently revealed that crop harvesting can release high levels of Alternaria fungal spores, affecting air quality locally and, occasionally, over long distances. The fungus is known to trigger human allergic reactions, and the study calls for improved monitoring and forecasting of airborne fungal spores.]]></description>
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      <title>Patches of flowers boost pollinator diversity and lead to higher crop yields</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 7 Feb 2013 11:54:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/316na3rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Falling levels of insect pollination are causing declining yields of important agricultural crops. However, new research from South Africa now indicates that planting small patches of native flowers in agricultural fields can be a profitable and sustainable method of increasing pollination and yield.  

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      <title>‘Alternative agriculture’: key to preserving food security and biodiversity?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Jan 2013 10:10:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/36si7rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The goals of providing sufficient quantities of food to support the world’s growing population, whilst simultaneously protecting its biodiversity, may seem incompatible. However, a recent review of the literature has highlighted how ‘alternative’ agricultural practices can offer a realistic solution to the problems of achieving both food security and biodiversity conservation.

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      <title>Insect diversity improves crop pollination</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jan 2013 12:45:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/313na5rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The decline in numbers of wild bees has caused concern regarding falling levels of pollination for important agricultural crops. Researchers have now demonstrated that the diversity of the pollinator community can significantly affect pollination.

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      <title>Fine-tuned policies needed to limit phosphorus runoff </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2012 11:52:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/307na3rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research in Ireland has evaluated two policies designed to reduce phosphorus runoff from agricultural land into water. Data indicate that policies need to be better tailored to specific times and locations, in order to deal with, for example, the impact of seasonal changes and different soil types on phosphorus runoff. ]]></description>
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      <title>Rewilding as an option for abandoned farmland</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 11:42:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/306na7rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Leaving land to return to its wild state could be beneficial for abandoned farmland, according to a new study. The researchers argue that ‘rewilding’ provides valuable ecosystem benefits and in certain cases could be a more achievable goal than maintaining traditional agriculture in areas of Europe where rural populations are declining.]]></description>
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      <title>Potentially harmful effects of nanomaterials on soybean crops</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 11:41:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/306na6rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has  examined contamination of fully grown soybean plants by two nanomaterials – nano-cerium oxide and nano-zinc oxide. The results could be concerning, as they indicate that the nanomaterials are absorbed by plants, possibly affecting growth, yield, and the fixation of nitrogen in soil, an important ecosytem service.]]></description>
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      <title>Balanced approach to restoring farmland biodiversity shares and separates land</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Nov 2012 11:41:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/306na1rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is possible to balance agricultural production with improved biodiversity on farmland, according to researchers. A new study suggests using a combination of land sharing techniques, which enhance biodiversity on existing farmland, with land separation techniques, which designate separate areas for conservation and farmland production. ]]></description>
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      <title>Intensive agriculture is changing migratory route for birds </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 7 Nov 2012 14:59:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/304na5rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research suggests that many Ruffs are changing their migratory route when flying north to their breeding grounds in northern Europe and to Asia from Africa. This is because their food supply has been reduced by the effects of intensive agriculture in the Netherlands, where they commonly stop off, causing them to shift eastwards to stopping-off points in Eastern Europe instead. ]]></description>
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      <title>Refining risk assessment for GM crops and aquatic environments</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 11:27:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/302na6rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although methods to assess the impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on terrestrial ecosystems are well defined, impacts on aquatic ecosystems have received less attention. A recent study has shown how the first step of an Environmental Risk Assessment could be applied in an aquatic environment, to assess the exposure of aquatic organisms to proteins in GM crops, using Bt maize as a case study.]]></description>
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      <title>How does intensive agriculture threaten farmland bird populations?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Oct 2012 11:16:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/302na2rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intensive agriculture is widely recognised as a major cause of declining farmland bird populations. New research has identified which aspects of agricultural intensification are most damaging to farmland bird numbers, examining bird populations at seven farmland sites across Europe.  The researchers found that simplified landscapes created by intensive agriculture reduced bird numbers at the sites.]]></description>
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      <title>Sustainable agriculture assessments need greater clarity</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 2 Oct 2012 10:09:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/34si3rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has revealed the diversity in terminology and choice of indicators across eight major frameworks used to assess the environmental impacts of agriculture. The researchers call for further work to quantify and express uncertainty surrounding chosen reference values. ]]></description>
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      <title>How much sewage sludge should be applied to agricultural soils?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Sep 2012 12:11:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/298na3rss.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research has investigated the long-term effects of applying sewage sludge to Spanish soils. The results indicate that sludge enhances soil properties, but recommends a maximum dose of 40 tons per hectare, applied biannually. Above this level, it appears the soil properties will not improve and may even worsen.]]></description>
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      <title>Fungi show strong potential to control crane fly pests</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Sep 2012 11:57:10 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/297na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crane fly larvae cause considerable damage to agricultural crops and young trees throughout Europe. New research has demonstrated that certain strains of fungi have significant potential to control crane fly infestations, thus reducing the use of chemical insecticides and enabling more environmentally-friendly strategies for pest control.]]></description>
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      <title>Lower diversity of soil organisms in new farmland</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 6 Sep 2012 11:58:31 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/296na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Converting grassland to arable land can reduce the diversity of nematodes, predatory mites, earthworms and enchytraeid worms in the soil, according to a study by Dutch researchers. However, they found that restoring arable land to grassland did not fully restore the diversity of these four groups during the course of the four-year study. ]]></description>
