Water - pollution and safety

Title

Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations

Reference

Nature 482, 357–362
doi:10.1038/nature10824

Author(s)

P. Vonlanthen, D. Bittner, A. G. Hudson, K. A. Young, R. Müller, B. Lundsgaard-Hansen, D. Roy, S. Di Piazza, C. R. Largiader & O. Seehausen

Study type

Peer Review Journal    

Abstract

Species diversity can be lost through two different but potentially interacting extinction processes: demographic decline and speciation reversal through introgressive hybridization. To investigate the relative contribution of these processes, we analysed historical and contemporary data of replicate whitefish radiations from 17 pre-alpine European lakes and reconstructed changes in genetic species differentiation through time using historical samples. Here we provide evidence that species diversity evolved in response to ecological opportunity, and that eutrophication, by diminishing this opportunity, has driven extinctions through speciation reversal and demographic decline. Across the radiations, the magnitude of eutrophication explains the pattern of species loss and levels of genetic and functional distinctiveness among remaining species. We argue that extinction by speciation reversal may be more widespread than currently appreciated. Preventing such extinctions will require that conservation efforts not only target existing species but identify and protect the ecological and evolutionary processes that generate and maintain species.

Policy theme(s)

Biodiversity >> Threats to biodiversity >> Human impacts
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water and biodiversity

Keywords

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert 

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7385/full/nature10824.html
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ole.seehausen@eawag.ch

Title

Developing environment-specific water quality guidelines for suspended particulate matter

Reference

Author(s)

G.S. Bilotta, N.G. Burnside, L. Cheek, M.J. Dunbar, M.K. Grove, C. Harrison, C. Joyce, C. Peacock, J. Davy-Bowker

Study type

Peer Review Journal    

Abstract

It is generally well recognised that suspended particulate matter (SPM), from nano-scale particles to sand-sized sediments, can cause serious degradation of aquatic ecosystems. However, at present there is a poor understanding of the SPM conditions that water quality managers should aim to achieve in contrasting environments in order to support good ecological status. In this article, we analyse long-term SPM data collected from a wide range of reference-condition temperate environments in the UK (638 stream/river sites comprising 42 different ecosystem-types). One-way analysis of variance reveals that there is a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the background SPM concentrations observed in contrasting ecosystems that are in reference condition (minimal anthropogenic disturbance). One of the 42 ecosystems studied had mean background concentrations of SPM in excess of the current European Union (EU) water quality guideline, despite being in reference condition. The implications of this finding are that the EU’s current blanket water quality guideline (25 mg L−1 for all environments) is inappropriate for this specific ecosystem-type which will be non-compliant with the guideline regardless of the intensity of land-use. The other 41 ecosystems studied had mean concentrations below the current EU water quality guideline. However, this does not necessarily mean that the guideline is appropriate for these ecosystems, as previous research has demonstrated that detrimental impacts can be experienced by some freshwater organisms, of all trophic levels, when exposed to concentrations below 25 mg L−1. Therefore, it is suggested here that it is likely that some ecosystems, particularly those with mean concentrations in the 0.00–5.99 mg L−1 range, require much lower guideline values in order to be effectively protected. We propose a model for predicting environment-specific water quality guidelines for SPM. In order to develop this model, the 638 reference condition sites were first classified into one of five mean background SPM ranges (0.00–5.99, 6.00–11.99, 12.00–17.99, 18.00–23.99 and >24.00 mg L−1). Stepwise Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) of these ranges showed that a site’s SPM range can be predicted as a function of: mean annual air temperature, mean annual precipitation, mean altitude of upstream catchment, distance from source, slope to source, channel width and depth, the percentage of catchment area comprised of clay, chalk, and hard rock solid geology, and the percentage of the catchment area comprised of blown sand as the surface (drift) material. The MDA technique, with cross-validation (Wilks-Lambda 0.358, p 0.000), can predict the correct or the next closest SPM range of a site in 90% of cases. This technique can also predict SPM range membership in a probabilistic manner, allowing for an estimate of uncertainty to be made in the allocation of a site to an environment-specific SPM range.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Suspended sediment; Suspended solids; Suspended particulate matter; Ecosystem-specific; Water quality guidelines; Reference-condition

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert 

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135412000875
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G.S.Bilotta@brighton.ac.uk

Title

Reference

June J Cheng, Corinne J Schuster-Wallace, Susan Watt, Bruce K Newbold and Andrew Mente

Author(s)

Environmental Health 2012, 11:4 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-4

Study type

Peer Review Journal    

Abstract

Water and sanitation access are known to be related to newborn, child, and maternal health. Our study attempts to quantify these relationships globally using country-level data: How much does improving access to water and sanitation influence infant, child, and maternal mortality?

Data for 193 countries were abstracted from global databases (World Bank, WHO, and UNICEF). Linear regression was used for the outcomes of under-five mortality rate and infant mortality rate (IMR). These results are presented as events per 1000 live births. Ordinal logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios for the outcome of maternal mortality ratio (MMR).

Under-five mortality rate decreased by 1.17 (95%CI 1.08-1.26) deaths per 1000, p < 0.001, for every quartile increase in population water access after adjustments for confounders. There was a similar relationship between quartile increase of sanitation access and under-five mortality rate, with a decrease of 1.66 (95%CI 1.11-1.32) deaths per 1000, p < 0.001. Improved water access was also related to IMR, with the IMR decreasing by 1.14 (95%CI 1.05-1.23) deaths per 1000, p < 0.001, with increasing quartile of access to improved water source. The significance of this relationship was retained with quartile improvement in sanitation access, where the decrease in IMR was 1.66 (95%CI 1.11-1.32) deaths per 1000, p < 0.001. The estimated odds ratio that increased quartile of water access was significantly associated with increased quartile of MMR was 0.58 (95%CI 0.39-0.86), p = 0.008. The corresponding odds ratio for sanitation was 0.52 (95%CI 0.32-0.85), p = 0.009, both suggesting that better water and sanitation were associated with decreased MMR.

Our analyses suggest that access to water and sanitation independently contribute to child and maternal mortality outcomes. If the world is to seriously address the Millennium Development Goals of reducing child and maternal mortality, then improved water and sanitation accesses are key strategies.

Policy theme(s)

Environment and health >> Health risks >> Water safety
Sustainable development and policy assessment >> Sustainable economic development >> Sustainable development in developing countries
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Water; Sanitation; Maternal health; Infant health; Child health; Millennium development goals

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert 

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http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/1/4
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june.cheng@medportal.ca

Title

Entry and toxicity of organic pesticides and copper in vineyard streams: Erosion rills jeopardise the efficiency of riparian buffer strips

Reference

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
Volume 146, Issue 1, 1 January 2012, Pages 81-92

Author(s)

Study type

Peer Review Journal   

Abstract

The present study was performed to characterise in-stream pesticide exposure within the Palatinate vineyard region in south-west Germany, evaluate the influence of buffer strip widths and identify mitigation measures for the relevant entry pathways. In-stream water and sediment samples that were taken at nine sampling sites of different buffer widths following intense rainfall, and edge-of-field runoff that were sampled in erosion rills were analysed regarding 28 active ingredients of pesticides including copper. In-stream samples contained a mix of 8 ± 4 pesticide compounds, resulting in total pesticide concentrations of 1.4–8.9 μg l−1 for water and 16–670 μg kg−1 dw for sediment. Following an exceptional rainfall event with a previous 34-day drought period, pesticide concentrations reached 7.0–83.4 μg l−1. Fungicides were the most important pesticides found and were significantly correlated with the pesticide application frequency and rate. The calculated toxicity values per sample (TUmax) indicated that both organic pesticides and copper concentrations likely cause ecotoxicological effects in the field. The buffer strip width was of little importance for pesticide in-stream concentrations because pesticide entry occurred mainly via the field path network and erosion rills. Pesticide in-stream concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the concentrations detected in erosion rills (R2 = 0.56). As possible risk mitigation measures, we suggest the implementation of grassed field paths and vegetated ditches or wetlands.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural pollution >> Pesticide pollution
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Fungicide; Copper; Buffer strips; Surface water; Monitoring; Exposure