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      <title>Sustainable agriculture: wider debate of farming techniques needed</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Jul 2012 13:15:50 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/294na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a need to broaden the debate on sustainable food security from a straight comparison between organic and conventional farming to a consideration of a variety of farming techniques. This is the conclusion of a new review of research that indicates, for some crop types, organic yields can nearly match conventional yields under good management practices and growing conditions.]]></description>
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      <title>Intensive agriculture leaves lasting legacy on soil health</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 5 Jul 2012 14:44:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/291na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The long-lasting and negative effects of intensive farming on soils persist even where complex animal communities have been reintroduced to the soil in attempt to restore the natural balance, according to a recent study. The findings highlight the possible effects of historical land use on soils' ability to deliver ecosystem services.]]></description>
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      <title>Contaminated vegetables from polluted gardens may pose health risk</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 5 Jul 2012 14:44:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/291na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[City dwellers who grow their own fruit and vegetables may be consuming high levels of pollutants. In a recent study, researchers found that vegetables grown on plots in Berlin, Germany, often contained higher concentrations of some heavy metals than shop-bought vegetables, with those grown close to busy roads containing the greatest quantities. ]]></description>
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      <title>‘Pathway to efficiency’ recommended for improving irrigation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jun 2012 12:52:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/289na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the efficiency of irrigation can help farmers increase profits, meet regulatory requirements for renewing licences, and demonstrate sustainable use of resources for supermarket grower standards. A recent study has assessed water irrigation efficiency in the UK and suggests that the ‘pathway to efficiency’ approach can help farmers and water regulators manage irrigation and water abstraction.]]></description>
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      <title>Recycled water from ‘managed aquifer recharge’ safe for irrigation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 May 2012 15:27:00 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/286na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The health risks to humans of using recycled water to irrigate crops needs to be carefully managed. New research has demonstrated that ‘managed aquifer recharge’ can be just as effective as conventional water treatments in improving the quality of recycled water for use in irrigation.]]></description>
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      <title>New model developed to optimise management of irrigation</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 May 2012 15:49:25 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/33si4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under water restrictions, farmers will achieve the optimal balance of income and efficient water use if they combine the planting of crops that require little water with the planting of more profitable crops that need more water, according to research.]]></description>
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      <title>Weeds important for restoring biodiversity in farmland environments</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 11:16:20 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/284na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The way in which agricultural land is managed can cause environmental changes that affect biodiversity and the services provided by ecosystems. A new study suggests agri-environmental schemes that focus on restoring common weeds, such as thistles, buttercups and clover, could have wide-ranging benefits as these plants appear to help stabilise the supportive links between different species found in farmlands. ]]></description>
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      <title>&lt;new&gt;</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 9 May 2012 12:31:27 +0100</pubDate>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
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      <title>What factors affect runoff from agricultural land?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 9 May 2012 12:30:40 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/32si4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A review of research into surface water runoff from agricultural land has found that less intensive management leads to more predictable runoff generation over the course of a year. The review also identified several gaps in our understanding, which need to be better represented in hydrological models if the environmental impact of runoff is to be reduced.]]></description>
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      <title>Landscape features can help to predict natural pest control</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 3 May 2012 11:39:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/282na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Natural predators of agricultural pests are influenced by the type and range of habitats within a farming landscape. A new study has developed an approach which predicts the risk of pest infestation and natural predation according to landscape features, to help land managers structure landscapes that encourage natural pest control.]]></description>
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      <title>Improved management of phosphorus needed to conserve resources</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:21:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/281na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study has found that improved management of phosphorus in the EU would reduce reliance on imported phosphorus, in addition to reducing damage from excess phosphorus in the environment. This could be achieved through the appropriate use of fertilisers and greater recovery and recycling of phosphorus from all waste sources. ]]></description>
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      <title>Farmers evaluate measures to reduce soil erosion and water pollution</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Apr 2012 14:20:40 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/281na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Farmers have collaborated with scientists in France to evaluate agri-environmental measures that reduce soil erosion and surface water pollution at a catchment level. The exercise helped the farmers understand the benefits of the measures and provides an example of how policymakers could engage with stakeholders under the Water Framework Directive (WFD).]]></description>
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      <title>Positive link between High Nature Value farmland and bird biodiversity</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Apr 2012 13:43:29 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/280na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High Nature Value (HNV) farmland is agricultural land that supports biodiversity and can be identified by its environmentally sound farming practices. New research on bird biodiversity on French HNV farmland has concluded that conservation of HNV farmland is important as well as conserving areas that were previously HNV and have undergone recent agricultural intensification. ]]></description>
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      <title>Reindeer herding: adapting to global change in the Arctic</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Apr 2012 15:12:01 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/31si10.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reindeer herding has a long history in the Arctic, but climate change and industrial activity are bringing this important economic and cultural tradition to breaking point. In a unique initiative, reindeer herders across the Arctic are leading an international team of scientists in using modern technology to adapt to global change and empower indigenous communities.]]></description>
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      <title>Antibiotic contamination of soils mapped across Europe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Mar 2012 12:09:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/279na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study provides an approach for estimating the risk of antibiotic contamination associated with different soils and different antimicrobial products. The researchers estimated and mapped soil contamination risk across Europe and suggest that their methods could be used to inform antibiotic resistance monitoring or policies designed to reduce contamination.]]></description>
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      <title>Crop yields largely unharmed in geoengineered climate</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Mar 2012 12:08:33 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/279na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concerns about the negative impacts of ‘sunshade’ geoengineering on global food security are not supported by a recent modelling study, the first to simulate yield changes in a geoengineered climate. However, to mitigate climate change, the researchers suggest actions to reduce CO2 emissions are safer than introducing geoengineering projects, partly because some regions may actually suffer reduced crop yield in a geoengineered climate.]]></description>
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      <title>Agri-environmental schemes need co-ordinating across landscapes</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2012 13:18:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/30si7.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[According to a recent viewpoint article, future agri-environmental schemes (AES) can more effectively pay for the provision of ecosystem services at a landscape level if they are prepared, designed and implemented in a collaborative and coordinated manner.]]></description>
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      <title>Neighbours can influence farmer participation in PES schemes</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2012 13:18:19 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/30si4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding the role of neighbourhood networks in encouraging farmers to participate in Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes is important as this can help to create local patterns of high and coordinated uptake of PES schemes, and thus an impact on ecosystem protection at a wider, landscape level. This is the outcome of a recent UK study, which found that neighbourhood networks were particularly important for small, remote communities.]]></description>
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      <title>Learning from Ecuador’s national conservation incentive scheme</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Mar 2012 13:17:39 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/30si3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes offer direct payments for communities and individuals in exchange for conserving areas of land reserved for conservation for their environmental qualities. The results of an Ecuadorian study highlight key aspects for designing successful PES schemes and demonstrate how investments associated with PES can also benefit poor communities.]]></description>
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      <title>Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella: animals may not be major source </title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Mar 2012 12:14:37 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/278na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Contrary to some established views, the local animal population is unlikely to be the major source of resistance diversity for Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in humans in Scotland, according to a study. The researchers suggest that a broader approach to fighting antibiotic resistance is needed, which goes beyond focusing solely on curbing the use of antibiotics in domestic animal populations.]]></description>
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      <title>Locally-led, small-scale farming could help prevent future food crises</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 9 Feb 2012 12:41:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/272na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the contribution that large-scale, intensive agriculture has made to global food production, food shortages still occur with particularly severe consequences for the poor. More investment in locally-led, small-scale farming would help ensure longer-term food security for the world’s most vulnerable under a changing climate and bring environmental benefits, according to a recent analysis of adaptation work in Uganda.]]></description>
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      <title>Europeans exceed ‘fair share’ of global cropland use by 30%</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2011 11:28:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/267na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each person in the EU consumes the equivalent of 30% more global arable land than can be considered sustainable, according to a new study. As well as providing food for a growing population, the land is also increasingly used to grow biofuel crops.]]></description>
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      <title>Intensive farming methods affect birds and plants in Europe</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 1 Dec 2011 15:23:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/264na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intensive farming methods have simplified landscapes across Europe, leading to a loss of biodiversity. A recent study has investigated the effects of intensive farming on plants, beetles and birds in Western European regions and found that plants and birds are particularly affected]]></description>
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      <title>Seeded ryegrass feeds farmland birds throughout winter</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Nov 2011 11:43:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/263na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study has found one means of complementing agricultural production with biodiversity protection by growing seeded ryegrass for silage. The seeds effectively feed many birds, such as the yellowhammer and reed bunting, throughout the winter, and the grass can still be cost-effectively used for silage if it is harvested at the right time. ]]></description>
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      <title>Greater recognition of ecosystem services needed for food security</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Nov 2011 13:08:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/262na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global food security under a changing climate is possible if the vital role of healthy ecosystems is recognised, according to a recent study. The researchers suggest that an ecosystem-based approach must be integrated with other measures to tackle food security under climate change, to protect ecosystems and supply the essential services on which humanity depends. ]]></description>
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      <title>Animal-pollinated crops provide essential nutrients for humans</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Nov 2011 16:31:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/261na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crop pollination is a vital ecosystem service, yet the numbers of animal pollinator species, such as bees, are in decline. Now, a team of German and American researchers have demonstrated how crops that provide the highest levels of vitamins and minerals essential to our diet globally depend heavily on animals for pollination. ]]></description>
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      <title>Five pressing issues to be addressed by agricultural development</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2011 14:57:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/260na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[International agricultural development must broaden its scope to address food security issues, according to a new study. The research recommends removing boundaries between sectors to allow agricultural policy to account for impacts of macroeconomic trends, climate change and links between malnutrition and infectious disease.]]></description>