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880911003458
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Bereswill-Renja@uni-landau.de

Title

Long term change of nutrient concentrations of rivers discharging in European seas

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 23, 1 November 2011, Pages 4899-4916

Author(s)

Fayçal Bouraoui, Bruna Grizzetti

Study type

Peer Review Journal 

Abstract

Cases of severe eutrophication are still observed in European surface waters even though tough regulation has been in place since the beginning of the 1990s to control nutrient losses and inputs in the environment. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the evolution since 1991 of the quality of the water entering European seas in terms of the concentration of major nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and to analyze the effectiveness of implemented national/international measures and EU legislation in reducing water nutrient pollution. Despite the reduction in large portions of the European territory of agricultural nutrient applications and nutrient point source emissions, the impact on water quality is limited. It is shown using two large river basins that this lack of response for nitrogen, and nitrate in particular, between the reduction of the nitrogen surplus and the recovery of water quality is partly explained by the lag time due to transfer of nitrates in the unsaturated and saturated zones and storage in the soils and aquifers. In order to monitor efficiently the impact of policy implementation on water quality, the Nitrates Directive and the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive in particular, it is recommended to use long term permanent monitoring stations to be able to separate the impact of climate variability from that of policy implementation. It is also recommended to investigate and develop harmonized methodologies for estimating the lag time in order to come up with realistic estimates of response time of water bodies due to the implementation of measures.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water quality >> Wastewater treatment

Keywords

Nitrates Directive; Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive; Trend analysis; Water quality; Monitoring network

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711008394
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faycal.bouraoui@jrc.ec.europa.eu

Title

Cytotoxicity of water-soluble fraction from biodiesel and its diesel blends to human cell lines 

Reference

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Volume 74, Issue 8, November 2011, Pages 2148-2155

Author(s)

Daniela Morais Leme, Tamara Grummt, Rita Heinze, Andrea Sehr, Matthias Skerswetat, Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi, Marcos Canto Machado, Danielle Palma de Oliveira, Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

The designation of biodiesel as a green fuel has increased its commercialization and use, making its fate in the environment a matter of concern. Fuel spills constitute a major source of aquatic pollution and, like diesel spills, biodiesel can produce adverse effects on aquatic environments, animals and humans. The present study assessed cytotoxic effects of water systems contaminated with neat biodiesel and its diesel blends by means of different procedures on human T cell leukemia (Jurkat) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells [detection of changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) using tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), apoptosis recognition by Annexin V and impedance real-time cell analyzer (xCELLigence™ system)]. The data obtained showed concordance across the different bioassays, with cytotoxic effects observed as a dose-dependent response only for waters contaminated with pure diesel (D100) and B5 blend, which is characterized by a mixture of 95% diesel and 5% biodiesel. The data can also lead us to hypothesize that diesel accounts for the harmful effects observed, and that biodiesel does not worsen the impacts caused by diesel pollution.

Policy theme(s)

Chemicals >> Impacts >> Ecosystem impacts
Climate change and energy >> Climate change mitigation >> Low carbon and renewable energy
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Cell proliferation and viability; Cell death process; Apoptosis; Necrosis

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651311002557
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mamm@rc.unesp.br

Title

Reference

Environmental Science and Pollution Research
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0580-7
EU funded

Author(s)

Peter Carsten von der Ohe, Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen, Jaroslav Slobodnik and Werner Brack

Study type

Peer Review Journal  

Abstract

Introduction
Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose biocide. Its wide use in personal care products (PCPs) fosters its dispersal in the aquatic environment. Despite enhanced awareness of both scientists and the public in the last decade with regard to fate and effects, TCS received little attention regarding its prioritisation as a candidate river basin-specific pollutant or even priority substance, due to scarce monitoring data.
Methods
Applying a new prioritisation methodology, the potential risk of TCS was assessed based on a refined hazard assessment and occurrences at 802 monitoring sites in the Elbe River basin.
Results
The suggested acute-based predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 4.7 ng/l for the standard test species Selenastrum capricornutum was in good agreement with effect concentrations in algal communities and was exceeded in the Elbe River basin at 75% of the sites (limit of quantification of 5 ng/l). The 95th percentile of the maximum environmental concentrations at each site exceeded the PNEC by a factor of 12, indicating potential hazards for algal communities. Among 500 potential river basin-specific pollutants which were recently prioritised, triclosan ranks on position 6 of the most problematic substances, based on the Elbe River data alone.
Conclusion
Considering the worldwide application of PCPs containing triclosan, we expect that the TCS problem is not restricted to the Elbe River basin, even if monitoring data from other river basins are scarce. Thus, we suggest to include TCS into routine monitoring programmes and to consider it as an important candidate for prioritisation at the European scale.

Policy theme(s)

Chemicals >> Pollutants/hazardous substances >> Pesticides
Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Triclosan - Prioritisation - Priority substance - River basin-specific pollutant - Biocide

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/k4x2h73x77213l38/
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peter.vonderohe@ufz.de

Title

Major issues regarding the efficiency of monitoring programs for nitrate contaminated groundwater

Reference

Environ. Sci. Technol.,
DOI: 10.1021/es201798g

Author(s)

Tibor Yvan Stigter , Amélia Carvalho Dill , and Luís Ribeiro

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Major issues regarding the efficiency of monitoring programs for nitrate contaminated groundwater are analyzed in this paper, namely: i) representativeness of monitoring networks; ii) correct interpretation of the monitoring data and resulting time series and trends; iii) differentiation among the different sources of nitrates in groundwater. Following an overview of the nitrate contamination problem and possible solutions, as well as some of the difficulties found, a relatively straightforward method for assessing monitoring network representativity is presented, namely interpolation standard error assessment. It is shown how nitrate-concentration time series resulting from periodic observations can be corrected with a conservative tracer, in order to avoid misinterpretation and confirm or correct apparent trends. Finally, coupled 15N and 18O isotope signatures of nitrate in groundwater are used to differentiate among N sources, to ensure correct targeting of restoration measures. The case study regards a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone in the south of Portugal, designated in compliance with the EU Nitrates Directive, where coastal discharge of nutrient-rich groundwater threatens the good qualitative and ecological status of the Ria Formosa coastal lagoon. Results show that mineral fertilizer is the main source of N in groundwater, and that increases in N load can be masked by dilution phenomena.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es201798g
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Tabor.stigter@ist.utl.pt

Title

Water toxicity assessment and spatial pollution patterns identification in a Mediterranean River Basin District. Tools for water management and risk analysis

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 20, 15 September 2011, Pages 4269-4279

Author(s)

Roberta Carafa, Leslie Faggiano, Montserrat Real, Antoni Munné, Antoni Ginebreda, Helena Guasch, Monica Flo, Luís Tirapu and Peter Carsten von der Ohe

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

In compliance with the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive, monitoring of the ecological and chemical status of Catalan river basins (NE Spain) is carried out by the Catalan Water Agency.
The large amount of data collected and the complex relationships among the environmental variables monitored often mislead data interpretation in terms of toxic impact, especially considering that even pollutants at very low concentrations might contribute to the total toxicity.
The total dataset of chemical monitoring carried out between 2007 and 2008 (232 sampling stations and 60 pollutants) has been analyzed using sequential advanced modeling techniques. Data on concentrations of contaminants in water were pre-treated in order to calculate the bioavailable fraction, depending on substance properties and local environmental conditions.
The resulting values were used to predict the potential impact of toxic substances in complex mixtures on aquatic biota and to identify hot spots. Exposure assessment with Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) and mixture toxicity rules were used to compute the multi-substances Potentially Affected Fraction (msPAF).
The combined toxicity of the pollutants analyzed in the Catalan surface waters might potentially impact more than 50% of the species in 10% of the sites.
In order to understand and visualize the spatial distribution of the toxic risk, Self Organising Map (SOM), based on the Kohonen's Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm, was applied on the output data of these models. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed on top of Neural Network results in order to identify main influential variables which account for the pollution trends. Finally, predicted toxic impacts on biota have been linked and correlated to field data on biological quality indexes using macroinvertebrate and diatom communities (IBMWP and IPS). The methodology presented could represent a suitable tool for water managers in environmental risk assessment and management.

Policy theme(s)

Risk assessment >> Risk assessment methodologies
Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Aquatic toxicity; Risk assessment; Species Sensitivity Distribution; Artificial Neural Networks

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711007091#ack001
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montserrat_real@URSCorp.com

Title

Effect of oxic and anoxic conditions on nitrous oxide emissions from nitrification and denitrification processes

Reference

Biotechnology and bioengineering, DOI: 10.1002/bit.23147

Author(s)

Varit Rassamee, Chakkrid Sattayatewa, Krishna Pagilla, Kartik Chandran

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor fed with real municipal wastewater was used to study nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from simulated wastewater treatment processes. The experiments were performed under four different controlled conditions as follows: (1) fully aerobic, (2) anoxic-aerobic with high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, (3) anoxic-aerobic with low DO concentration, and 4) intermittent aeration. The results indicated that N₂O production can occur from both incomplete nitrification and incomplete denitrification. N₂O production from denitrification was observed in both aerobic and anoxic phases. However, N₂O production from aerobic conditions occurred only when both low DO concentrations and high nitrite concentration existed simultaneously. The magnitude of N₂O produced via anoxic denitrification was lower than via oxic denitrification and required the presence of nitrite. Changes in DO, ammonium, and nitrite concentrations influenced the magnitude of N₂O production through denitrification. The results also suggested that N₂O can be produced from incomplete denitrification and then released to the atmosphere during aeration phase due to air stripping. Therefore, biological nitrogen removal systems should be optimized to promote complete nitrification and denitrification to minimize N₂O emissions.

Policy theme(s)

Biotechnology >> Pollution remediation
Environmental technologies >> Pollution control >> Water treatment
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water quality >> Wastewater treatment

Keywords

nitrous oxide (N₂O), biological nitrogen removal (BNR), greenhouse gas (GHG), nitrification, denitrification

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.23147/abstract
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pagilla@iit.edu

Title

Biofiltration of wastewater treatment plant effluent: Effective removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and reduction of toxicity

Reference

Water Research
Volume 45, Issue 9, April 2011, Pages 2751-2762

Author(s)

J. Reungoat , B.I. Escher, M. Macova and J. Keller

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

This study investigates biofiltration for the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and for the reduction of non-specific toxicity expressed as baseline toxicity equivalent concentration (baseline-TEQ). Two filtering media, sand and granular activated carbon, were tested. The influence of pre-ozonation and empty-bed contact time (EBCT, from 30 to 120 min) was determined. The experiments were performed at a pilot-scale with real WWTP effluent. A previous study showed that biological activity had developed on the filtering media and dissolved organic removal had reached a steady state before sampling commenced. The results show that biological activated carbon (BAC) has a good potential for the removal of DOC (35-60%), PPCPs (>90%) and baseline-TEQ (28-68%) even without pre-ozonation. On the contrary, the sand shows limited improvement of effluent quality. Varying the EBCT does not influence the performance of the BAC filters; however, dissolved oxygen concentration could be a limiting factor. The performances of the BAC filters were stable for over two years suggesting that the main mechanism of organic matter and PPCPs removal is biodegradation. It is concluded that BAC filtration without pre-ozonation could be implemented as a low cost advanced treatment option to improve WWTP effluent chemical quality.

Policy theme(s)

Biotechnology >> Pollution remediation
Environmental technologies >> Pollution control >> Water treatment
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water quality >> Wastewater treatment

Keywords

Organic micropollutants, Biological activated carbon filtration, Sand filtration,  Baseline toxicity equivalent concentrations, Wastewater reclamation

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135411000698
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j.reungoat@awmc.uq.edu.au

Title

Removal of pesticide mixtures in a stormwater wetland collecting runoff from a vineyard catchment

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 11, 1 May 2011, Pages 2317-2324

Author(s)

Elodie Maillard, Sylvain Payraudeau, Etienne Faivre, Caroline Grégoire, Sophie Gangloff and Gwenaël Imfeld

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Wetlands can collect contaminated runoff from agricultural catchments and retain dissolved and particle-laden pesticides. However, knowledge about the capacity and functioning of wetland systems with respect to the removal of pesticides is very limited. Here we show that stormwater wetlands can efficiently remove pesticides in runoff from vineyard catchments during the period of pesticide application, although flow and hydrochemical conditions of the wetland largely vary over time. During the entire agricultural season, the inflowing load of nine fungicides, six herbicides, one insecticide and four degradation products was 8.039 g whereas the outflowing load was 2.181 g. Removal rates of dissolved loads by the wetland ranged from 39% (simazine) to 100% (cymoxanil, gluphosinate, kresoxim methyl and terbuthylazine). Dimethomorph, diuron, glyphosate, metalaxyl and tetraconazole were more efficiently removed in spring than in summer. More than 88% of the input mass of suspended solids was retained, underscoring the capability of the wetland to trap pesticide-laden particles via sedimentation. Only the insecticide flufenoxuron was frequently detected in the wetland sediments. Our results demonstrate that stormwater wetlands can efficiently remove pesticide mixtures in agricultural runoff during critical periods of pesticide application, although fluctuations in the runoff regime and hydrochemical characteristics can affect the removal rates of individual pesticides.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural pollution >> Pesticide pollution
Biodiversity >> Ecosystem services >> Ecosystem service identification
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Stormwater, Wetland, Catchment, Runoff, Pesticide, Sediment

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711001161
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imfeld@unistra.fr

Title

A new risk assessment approach for the prioritization of 500 classical and emerging organic microcontaminants as potential river basin specific pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 11, 1 May 2011, Pages 2064-2077

Author(s)

Peter Carsten von der Ohe, Valeria Dulio, Jaroslav Slobodnik, Eric De Deckere, Ralph Kühne, Ralf-Uwe Ebert, Antoni Ginebreda, Ward De Cooman, Gerrit Schüürmann and Werner Brack

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Given the huge number of chemicals released into the environment and existing time and budget constraints, there is a need to prioritize chemicals for risk assessment and monitoring in the context of the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD). This study is the first to assess the risk of 500 organic substances based on observations in the four European river basins of the Elbe, Scheldt, Danube and Llobregat. A decision tree is introduced that first classifies chemicals into six categories depending on the information available, which allows water managers to focus on the next steps (e.g. derivation of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), improvement of analytical methods, etc.). The priority within each category is then evaluated based on two indicators, the Frequency of Exceedance and the Extent of Exceedance of Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs). These two indictors are based on maximum environmental concentrations (MEC), rather than the commonly used statistically based averages (Predicted Effect Concentration, PEC), and compared to the lowest acute-based (PNECacute) or chronic-based thresholds (PNECchronic). For 56% of the compounds, PNECs were available from existing risk assessments, and the majority of these PNECs were derived from chronic toxicity data or simulated ecosystem studies (mesocosm) with rather low assessment factors. The limitations of this concept for risk assessment purposes are discussed. For the remainder, provisional PNECs (P-PNECs) were established from read-across models for acute toxicity to the standard test organisms Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas and Selenastrum capricornutum. On the one hand, the prioritization revealed that about three-quarter of the 44 substances with MEC/PNEC ratios above ten were pesticides. On the other hand, based on the monitoring data used in this study, no risk with regard to the water phase could be found for eight of the 41 priority substances, indicating a first success of the implementation of the WFD in the investigated river basins.