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      <title>Is climate change increasing viral disease in farm animals?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2011 14:56:53 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/256na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since 1998, there have been increasing outbreaks of the viral disease Bluetongue among European livestock. Using a newly developed climate-based model that accurately predicts past outbreaks, researchers have provided evidence that climate change is a major driver of these outbreaks.  ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impacts of global crop production on water and land use</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Sep 2011 14:56:25 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/254na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has estimated the water consumption and land use for the production of 160 crops that constitute most of the world’s cropland. The results suggest that, collectively, wheat, rice, cotton, maize and sugar cane account for 49% of water scarcity and 42% of land resource stress caused by worldwide crop production.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>‘Agroecology’ could be the key to food security</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 8 Sep 2011 12:15:01 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/252na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Sustainable food production in developing countries can be achieved through ‘agroecology’ – where farming practices mimic nature rather than relying on external products, such as fertilisers and pesticides. This is according to a recent report, which claims that conventional farming does little to alleviate rural poverty and ecosystem degradation. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simple re-seeding projects can triple grassland biodiversity</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 14:32:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/249na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers have recommended new, improved ways of increasing the ecological value of European grasslands. Plant diversity – or species richness – can be increased by a factor of three through sowing grass and wildflower seed mixtures, together with a carefully controlled plan for animal grazing. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biofuel crops compete with wildflowers for bees</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 12:39:54 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/245na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pollination of intensively farmed, flowering crops could affect the pollination of wild plants in neighbouring fields, according to a study by German researchers. In their one-year study, they found fewer bees visited wild plants that are close to oilseed rape fields, although the longer-term picture is less clear. The researchers warn that increasing cultivation of biofuel crops could possibly reduce wild flower populations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Recent evidence on climate change risks for African agriculture</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jun 2011 16:35:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/244na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Efficient dairy farming: good for the environment and profits</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Jun 2011 16:31:15 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/244na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Improving the efficiency of milk production could produce significant annual savings and potentially cut the environmental impacts of the industry by up to a third, according to new research from Northwest Spain. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Success for potatoes under EU law</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 8 Jun 2011 14:01:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/243na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has described how agricultural management of the British potato crop has changed over time to reduce several serious threats to food security. It is crucial that an EU plant health policy framework continues to build on these successes to protect against new diseases emerging from expanding global trade and a changing climate. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Little Bustard: case study for modelling conservation costs</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 12:17:45 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/241na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new model, named OUTOPIE could help design more effective agri-environmental schemes. The model links the farm, field and landscape levels to allow a more accurate assessment of the costs of enrolling specific fields in conservation schemes. Using the model, the researchers were able to assess the cost-effectiveness of different policies for the conservation of the Little Bustard bird (Tetrax tetrax) in France.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Careful guidance needed for farmers using biochar with pesticides</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2011 12:19:28 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/240na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Biochar is increasingly mixed into farm soils to improve crop productivity and maintain carbon stocks. However, it can change the way that pesticides applied to the same soil behave, according to a new study. The researchers suggest that farmers may also need to follow new guidelines on pesticide application if they add biochar to their soil.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Feral GM oilseed rape a potential source of herbicide resistant genes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 5 May 2011 14:43:40 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/238na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research suggests that feral oilseed rape poses little risk of contaminating crops, but if the oilseed is genetically modified (GM), it could be a minor source of GM traits in weeds. Throughout Europe, feral oilseed rape is now widespread on waysides and wasteland, making it potentially more problematic than some other crops, such as maize, which do not easily establish feral populations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Agricultural diversity boosts food security</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 5 May 2011 14:37:52 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/238na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Diverse agricultural systems can sustainably improve food security and supply a varied, healthy diet for people, according to a recent analysis of the benefits of agricultural biodiversity. The food-based approach, when integrated with other strategies, can be used to tackle malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies and the impact of climate change on farming.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Soil quality and crop yield decline under plastic tunnels</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2011 12:46:43 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/237na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent research in Italy has suggested that soil quality deteriorates over time when intensively farmed under plastic tunnels. The tunnels are an obstacle to natural rainfall and artificial irrigation increases soil salinity and, as a consequence, agricultural yields can be significantly reduced.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New framework for estimating agricultural emissions</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Apr 2011 12:46:25 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/237na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Agriculture is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Researchers have developed a framework for estimating emissions of methane and nitrous oxides from agriculture, by updating the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approach, which captures more detail about differences between locations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Partnering biodiversity and income on French farmlands</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 8 Apr 2011 15:24:06 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/236na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Striking a sustainable balance between making a profit and maintaining biodiversity on agricultural lands is challenging. A new French study has combined economic and ecological models and indicated that a simple combination of taxes and subsidies could promote economic performance on farms, whilst conserving bird populations.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fertiliser resource limitations: recycling for food security</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 8 Apr 2011 15:23:47 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/236na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global population growth since 1850 has been largely enabled by commercial phosphorus and nitrogen fertilisers. The availability of these nutrients for food production relies upon steadily diminishing resources of natural gas and phosphorus rock. A recent study suggests that to secure a long-term affordable food supply, policy intervention is needed to conserve these essential resources.