Policy theme(s)

Chemicals >> Pollutants/hazardous substances >> Pesticides
Risk assessment >> Risk assessment methodologies
Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

PNECacute; PNECchronic; P-PNEC; Prioritization; River basin specific pollutants; Pesticides

Entry Source:

N/A

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711001136
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peter.vonderohe@ufz.de

Title

A review on cost-effectiveness analysis of agri-environmental measures related to the EU WFD: Key issues, methods, and applications

Reference

Ecological Economics, Volume 70, Issue 6, 15 April 2011, Pages 1021-1031

Author(s)

Bedru Babulo Balana, Andy Vinten and Bill Slee

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) explicitly integrates economics into water management and water policy in Europe. Specifically, Article 11 and Annex III of the Directive call for a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of alternative mitigation measures as a requirement in formulating Programme of Measures (PoMs) to achieve 'good ecological status' for all waters in Europe. As agriculture is supposed to be the major contributor to diffuse water pollution, CEA of agri-environmental measures has been given paramount importance in establishing the PoMs. This paper summarises the status, significance, and methodological limitations of WFD-related CEA studies in Europe. Cases from the United Kingdom, countries surrounding the Baltic Sea and central and southern Europe were included in the review. Review results indicate that most WFD-related CEA studies: (1) were based on models of 'representative' farms without capturing the variability among real-world farms; (2) concentrate on a single ecological effect of measures or are based on cost estimates of the sectors directly involved in the pollutant-reduction programme (i.e., co-benefits, trade-offs, and external costs were not examined); and (3) did not incorporate uncertainties in both cost and effectiveness estimates. Based on the review results, the paper suggests policy implications and recommendations for future research in the field.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural management >> Agri-environment schemes
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> River basin management (WFD)

Keywords

Water Framework Directive, Cost-effectiveness, Economic analysis, Water quality, Agri-environmental measures, Diffuse pollution

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

Referred to in EC doc:

N/A

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b.balana@macaulay.ac.uk

Title

Wetlands as Sinks for Reactive Nitrogen at Continental and Global Scales: A Meta-Analysis

Reference

Ecosystems
Volume 14, Number 1, 144-155, DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9400-z

Author(s)

Stephen J. Jordan, Jonathan Stoffer and Janet A. Nestlerode

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Wetlands support physical and ecological functions that result in valuable services to society, including removal of reactive nitrogen (Nr) from surface water and groundwater. We compiled published data from wetland studies worldwide to estimate total Nr removal and to evaluate factors that influence removal rates. Over several orders of magnitude in wetland area and Nr loading rates, there is a positive, near-linear relationship between Nr removal and Nr loading. The linear model (null hypothesis) explains the data better than either a model of declining Nr removal efficiency with increasing Nr loading, or a Michaelis-Menten (saturation) model. We estimate that total Nr removal by major classes of wetlands in the contiguous U.S. is approximately 20-21% of the total anthropogenic load of Nr to the region. Worldwide, Nr removal by wetlands is roughly 17% of anthropogenic Nr inputs. Historical loss of 50% of native wetland area suggests an equivalent loss of Nr removal capacity. Expanded protection and large-scale restoration of wetlands should be considered in strategies to re-balance the global nitrogen cycle and mitigate the negative consequences of excess Nr loading.

Policy theme(s)

Biodiversity >> Ecosystem services >> Ecosystem service identification
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Nitrogen, reactive nitrogen, wetlands, denitrification, nitrogen removal, nitrogen
loading

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N/A

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/d77g3v1735434467/
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jordan.steve@epa.gov

Title

Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing

Reference

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011;
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1100682108

Author(s)

Stephen G. Osborn, Avner Vengosh, Nathaniel R. Warner, Robert B. Jackson.

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are dramatically increasing natural-gas extraction. In aquifers overlying the Marcellus and Utica shale formations of northeastern Pennsylvania and upstate New York, we document systematic evidence for methane contamination of drinking water associated with shale-gas extraction. In active gas-extraction areas (one or more gas wells within 1 km), average and maximum methane concentrations in drinking-water wells increased with proximity to the nearest gas well and were 19.2 and 64 mg CH₄L^-1 (n=26), a potential explosion hazard; in contrast, dissolved methane samples in neighboring nonextraction sites (no gas wells within 1 km) within similar geologic formations and hydrogeologic regimes averaged only 1.1 mg L-1 (P < 0.05; n = 34). Average δ¹³C-CH₄ values of dissolved methane in shallow groundwater were significantly less negative for active than for nonactive sites (-37 ± 7‰ and -54 ± 11‰ respectively; P < 0.0001). These δ¹³C-CH₄ data, coupled with the ratios of methane-to-higher-chain hydrocarbons, and δ²H-CH₄ values, are consistent with deeper thermogenic methane sources such as the Marcellus and Utica shales at the active sites and matched gas geochemistry from gas wells nearby. In contrast, lower-concentration samples from shallow groundwater at nonactive sites had isotopic signatures reflecting a more biogenic or mixed biogenic/thermogenic methane source. We found no evidence for contamination of drinking-water samples with deep saline brines or fracturing fluids. We conclude that greater stewardship, data, and-possibly-regulation are needed to ensure the sustainable future of shale-gas extraction and to improve public confidence in its use.

Policy theme(s)

Climate change and energy >> Climate change mitigation >> Low carbon and renewable energy
Risk assessment >> Hazards >> Industrial accidents
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

groundwater, organic-rich shale, isotopes, formation waters, water chemistry

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/05/02/1100682108
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jackson@duke.edu

Title

Phosphate treatment to reduce plumbosolvency of drinking water also reduces discharges of copper into environmental surface waters

Reference

Water and Environment Journal
Volume 25, Issue 2, pages 266-270, June 2011
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00219.x

Author(s)

Sean Comber, Franck Cassé, Bruce Brown, John Martin, Peter Hillis,
Mike Gardner

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

The majority of drinking water supply zones in the United Kingdom are currently dosed with phosphate in order to meet the drinking water quality standards for lead. Consequent reductions in other metals released from domestic plumbing might be expected. Lead, copper, zinc and nickel concentrations in the tap water of supply zones and in effluents from related sewage works were examined to assess reductions in the concentrations of these metals associated with the dosing of orthophosphate. This paper provides an analysis of the impact of phosphate dosing of drinking water on the metal concentrations in drinking water and sewage work effluents and the potential impacts in relation to the Water Framework Directive. Phosphate treatment the reduced average copper concentrations in drinking water by around 40% from 65 to 35μg/L; the reduction is proportional to the phosphate dose. A corresponding 30% decrease in wastewater treatment work effluent concentrations is observed. No significant changes are evident in the zinc and nickel concentrations.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Wastewater treatment
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Copper, cuprosolvency, sewage effluent, Water Framework Directive

Entry Source:

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N/A

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00219.x/abstract
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michael.gardner@atkinsglobal.com

Title

From Dishwasher to Tap? Xenobiotic Substances Benzotriazole and Tolyltriazole in the Environment

Reference

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45 (9), pp 3858-3864
DOI: 10.1021/es103267g

Author(s)

Hussein Janna, Mark D. Scrimshaw, Richard J. Williams, John Churchley, and John P. Sumpter

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that the use of
chemicals frequently results in widespread environmental contamination
with little understanding of the toxicological implications.
Benzotriazoles are used in, among other applications,
dishwashing formulations for home use, and are a class of
chemicals recently reported to be present in European waters.
This study demonstrates their presence in UK wastewaters,
rivers, and drinking water. It also estimates that their use as silver
polishing agents in dishwasher tablets and powders may account
for a significant proportion of inputs to wastewaters. The
lack of a complete set of good quality (eco)toxicological data on
possible chronic effects of these high use chemicals should
caution against using them in a manner which may have
contributed to such widespread environmental contamination.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water quality >> Wastewater treatment

Keywords

N/A

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N /A

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es103267g
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Mark.Scrimshaw@brunel.ac.uk

Title

Biodiversity improves water quality through niche partitioning

Reference

Nature, Volume 472, Pages 86-89, 07 April 2011
DOI:doi:10.1038/nature09904

Author(s)