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Possible changes in EU livestock density over next 20 years</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 1 Apr 2011 12:45:24 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/235na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new combination of three models has explored the future dynamics of European livestock distribution. The results indicate that, without environmental policy, livestock density will increase both inside and outside current livestock hotspots. This will also occur to a certain degree with regulation, but the risk of negative impacts will be less likely.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Organic farming can benefit birds in agricultural landscapes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Mar 2011 11:06:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/233na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study has examined the effects of different farming practices on bird numbers and species found on farmland during the winter in six European countries. Overall, the greatest number of birds and species were on organic farms, especially when the farms were in landscapes where 80-99 per cent of the land was used for agriculture.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Little difference between organic and non-organic tomatoes</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Mar 2011 11:06:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/233na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Little difference was found between organically grown tomatoes and tomatoes grown conventionally in greenhouses over a three year period, in terms of taste and nutritional value, according to a recent study in the Netherlands. Taste and nutrition were more dependent on the breed of tomato.]]></description>
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    <item>
      <title>Fungus could help control bluetongue disease</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Mar 2011 16:45:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/232na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research suggests that fungi could be used to control insect-borne diseases common in livestock. The study shows for the first time that a fungus can effectively kill adult midges in the family of insects that carry bluetongue virus (BTV). Bluetongue outbreaks have caused significant losses on European farms in recent years, and the study indicates that using the fungus as a means of biological control could help reduce reliance on chemical insecticides, in the absence of effective vaccines. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Calculating carbon budgets for agricultural crops</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 4 Mar 2011 10:16:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/231na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has combined measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes with estimates of other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farming operations for 15 European crop sites over several years. It estimated that the sites lost on average 138g of carbon per m2 per year. The total GHG balance (including non-CO2 emissions) was equivalent to an average carbon loss of 203g of carbon per m2 per year. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing the environmental impact of herbicides</title>
      <pubDate>Mon, 21 Feb 2011 10:13:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/229na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study has compared the chemical environmental impacts of using the weed controller glyphosate on glyphosate-tolerant (GT) crops, with the use of other herbicides on non-GT crops. Glyphosate used on GT crops had lower environmental impacts than herbicides used on non-GT crops, but the persistence of AMPA (a break-down product of glyphosate) in soils could be a problem in the future.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tropical land use change: more carbon lost for lower crop yield</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Feb 2011 12:10:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/228na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Land cleared in the tropics loses nearly twice as much carbon and produces less than half the annual crop yield as land in temperate zones, according to researchers.  Their analysis of the trade-off between crop production and the loss of carbon stored in vegetation highlights the need to target reforestation in the tropics.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Evidence for negative carbon budgets for European croplands</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 3 Feb 2011 15:52:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/227na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scientists have calculated carbon budgets for croplands in Europe, based on field measurements from nine sites across Europe. They found that significant soil carbon losses occurred from cropping even though some farmers used measures to enhance carbon-sequestration. These results may challenge findings from some other modelling studies if they turn out to be typical for all EU croplands.]]></description>
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      <title>Pest reduction in landscape containing GM maize</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Dec 2010 13:20:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/222na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Populations of the European corn borer, a major pest of maize plants, fell significantly in areas where Bt maize (genetically modified maize) was planted alongside non-Bt maize, in a recent US study. This means that farmers who plant conventional maize crops could reap this benefit from farmers who plant Bt maize in the same landscape.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Effective guidelines needed for GM crops in developing countries</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Nov 2010 11:53:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/219na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new analysis calls for clear policy guidelines to be adopted in developing countries to direct the development of genetically modified crops which could help contribute to greater food security in developing countries.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RSS Feed survey - please tell us your thoughts on our RSS feeds</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Nov 2010 11:38:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VMHTCLQ</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Do you find the Science for Environment Policy RSS feeds useful? Could they be improved? We would be grateful if you could spare a few moments to provide some feedback on the feeds with our short online survey for subscribers:<a href="http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VMHTCLQ">http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/VMHTCLQ</a>. Thank you for your time.]]></description>
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    <item>
      <title>Cost of damage to crops from ozone pollution</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Oct 2010 15:36:12 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/214na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The policy implications of agricultural losses caused by high concentrations of ground level ozone have been highlighted by a recent study. The study modelled ozone impacts on 14 of the most important crops grown in the Greater Thessaloniki area of Greece. The results provide information about differences in scale of losses and economic impacts across the region which may be useful in designing agricultural subsidy schemes.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influences on uptake of agri-environmental schemes in Spain</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 15:24:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/213na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research in southern Spain has studied what influences participation in agri-environmental schemes (AES). It indicated that the uptake of schemes that involve a major change in farm practices depends on the farm structure, whereas for schemes with minor changes, individual farmer characteristics play a greater role.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Greater focus needed on carbon sequestration in the world’s soil</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 7 Oct 2010 11:39:38 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/212na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The world’s soils have the potential to store about 3000 megatonnes of carbon per year by the end of the 21st century, according to a new study. It suggests that restoring carbon to cropland and peat soils through practices such as afforestation and no-till farming could help solve global problems of food insecurity and climate change.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biodiversity benefits of organic farming could depend on context</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 7 Oct 2010 11:39:20 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/212na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organic farming has often been found to have benefits for biodiversity, but the benefits can depend on the individual species and landscape in question. Research on vine farming in Italy suggests that the impact of organic methods on the number or diversity of pollinating insects may depend on local context. For example, the lack of connectivity between organic vine farms may limit benefits in some circumstances.