Bradley J. Cardinale

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Excessive nutrient loading of water bodies is a leading cause of water pollution worldwide, and controlling nutrient levels in watersheds is a primary objective of most environmental policy. Over the past two decades, much research has shown that ecosystems with more species are more efficient at removing nutrients from soil and water than are ecosystems with fewer species. This has led some to suggest that conservation of biodiversity might be a useful tool for managing nutrient uptake and storage, but this suggestion has been controversial, in part because the specific biological mechanisms by which species diversity influences nutrient uptake have not been identified. Here I use a model system of stream biofilms to show that niche partitioning among species of algae can increase the uptake and storage of nitrate, a nutrient pollutant of global concern. I manipulated the number of species of algae growing in the biofilms of 150 stream mesocosms that had been set up to mimic the variety of flow habitats and disturbance regimes that are typical of natural streams. Nitrogen uptake rates, as measured by using 15N-labelled nitrate, increased linearly with species richness and were driven by niche differences among species. As different forms of algae came to dominate each unique habitat in a stream, the more diverse communities achieved a higher biomass and greater 15N uptake. When these niche opportunities were experimentally removed by making all of the habitats in a stream uniform, diversity did not influence nitrogen uptake, and biofilms collapsed to a single dominant species. These results provide direct evidence that communities with more species take greater advantage of the niche opportunities in an environment, and this allows diverse systems to capture a greater proportion of biologically available resources such as nitrogen. One implication is that biodiversity may help to buffer natural ecosystems against the ecological impacts of nutrient pollution.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural pollution >> Fertiliser pollution
Biodiversity >> Ecosystem services >> Ecosystem service identification
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Ecology, Earth Science, Environmental Science

Entry Source:

N/A

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Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7341/full/nature09904.html
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bradcard@umich.edu

Title

Shale gas: a provisional assessment of climate change and environmental impacts

Reference

A report by researchers at The Tyndall Centre, University of Manchester

Author(s)

Study type

Report

Abstract

This report, commissioned by The Co-operative, provides a provisional review and assessment of the risks and benefits of shale gas development, with the aim of informing The Co-operative's position on this ‘unconventional’ fuel source.
The analysis within the report addresses two specific issues associated with the extraction and combustion of shale gas. Firstly, it outlines potential UK and global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising from a range of scenarios building on
current predictions of shale gas resources. Secondly, it explores the health and environmental risks associated with shale gas extraction. It should be stressed that a key issue in assessing these issues has been a paucity of reliable data. To date shale gas has only been exploited in the US and, while initial estimates have been made, it is difficult to quantify the possible resources in other parts of the globe, including the UK. Equally, information on health and environmental aspects is of variable quality and only now is there any systematic effort being undertaken to better understand these issues. Therefore, while every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in the report, it can only be as accurate as the information on which it draws. It is clear however, that while shale gas extraction, at a global level, does not involve the high energy and water inputs at the scale of other unconventional fuels, such as oil derived from tar sands, it does pose significant potential risks to human health and the environment. Principally, the potential for hazardous chemicals to enter groundwater via the extraction process must be subject to more thorough research prior to any expansion of the industry being considered. Additionally, while being promoted as a transition route to a low carbon future, none of the available evidence indicates that this is likely to be the case. It is difficult to envisage any situation other than shale gas largely being used in addition to other fossil fuel reserves and adding a further carbon burden. This could lead to an additional 11ppmv of CO2 over and above expected levels without shale gas - a figure that could rise if more of the total shale gas resource were to be exploited than envisaged in the scenarios. This would be compounded if investment in shale gas were to delay the necessary investment in zero and very low carbon technologies.

Policy theme(s)

Climate change and energy >> Climate change mitigation >> Low carbon and renewable energy
Risk assessment >> Hazards >> Hazardous substances
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

N/A

Entry Source:

N/A

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/technical-report/2011/shale-gas-provisional-assessment-climate-change-and-environmental
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tyndall@uea.ac.uk

Title

Reference

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
Volume 13, Number 2, 241-268, DOI: 10.1007/s10098-010-0319-z

Author(s)

Florentina Anca Caliman, Brindusa Mihaela Robu, Camelia Smaranda, Vasile Lucian Pavel and Maria Gavrilescu

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Abstract Contaminated soil and groundwater have been
the subject of study and research, so that the field of
remediation has grown and evolved, continually developing
and adopting new technologies in attempts to improve
the decontamination. The cleanup of environmental
pollution involves a variety of techniques, ranging from
simple biological processes to advanced engineering technologies.
Cleanup activities may also address a wide range
of contaminants. This article is a short analysis of the
technologies for cleaning up groundwater and soil, highlighting
knowledge and information gaps. Challenges and
strategies for cleaning up different types of contaminants,
mainly heavy metals and persistent organic compounds are
described. Included are technologies that treat ground
water contaminants in place in the subsurface and soil
technologies that treat the soil either in place or on site in a
treatment unit. Emerging technologies such as those based
on oxidation–reduction, bioremediation, and nanotechnologies
are covered. It is evident that for a good efficiency of
remediation, techniques or even whole new technologies
may be incorporated into an existing technology as a
treatment train, improving its performance or overcome
limitations. Several economic and decision-making elements
are developed in the final part, based on the analysis
carried out throughout the article. The work highlights the
fact that excellence in research and technology progress
could be attained by the development of technologies to
deal more effectively and economically with certain toxic
contaminants such as heavy metals, volatile organic compounds,
and persistent organic pollutants, associated with
optimization of technologies under field remediation conditions
and requirements, improving capacity and yields,
and reducing costs. Moreover, increasing knowledge of the
scope and problem of equipment development could
improve the benefits.

Policy theme(s)

Environmental technologies>> Pollution control>>Water treatment
Soil>> Threats to soil>>Soil contamination
Water>> Water quality>>Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Heavy metals, Nanotechnology, Persistent, Organic pollutants, Pollution, Remediation

Entry Source:

N/A

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/h78m734413767303/
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mgav@ch.tuiasi.ro

Title

A new risk assessment approach for the prioritization of 500 classical and emerging organic microcontaminants as potential river basin specific pollutants under the European Water Framework Directive

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 11, 1 May 2011, Pages 2064-2077

Author(s)

Peter Carsten von der Ohe, Valeria Dulio, Jaroslav Slobodnik, Eric De Deckere, Ralph Kühne, Ralf-Uwe Ebert, Antoni Ginebreda, Ward De Cooman, Gerrit Schüürmann and Werner Brack

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Given the huge number of chemicals released into the environment and existing time and budget constraints, there is a need to prioritize chemicals for risk assessment and monitoring in the context of the European Union Water Framework Directive (EU WFD). This study is the first to assess the risk of 500 organic substances based on observations in the four European river basins of the Elbe, Scheldt, Danube and Llobregat. A decision tree is introduced that first classifies chemicals into six categories depending on the information available, which allows water managers to focus on the next steps (e.g. derivation of Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), improvement of analytical methods, etc.). The priority within each category is then evaluated based on two indicators, the Frequency of Exceedance and the Extent of Exceedance of Predicted No-Effect Concentrations (PNECs). These two indictors are based on maximum environmental concentrations (MEC), rather than the commonly used statistically based averages (Predicted Effect Concentration, PEC), and compared to the lowest acute-based (PNECacute) or chronic-based thresholds (PNECchronic). For 56% of the compounds, PNECs were available from existing risk assessments, and the majority of these PNECs were derived from chronic toxicity data or simulated ecosystem studies (mesocosm) with rather low assessment factors. The limitations of this concept for risk assessment purposes are discussed. For the remainder, provisional PNECs (P-PNECs) were established from read-across models for acute toxicity to the standard test organisms Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas and Selenastrum capricornutum. On the one hand, the prioritization revealed that about three-quarter of the 44 substances with MEC/PNEC ratios above ten were pesticides. On the other hand, based on the monitoring data used in this study, no risk with regard to the water phase could be found for eight of the 41 priority substances, indicating a first success of the implementation of the WFD in the investigated river basins.

Policy theme(s)

Risk assessment >> Risk assessment methodologies
Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

PNECacute; PNECchronic; P-PNEC; Prioritization; River basin specific pollutants; Pesticides

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711001136
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peter.vonderohe@ufz.de

Title

Occurrence and Toxicity of 331 Organic Pollutants in Large Rivers of North Germany over a Decade (1994 to 2004)

Reference

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45 (14), pp 6167–6174
DOI: 10.1021/es2013006

Author(s)

Ralf B. Schfer, Peter Carsten von der Ohe, Ralph Kohne, Gerrit Schoormann, and Matthias Liess

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

We analyzed the detection frequencies and concentrations for 331 organic compounds measured between 1994 and 2004 in the four largest rivers of north Germany, the Elbe, Weser, Aller, and Ems Rivers, and we assessed the potential risk for aquatic fauna using experimental and predicted acute toxicity data for the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the crustacean Daphnia magna, and the fish Pimephales promelas. The detection frequency for most compounds decreased significantly from 1994 to 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were most frequently detected, while pesticides were the most important chemical group concerning toxicity for the standard test organisms. The predicted toxicity for D. magna was significantly higher than for the other organisms and reached levels envisaging acute toxic effects on the invertebrate fauna, still in 2004. Most of the compounds responsible for potential acute effects on aquatic organisms are currently not considered as priority substances in the European Union, while only 2 of 25 priority substances that have been measured occurred at levels that may be relevant in terms of toxicity for the selected test organisms. We conclude that attenuation of pesticides and other organic toxicants should play an increased role in river basin management.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

N/A

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es2013006
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senator@ecotoxicology.de.

Title

Surveillance of adenoviruses and noroviruses in European recreational waters

Reference

Water Research
Volume 45, Issue 3, January 2011, Pages 1025-1038

Author(s)

Peter Wyn-Jones , Annalaura Carducci, Nigel Cook, Martin D'Agostino et al

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Exposure to human pathogenic viruses in recreational waters has been shown to cause disease outbreaks. In the context of Article 14 of the revised European Bathing Waters Directive 2006/7/EC (rBWD, CEU, 2006) a Europe-wide surveillance study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence of two human enteric viruses in recreational waters. Adenoviruses were selected based on their near-universal shedding and environmental survival, and noroviruses (NoV) selected as being the most prevalent gastroenteritis agent worldwide. Concentration of marine and freshwater samples was done by adsorption/elution followed by molecular detection by (RT)-PCR. Out of 1410 samples, 553 (39.2%) were positive for one or more of the target viruses. Adenoviruses, detected in 36.4% of samples, were more prevalent than noroviruses (9.4%), with 3.5% GI and 6.2% GII, some samples being positive for both GI and GII. Of 513 human adenovirus-positive samples, 63 (12.3%) were also norovirus-positive, whereas 69 (7.7%) norovirus-positive samples were adenovirus-negative. More freshwater samples than marine water samples were virus-positive. Out of a small selection of samples tested for adenovirus infectivity, approximately one-quarter were positive. Sixty percent of 132 nested-PCR adenovirus-positive samples analysed by quantitative PCR gave a mean value of over 3000 genome copies per L of water. The simultaneous detection of infectious adenovirus and of adenovirus and NoV by (RT)PCR suggests that the presence of infectious viruses in recreational waters may constitute a public health risk upon exposure. These studies support the case for considering adenoviruses as an indicator of bathing water quality.

Policy theme(s)

Environment and health >> Health risks >> Water safety
Marine ecosystems >> Coastal management
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Adenoviruses, Noroviruses, Bathing water, River water, Sea water, Recreational water, Water quality

Entry Source:

Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135410007104
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pyw@aber.ac.uk

Title

Overview of eutrophication indicators to assess environmental status within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Reference

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
Volume 93, Issue 2, 10 June 2011, Pages 117-131

Author(s)

João G. Ferreira, Jesper H. Andersen, Angel Borja, Suzanne B. Bricker et al

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

In 2009, following approval of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC), the European Commission (EC) created task groups to develop guidance for eleven quality descriptors that form the basis for evaluating ecosystem function. The objective was to provide European countries with practical guidelines for implementing the MSFD, and to produce a Commission Decision that encapsulated key points of the work in a legal framework. This paper presents a review of work carried out by the eutrophication task group, and reports our main findings to the scientific community. On the basis of an operational, management-oriented definition, we discuss the main methodologies that could be used for coastal and marine eutrophication assessment. Emphasis is placed on integrated approaches that account for physico-chemical and biological components, and combine both pelagic and benthic symptoms of eutrophication, in keeping with the holistic nature of the MSFD. We highlight general features that any marine eutrophication model should possess, rather than making specific recommendations. European seas range from highly eutrophic systems such as the Baltic to nutrient-poor environments such as the Aegean Sea. From a physical perspective, marine waters range from high energy environments of the north east Atlantic to the permanent vertical stratification of the Black Sea. This review aimed to encapsulate that variability, recognizing that meaningful guidance should be flexible enough to accommodate the widely differing characteristics of European seas, and that this information is potentially relevant in marine ecosystems worldwide. Given the spatial extent of the MSFD, innovative approaches are required to allow meaningful monitoring and assessment. Consequently, substantial logistic and financial challenges will drive research in areas such as remote sensing of harmful algal blooms, in situ sensor development, and mathematical models. Our review takes into account related legislation, and in particular the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD - 2000/60/EC), which deals with river basins, including estuaries and a narrow coastal strip, in order to examine these issues within the framework of integrated coastal zone management.

Policy theme(s)

Marine ecosystems >> Marine pollution
Water >> River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Eutrophication, chlorophyll, dissolved oxygen, harmful algae, Marine, coastal, assessment methods, Europe, marine Strategy Framework Directive, water, Framework Directive

Entry Source:

Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771411001077
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joao@hoomi.com

Title

Reference

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management

Author(s)

Tuomo M. Saloranta, Anders Ruus, Katrine Borgå

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

The Norwegian guidelines for risk assessment of contaminated sediments are used to identify areas of concern where remediation may be needed to meet the governmental long-term goal of clean fjords and harbors along the Norwegian coastline. By a thorough sensitivity analysis, this study identifies the most influential factors and parameters for the Tier 2A model in this risk guideline, which are used to estimate fluxes of contaminants from sediments due to diffusion and bioturbation (Fdiff), resuspension caused by ship traffic (Fskipnorm), and uptake and predation of benthic biota (Forg). The sensitivity analysis is run for 36 different scenarios combining 3 different sizes of contaminated area, 3 harbor types, and 3 persistent organic pollutants, namely lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), benzo[a]pyrene, and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153), as well as the metal mercury (Hg). The most influential parameters vary from scenario to scenario, but generally 5 parameters appear to be particularly influential for the fluxes and transport estimated by the Tier 2A model: flux of organic carbon to sediment (OCsed), factor for increased diffusion due to bioturbation (a), sediment-water partitioning coefficient (Kd), benthic biota-water bioconcentration factor (BCFfisk), and mass of resuspended fine sediment during arrival or departure of a ship (msed). We also quantify which of the 3 fluxes (Fdiff, Fskipnorm, and Forg) dominate in the different scenarios. Our sensitivity analysis results can be used by authorities, problem owners, consultants, and environmental managers involved in contaminated sediment management to gain insight on the key processes and parameters and to focus their site-specific or laboratory-based measurement efforts on the key parameters and thus increase efficiency and reliability in the contaminated sediment risk assessment.

Policy theme(s)

Risk assessment>>Risk assessment methodologies
Water>> Water quality>>Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Contaminated sediments; Remediation plans; Sensitivity analysis; Contaminant flux

Entry Source:

N/A

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

View this study at:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.188/abstract
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tuomo.saloranta@gmail.com

Title

Urban groundwater baseflow influence upon inorganic river-water quality: The River Tame headwaters catchment in the City of Birmingham, UK

Reference

Journal of Hydrology
Volume 400, Issues 1-2, 30 March 2011, Pages 206-222

Author(s)

Michael O. Rivett, Paul A. Ellis and Rae Mackay

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Understanding the linkage between urban land, groundwater, baseflow and river contamination at the city scale is lacking. This study evaluates the influence of inorganic (major/minor ions and metals) groundwater contamination in the Triassic sandstone-Quaternary deposits aquifer system underlying the City of Birmingham, UK upon the baseflow and water quality of the river Tame. Baseflow water-quality data have been collected from a riverbed piezometer network installed in the 7.4 km reach crossing the effluent unconfined sandstone aquifer and compared to river and aquifer water-quality data. Overall, the inorganic chemical quality of the baseflow was not as poor as potentially surmised from the urbanisation present. Baseflow impact upon river-water quality was also low. These conclusions were underpinned by evidences of: limited river-water quality changes along the reach; some river concentrations being diluted by better quality baseflow; only occasional breaching of water-quality criteria; limited impact upon river-reach quality local to elevated baseflow dicharges; natural attenuation occurrence within the riverbed; and, modest, albeit somewhat uncertain, baseflow mass fluxes. Baseflow fluxes to the reach were in the ranges 100-3500 t/yr for major ions, 1-50 t/yr for minor ions and 1-500 kg/yr for toxic metals with zinc and nickel most prominent. The sporadic occurrence of elevated baseflow concentrations was ascribed to discrete groundwater plume discharges. More detailed sub-reach studies would be required to fully resolve discrete plume baseflow contributions and improve mass flux estimates. Not uncommonly, the urban river studied was already contaminated and hence persistent baseflow fluxes may assume more importance if the river became cleaner through other control measures. Future research should hence consider the emergent significance of urban baseflows. There are needs to: conduct similar studies to investigate if city-scale baseflow impacts are comparable elsewhere; research the importance of spatially and temporally dynamic attenuation in the riverbed; and, develop improved baseflow mass flux estimation methods.