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Policies to encourage green industry </title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Sep 2010 18:03:42 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/211na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research has outlined three instruments to encourage green industry: adequate governmental resources, co-operation between interest groups and effective negotiation between state and interest groups. Taking the example of the organic food sector, it explored why Denmark has met these conditions whereas Australia has not.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Organic pesticides may not always be the best choice</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Sep 2010 11:55:11 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/210na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Organic pesticides may not always be the most environmentally-friendly choice of pest control, according to recent research. Two new synthetic pesticides for controlling aphids were found to be less harmful to other species and more efficient than the two new organic pesticides tested in the study.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Target degraded and agricultural land for palm oil production</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 9 Sep 2010 11:41:57 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/208na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indonesia’s plans to double palm oil production by 2020 have obvious financial benefits, but implications for food, biodiversity and carbon stocks are not so clear. A new model predicts the impacts of five possible palm oil production strategies and indicates the best approach is to target degraded and agricultural land that is most productive for palm oil.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Fungus could help increase crop yields</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 2 Sep 2010 12:06:07 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/207na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study by Swiss researchers suggests that certain types of fungi could be bred that increase the growth of the crops. Rice plants injected with a specially bred mycorrhizal fungus grew two to five times larger than normal in the study's experiments, which may have important implications in the future for food security.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Tailor agricultural policies to meet local conservation concerns</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 2 Sep 2010 12:05:33 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/207na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Grassland bird species of European conservation concern are potentially threatened by changes in land use in the Iberian cereal-steppes. However, a recent study suggests not all bird species respond in the same way to similar management guidelines and agri-environmental schemes need to be adjusted to local conditions.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Estimating agriculture's phosphorus footprint</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 2010 11:33:46 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/205na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers have calculated how much phosphorus is taken from the land by major crops around the world and how much is applied as fertiliser, to help estimate agriculture's phosphorus footprint. Among their conclusions, they argue that phosphorus fertiliser needs to be used more sustainably to address global imbalances in its use.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GM cotton increases mirid bug outbreaks in China</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 8 Jul 2010 14:55:23 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/203na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New pest management strategies may be needed in landscapes where certain types of GM crop are grown, according to recent research. The study found that GM cotton grown in China, designed to resist insect attack, has had an unintended consequence: reduced insecticide use has allowed outbreaks of non-target organisms to infest crops across the agricultural landscape and emerge as new pests. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Is greywater safe for irrigation?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 12:10:33 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/200na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA['Greywater' that is recycled from household washing can be used to irrigate home gardens, according to a new study by Jordanian researchers. The researchers found that treatment units supplied by the Jordanian government produced small quantities of recycled water that could be used to irrigate gardens, whilst meeting national standards for irrigation of trees and many home-grown crops.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EU pesticide standards promote safer farming in developing countries</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Jun 2010 12:09:25 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/200na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[EU pesticide regulations have encouraged farmers in developing countries to adopt alternative pest management practices and employ safer means of handling pesticides, according to a recent study which investigated green bean farming in Kenya.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The environmental impact of beef production</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 May 2010 16:14:36 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/197na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study highlights the environmental impact of beef produced from specialist meat production based on suckler herds, as opposed to that based on the calves of dairy cows. According to the study, beef produced in this way has a greater impact in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, acidification and eutrophication potential, and on land use.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Miscanthus grass provides GHG sink during cultivation</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 May 2010 15:03:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/196na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Miscanthus grass could have greater potential to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during cultivation than some other biofuel crops, such as switchgrass and corn, according to researchers. The study modelled how carbon and nitrogen circulate through ecosystems on a bioenergy farm,  and estimated that miscanthus could provide a net sink of up to 350-428 g of CO2 per m2 per year during this stage of biofuel production.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What's missing from biofuel production standards?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 6 May 2010 12:30:41 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/194na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of standards and initiatives exist to minimise the negative environmental impacts of growing crops for biofuels. New research has reviewed these standards and recommended minimally acceptable criteria in the areas of biodiversity, agricultural practices, and mitigation of indirect land-use change.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Agri-environment schemes are based more on 'common sense'</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Apr 2010 16:19:13 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/193na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research has indicated that the design of a high proportion of agri-environmental policy measures in seven EU countries was based on common sense judgments about their possible impact. Only a sixth of the measures studied were based on well-tested quantitative models of their relationship to the environment.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New tool estimates economic feasibility of biogas production</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Apr 2010 16:18:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/193na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Researchers have developed a new tool to evaluate the economic viability of biogas production from agricultural waste, such as manure and straw.  It focused on a co-digestion method where farmers treat several types of waste together, including industrial by-products, such as glycerol.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Solar-powered irrigation improves food security in West Africa</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Mar 2010 15:49:03 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/190na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Solar-powered irrigation that delivers water directly to plant roots could help ensure food security in Africa, say researchers.  