Policy theme(s)

Water>>Urban water management
Water >> Water quality >>Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Groundwater-surface-water interactions; Urban; Baseflow; Metals; Inorganic hydrochemistry

Entry Source:

N/A

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Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169411000618 
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M.O.Rivett@bham.ac.uk

Title

Occurrence of priority pollutants in WWTP effluents and Mediterranean coastal waters of Spain

Reference

Marine Pollution Bulletin
Volume 62, Issue 3, March 2011, Pages 615-625

Author(s)

N. Martí, D. Aguado, L. Segovia-Martínez, A. Bouzas and A. Seco

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

A comprehensive study aimed at evaluating the occurrence, significance of concentrations and spatial distribution of priority pollutants (PPs) along the Comunidad Valenciana coastal waters (Spain) was carried out in order to fulfil the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Additionally, PP concentrations were also analysed in the effluent of 28 WWTPs distributed along the studied area. In coastal waters 36 organic pollutants of the 71 analysed, including 26 PPs were detected although many of them with low frequency of occurrence. Only 13 compounds, which belong to four different classes (VOCs, organochlorinated pesticides, phthalates and tributyltin compounds (TBT)) showed a frequency of occurrence above 20% in coastal waters. In the results obtained until now, octylphenol, pentachlorobenzene, DEHP and TBT exceeded the annual average concentration (EQS-AAC), and only TBT surpassed the maximum allowable concentration (EQS-MAC). The most frequent contaminants determined in coastal waters were also present in WWTP effluents.

Policy theme(s)

Marine ecosystems>>Marine pollution
Water >>River basin management (WFD)
Water >> Water quality>>Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Coastal waters; Environmental quality standards (EQS); Priority pollutants (PPs); Water Framework Directive (WFD); WWTP effluents

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X11000142
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nuria.marti@uv.es

Title

Occurrence and distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in anthropogenically affected groundwater

Reference

Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2011, 13, 347-354
DOI: 10.1039/C0EM00419G

Author(s)

J. Regnery, W. Püttmann, C. Merz and G. Berthold

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Occurrence and distribution of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates in 72 groundwater samples from Germany under different recharge/infiltration conditions were investigated. Tris(2- chloro-1-methylethyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) were the most frequently detected organophosphates in groundwater samples. Highest individual organophosphate concentrations (>0.1 mg L_1) were determined in groundwater polluted by infiltrating leachate and groundwater recharged via riverbank filtration of organophosphate-loaded recipients. In samples from springs and deep groundwater monitoring wells that are not affected by surface waters, organophosphate concentrations were mostly below the limit of detection. The occurrence (3-9 ng L_1)of TCPP and TCEP in samples from aquifers with groundwater ages between 20 and 45 years indicates
the persistence of both compounds within the aquifer. At urban sites organophosphate-loadedprecipitation, surface runoff, and leakage of wastewater influenced groundwater quality. For rural sites, where groundwater recharge is only influenced by precipitation, organophosphates were very rarely detectable in groundwater.

Policy theme(s)

Water>>Water quality>>Water pollution and safety

Keywords

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http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/em/c0em00419g
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regnery@iau.uni-frankfurt.de

Title

Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world's croplands

Reference

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011;
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1010808108

Author(s)

G. K. MacDonald, E. M. Bennett, P. A. Potter, N. Ramankutty.

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Increased phosphorus (P) fertilizer use and livestock production has fundamentally altered the global P cycle. We calculated spatially explicit P balances for cropland soils at 0.5° resolution based on the principal agronomic P inputs and outputs associated with production of 123 crops globally for the year 2000. Although agronomic inputs of P fertilizer (14.2 Tg of P y-1) and manure (9.6 Tg of P y-1) collectively exceeded P removal by harvested crops (12.3 Tg of P y-1) at the global scale, P deficits covered almost 30% of the global cropland area. There was massive variation in the magnitudes of these P imbalances across most regions, particularly Europe and South America. High P fertilizer application relative to crop P use resulted in a greater proportion of the intense P surpluses (>13 kg of P ha-1 y-1) globally than manure P application. High P fertilizer application was also typically associated with areas of relatively low P-use efficiency. Although manure was an important driver of P surpluses in some locations with high livestock densities, P deficits were common in areas producing forage crops used as livestock feed. Resolving agronomic P imbalances may be possible with more efficient use of P fertilizers and more effective recycling of manure P. Such reforms are needed to increase global agricultural productivity while maintaining or improving freshwater quality.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural management >> Soil management
Agriculture >> Agricultural pollution >> Fertiliser pollution
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

agriculture, eutrophication, nutrient balances, phosphorous depletion

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N/A

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http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/26/1010808108.abstract
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graham.macdonald@mcgill.ca

Title

The Red Mud Accident in Ajka (Hungary): Characterization and Potential Health Effects of Fugitive Dust

Reference

Environ. Sci. Technology
DOI: 10.1021/es104005r

Author(s)

Andras Gelencser, Nora Kovats, Beatrix Turczi et al

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

As a result of a tragic industrial accident, a highly alkaline red mud sludge inundated settlements and agricultural areas near Ajka, Hungary on October 4, 2010. One of the major concerns about the aftermaths of the accident is the potential health effects of vast amounts of fugitive dust from red mud sediment. Thus, we studied the chemical and physical properties of particles of red mud and its respirable fugitive dust, and performed toxicity measurements. Under unfavorable meteorological conditions dry red mud sediment could emit very high amounts of respirable alkaline particles into the air. The number size distribution of fugitive dust peaks above 1 µm aerodynamic diameter; therefore, its inhalation is unlikely to affect the deep regions of the lungs. No significant mineralogical or elemental fractionation was observed between the sediment and dust, with the major minerals being hematite, cancrinite, calcite, and hydrogarnet. Although the high resuspension potential and alkalinity might pose some problems such as the irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, based on its size distribution and composition red mud dust appears to be less hazardous to human health than urban particulate matter.

Policy theme(s)

Environment and health >> Health risks >> Water safety
Risk assessment >> Hazards >> Industrial accidents
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

N/A

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http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es104005r
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mihaly.posfai@gmail.com

Title

Cost effectiveness of nitrate leaching mitigation measures for grassland livestock systems at locations in England and Wales

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 6, 15 February 2011, Pages 1104-1115

Author(s)

L.M. Cardenas , S.P. Cuttle, B. Crabtree, A. Hopkins, A. Shepherd,
D. Scholefield and A. del Prado

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

As much as 60% of the nitrate in water in England is thought to derive from agriculture. Legislation aims to improve water quality by limiting nitrate concentration in surface and groundwaters to 50 mg l-1. The UK Government responded to the requirements of the EC Nitrate Directive by delineating Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs) to cover 55% of England in 2002 and increased it to 70% in 2009. In this study we assessed the cost-effectiveness of measures for implementation in livestock systems to mitigate nitrate leaching in the UK. These estimates were prepared for a range of hypothetical farms representative of typical dairy, beef and sheep farms at different locations in England and Wales and for a list of mitigation measures identified to reduce leaching. The NGAUGE and NFixCycle models were used to estimate leaching from these systems. The costs of implementation of the mitigation measures were also assessed in order to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these measures. In general, the most effective measures to reduce leaching for all systems were the ones that involved a reduction in stocking rates and grazing time, followed by those involving improvements in fertiliser and crop management. Only in the case of the dairy system was effectiveness affected by location of the farm. The costs for implementation in the sheep system were relatively low compared with beef and dairy systems. Implementation of some of the measures with high cost-effectiveness would need to be incentivised financially or with legislation due to the high costs involved.