Their study in the Sudano-Sahel region of West Africa indicated that this irrigation method could increase both household income and nutritional intake, particularly during the dry season.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Disused quarries could provide valuable habitat if restored naturally</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Mar 2010 15:03:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/189na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Old mining sites, such as quarries or pits, could provide refuges for endangered species, according to new research from the Czech Republic. Benefits are greater if the sites are allowed to recover naturally rather than being artificially restored with the use of topsoil, ground-levelling and seed planting.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Sustainably managed drylands can help address climate change</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 14:22:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/188na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maintaining and restoring the world's drylands or arid zones could provide a win-win option for addressing climate change, according to new research.  Drylands not only store large amounts of carbon, but improving how they are managed could reduce the vulnerability of ecosystems and humans.]]></description>
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    <item>
      <title>Unintended energy impact from bioethanol production</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 4 Mar 2010 13:46:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/187na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increasing crop production to meet demand for biofuels potentially increases the use of nitrogen fertilisers, which can lead to nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater. A new study is the first to consider the unintended extra energy needed to treat water to remove nitrate contamination in drinking water supplies.]]></description>
    </item>
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      <title>Less agricultural phosphorus could be key to cleaner Baltic Sea</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 5 Feb 2010 13:56:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/183na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing the amount of phosphorus used in agriculture could go a long way in meeting the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) targets. A Swedish evaluation of measures for reducing agricultural phosphorus suggest phosphorus inputs to the sea could be cut by 180 tonnes per year, or about two-thirds of Sweden's target.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Promoting biodiversity through agricultural field boundaries</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2010 12:37:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/181na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[New research in Estonia indicates that plant biodiversity in field boundaries varies with features, such as ditches, trees and nearby roads. It suggests that, in addition to common non-weedy plants, more consideration should be given to rare weeds by broadening of field boundaries and reducing the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers near these boundaries.  ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Irrigation threatening steppe birds in Mediterranean wetlands</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jan 2010 12:36:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/181na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Intensive irrigation of agricultural land in a Mediterranean water basin is altering the habitats of associated wetlands and changing the balance of the bird population living there, according to a recent study.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crop residues provide valuable protection for soil</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jan 2010 14:48:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/180na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Removing wheat and sorghum crop residue after harvest, such as stalks, stubble and leaves, may cause more harm than good according to new research. Results indicate that removing residue can increase nutrient and sediment levels in water runoff, and decrease organic carbon stored in the soil.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New crop sprayer is kinder on the environment</title>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2009 15:11:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/179na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An EU project has developed a new crop spray system for orchards that is precise, efficient and safer for the environment. It sprays pesticides according to the needs of the crop and local environment, and can reduce spray drift by up to 80 per cent.  Preliminary field tests conducted in Poland have demonstrated its effectiveness. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexible management better for coexistence of GM and non-GM crops</title>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Dec 2009 10:01:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/178na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Flexible measures, such as pollen barriers, for regulating the cultivation of GM and non-GM crops in the same landscape are more likely to encourage the adoption of GM technology by farmers than rigid measures, such as isolation distances, according to a recent study.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Better water management could improve global crop production</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 10:21:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/175na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new global study is the first to quantify the potential of water management strategies to increase crop production. It indicates that a combination of harvesting run-off water and reducing evaporation from soil could increase global crop production by 20 per cent.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Wild insects could take over the pollinating role of honeybees</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 10:21:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/175na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Scientists have identified several wild insects that could undertake the crop pollination function of honeybees. By comparing a range of pollinating insects they found three wild species that appear to be as efficient as the honeybee in pollination but may need management to increase their numbers.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern agriculture and land use behind the decline in bees</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Nov 2009 12:12:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/174na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estonian research has identified land use practices and agrochemical use as the main pressures that are causing a decline in pollinating insects in Europe, such as bees and butterflies. It calls for increased funds for agri-environment measures from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) to help tackle pollinator loss.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Climate change to reduce crop yields and increase child malnutrition</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Nov 2009 14:10:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/173na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Adverse effects of climate change on agriculture will counteract any improvements in reducing levels of child malnutrition in the developing world, according to a new report, which calculates that twenty-five million more children will face malnutrition by 2050.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Management practices to reduce phosphorus pollution in water</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 5 Nov 2009 14:48:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/172na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Phosphorus is a major pollutant of surface waters, contributing to poor water quality. A recent study investigated best management practices to reduce the over-application of phosphorus and minimise phosphorus losses from agriculture in four regions across Europe and North America. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Could fungi naturally control Bluetongue-spreading insects?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Oct 2009 14:31:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/170na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A fungus could offer an alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of biting midges that spread livestock diseases, including Bluetongue and African horse sickness, according to new research. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Social and economic influences on the adoption of organic farming</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Oct 2009 15:41:36 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/169na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study investigates the factors that affect a farmer’s decision to convert to organic farming in Latvia and Estonia. A combination of social factors, such as peer pressure, and economic influences, such as subsidies, were found to be more important than either factor individually.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>International crop breeding programme needed for African farming</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 8 Oct 2009 12:14:55 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/168na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change poses a large threat to African agriculture, but there is little research on how to respond. A recent study indicates that traditional adaptation methods are not enough and international collaboration is needed in ‘planned adaptation’ by collecting and conserving certain crops for the future.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How much water is used for irrigation in European agriculture?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 1 Oct 2009 11:44:30 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/167na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Agriculture plays a large role in the management of water in the EU. However, there is little consistent information on water use in irrigation. New EU supported research has estimated how much water is used for irrigation in European countries, providing a framework to analyse agricultural pressures on water quantity.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using nature’s resources to store carbon</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 15:09:40 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/165na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ability of the Earth’s living systems to store carbon could play a vital role in the mitigation of climate change. A new report suggests that, in coming decades, safeguarding and restoring carbon in ecosystems has the potential to prevent well over 50 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon entering the atmosphere.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Impact of volunteer GM maize on conventional crops is low</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Sep 2009 15:08:32 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/165na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent EU-supported study has analysed the development of volunteer or ‘rogue’ GM (genetically modified) maize plants in a conventional crop field. It finds that their numbers are low and do not exceed the EU’s threshold of 0.9 per cent for incidental GM content.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Crossbreeding GM crops may increase fitness of wild relatives</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Sep 2009 10:52:09 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/164na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new study has investigated the effects of interbreeding a genetically modified squash crop with its wild relative. The findings demonstrate that it could cause wild or weedy relatives to become more resistant to disease.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing GHG emissions from livestock</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 2 Sep 2009 15:36:14 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/163na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reducing meat and dairy consumption would help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from farming.  A recent study describes the "ecological leftovers" approach to reducing livestock-related GHGs, which assumes that a sustainable number of livestock can be calculated on the basis of available marginal land, unsuitable for other purposes, and available agricultural by-products, which could be used as feed.  ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How much water is needed to grow bioenergy crops?</title>
      <pubDate>Wed, 2 Sep 2009 15:35:17 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/163na3.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A Dutch study has assessed the water requirements of 13 bioenergy crops across the world. The findings could help select the best crops and locations to produce bioenergy.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Roadmap builds consensus for sustainable rural development</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jul 2009 15:16:55 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/15si5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Where agricultural policies are in conflict with environmental and social issues, a 'roadmap' can provide a way forward as part of a sustainable rural development planning process. New research describes an approach used in the Netherlands, which brings together stakeholders to create a mutually desirable vision of the future.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The future of subsidy payments for organic farming</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jul 2009 15:31:21 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/161na4.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Despite the current economic situation, organic farming is a growth sector in the EU. A recent EU-funded study suggests support payments from the amended 2003 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) for organic farming will continue to play an important role in Western European countries and will become increasingly significant in new Member States.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Do agri-environmental policies support mixed farming systems?</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:25:06 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/160na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) of the EU are governed by legislation at regional, national and European levels. New research investigates an LSGS in Spain and suggests that the area’s traditional mix of sheep and cereal farming needs improved, better co-ordinated regulatory support to survive.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Integrated weed management can reduce need for herbicides</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2009 13:24:16 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/160na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of herbicides on crops causes environmental concerns. A new French study assesses the performance of cropping systems to manage weeds and finds that these techniques could control arable weeds in the long-term and reduce reliance on herbicides. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pesticide pollution slow to reach groundwater</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 9 Jul 2009 15:27:18 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/159na1.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Underground water aquifers are a significant source of drinking water. In a recent study, French researchers found that pesticides applied to crops can take many years to sink down through the ground and reach groundwater. This means that they may still be entering aquifers, even after agricultural application has stopped. ]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bioenergy crops likely to be more invasive</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 9 Jul 2009 15:25:57 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/159na2.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Whilst there is interest in bioenergy as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, there is also concern about its environmental impact. A recent study demonstrates that potential bioenergy crops in Hawaii are 2 to 4 times more likely to be invasive than other plants.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Comparing N2O emissions from organic and mineral fertilisers</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 2 Jul 2009 13:53:01 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/158na6.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A recent study compares the effects of organic, ‘natural’ fertilisers, such as compost, with mineral, synthetic fertilisers, such as urea, on N2O emissions from Mediterranean soil. It suggests that there is little difference between the fertilisers, but that pig slurry offers the best overall balance in terms of emissions and crop yield.]]></description>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cleaning up the Baltic Sea with mussel power</title>
      <pubDate>Thu, 2 Jul 2009 13:41:56 +0100</pubDate>
      <link>http://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/158na5.pdf</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excess nutrients in sea water can cause eutrophication, a major environmental concern. Shellfish species such as mussels can ‘soak up’ some of these nutrients. A recent Swedish study examines the cost-effectiveness of mussel farming in the Baltic Sea as a method of reducing nutrient concentration and compares its potential with other methods of combating eutrophication.]]></description>
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