Policy theme(s)

Agriculture >> Agricultural pollution >> Fertiliser pollution
Water  >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Nitrate, Leaching, Modelling, Cost effectiveness, Mitigation

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969710013094
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laura.cardenas@bbsrc.ac.uk

Title

Nitrogen removal in subsurface water by narrow buffer strips in the intensive farming landscape of the Po River watershed, Italy

Reference

Ecological Engineering
Volume 37, Issue 2, February 2011, Pages 148-157

Author(s)

Raffaella Balestrini , Cristina Arese, Carlo Andrea Delconte, Alessandro Lotti and Franco Salerno

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

In many countries buffer strips have become an important management tool widely accepted for controlling the diffuse pollution and supporting the development of more sustainable agriculture. However, there is the need to investigate their role in intensive farming systems where a realistic and shareable proposal to realize buffer strips can only foresee the use of a limited space. We evaluated the nitrogen buffering capacities of two narrow riparian strips (5-8 m) along irrigation ditches located in a typical flat agricultural watershed of the alluvial plain of the River Po (Northern Italy). Subsurface water level and nutrient concentrations were monitored along transects of piezometers installed from crop fields to ditches in two different areas. Spatial and temporal variation in water chemistry and hydrology were investigated to individuate the main processes (biological or physical) leading to groundwater nitrate depletion related to fertilization, pluviometric regime and seasonal variation. The results obtained indicate an elevated nitrate removal efficiency in both riparian areas. Compared to the high mean concentrations measured at the exit of the crop fields (10-90 mg l-1 N-NO3-), nitrate levels within riparian sites can be very low, completely disappearing below the ditches. The patterns of some chemical species (O2, SO42- and HCO3-) and the potential denitrification rates suggest that denitrification plays a predominant role in the N-NO3- depletion observed in the first few meters of the herbaceous strip. The key factors in the system are the elevated groundwater residence time and the effect of the evapotranspiration. The water uptake by woody vegetation affects the subsurface water to flow through the riparian zone and, at the same time, it contributes to completely remove the nitrate from the groundwater.
Our findings also suggest the double role of riparian vegetation both in ecohydrological and biological terms. In fact the water uptake by trees affects the subsurface flow pattern and contributes to completely remove the nitrate in the riparian zone.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Hydrology, Groundwater, Soil, Denitrification, Organic carbon, Oxygen, Plant uptake

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Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857410002582
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balestrini@irsa.cnr.it

Title

Reference

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Volume 173, Numbers 1-4, 653-667
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1413-8

Author(s)

Ali Hosseini, Justin Emrys Brown, Mark Dowdall, William Standring and Per Strand

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Significant shifts in opinion regarding environmental protection from ionising radiation have resulted in the development and availability of bespoke approaches for the assessment of impacts on wildlife from radioactive contaminants. The application of such assessment methodologies to actual situations, however, remains relatively limited. This paper describes the implementation of the ERICA Integrated Approach and associated tools within the context of routine discharges of radioactive materials to a freshwater environment. The article follows the implementation through its relevant stages and discusses strengths and weaknesses of the approach in relation to the case study. For current discharge levels, 137Cs and 60Co constitute the main dose contributors to the majority of reference organisms studied, although 241Am and 3H are the main contributors for the phyto- and zooplankton categories. Patterns are observed depending on whether the reference organism is sediment-associated or not. At current discharge levels, none of the reference organisms exceeded or approached the selected screening level, and impacts on biota could be regarded as negligible.

Policy theme(s)

Risk assessment >> Risk assessment methodologies
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Water >> Water and biodiversity

Keywords

Environmental impact assessment, Radioactivity, Wildlife, Freshwater

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.springerlink.com/content/m877n73u13414nw2/
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justin.brown@nrpa.no

Title

Loss rates of urban biocides can exceed those of agricultural pesticides

Reference

Science of The Total Environment
Volume 409, Issue 5, 1 February 2011, Pages 920-932

Author(s)

Irene K. Wittmer, Ruth Scheidegger, Hans-Peter Bader, Heinz Singer and Christian Stamm

Study type

Peer Review Journal

Abstract

Biocides and pesticides are used to control unwanted organisms in urban and agricultural areas. After application, they can be lost to surface waters and impair water quality. Several national consumption studies have shown that urban and agricultural use may be in the same range. It is difficult to judge whether this results in similar loadings of surface waters because there is a lack of sound, comparative studies addressing urban and agricultural losses simultaneously.
The aim of this study is thus to relate the biocide and pesticide loads found in surface waters to their respective urban and agricultural usage (loss rates). To simultaneously assess the loss rates, we conducted a comprehensive
field study in a catchment of mixed land use on the Swiss Plateau. The study area was divided into four subcatchments with different degrees of urban and agricultural land use. In addition, we studied the only wastewater treatment plant, a combined sewer overflow and a stormsewer within the area. Rain events were sampled at high temporal resolution from March to November, 2007. Information on agricultural applications was gained from local farmers. For urban uses, consumption estimations were conducted based on statistical and product information. Despite substantially lower amounts used, the measured loads of urban biocides were in the same range as the most widely-used agricultural pesticides. The lower usage was compensated by urban loss rates that were up to ten times higher than agricultural ones (0.6 to 15% for urban, 0.4 to 0.9% for agricultural compounds). For most biocides and pesticides, the loads were controlled by rain events. Besides the rain-controlled losses, some urban-used biocides(e.g. diazinon) showed a continuous load independent of rain events and season. This study demonstrates that in catchments with mixed land use, mitigation strategies have to pay sufficient attention to the urban sources.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety
Chemicals >> Pollutants/hazardous substances >> Pesticides

Keywords

Urban drainage system, Storm water, Load, Combined sewer overflow, Micropollutant, Agriculture

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Selected for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969710012623
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irene.wittmer@eawag.ch

Title

Urban stormwater treatment using bioretention

Reference

Journal of Hydrology
Volume 397, Issues 3-4, 3 February 2011, Pages 167-174

Author(s)

Sam A. Trowsdale and Robyn Simcock

Study type

Peer Review

Abstract

Urban stormwater has negative environmental and ecological effects.Bioretention systems are starting to be used in efforts to mitigate these effects. A bioretention system receiving water from a light industrial catchment and a busy road was designed, built and monitored for changes in soil physics as well as hydrological and hydrochemical efficiency. The soils in the bioretention system were designed to have high metal removal potential and high permeability to compensate for undersized bioretention volume.The inflow hydrograph was a series of sharp peaks with little baseflow, typical of runoff from impervious surfaces. The bioretention system smoothed the hydrograph by reducing peak flow and volume for all 12 events monitored in detail. Overflow occurred in 10 events indicating the increased permeability did not fully compensate for the undersized volume. Runoff was heavily polluted with sediment and heavy metals, in particular zinc. The majority of the zinc, lead and Total Suspended Sediments were removed from the stormwater that flowed through the bioretention system, with TSS and total zinc concentrations reducing by orders of magnitude. Despite high removal efficiency, median concentrations of zinc exiting the bioretention system still exceeded ecosystem health guidelines and the bioretention system was both a source and sink of copper.

Policy theme(s)

Water >> Urban water management
Water >> Water quality >> Water pollution and safety

Keywords

Bioretention, Raingarden, Biofilter, Urban stormwater, Runoff, Stormwater BMP

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Shortlisted for Science for Environment Policy News Alert

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N/A

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169410007195
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S.Trowsdale@auckland.ac.nz