Validation of non-formal and informal learning
Learning that takes place in formal education and training systems is traditionally the most visible and recognised in the labour market and by society in general. In recent years, however, there has been a growing appreciation of the importance of learning in non-formal and informal settings. New approaches are needed to identify and validate these ‘invisible’ learning experiences.
However, definitions and understandings of what counts as formal, non-formal and informal learning can vary between countries. At European level, the following definitions are used:
- Formal learning is typically provided by education or training institutions, with structured learning objectives, learning time and learning support. It is intentional on the part of the learner and leads to certification.
- Non-formal learning is not provided by an education or training institution and typically does not lead to certification. However, it is intentional on the part of the learner and has structured objectives, times and support.
- Informal learning results from daily activities related to work, family life or leisure. It is not structured and usually does not lead to certification. In most cases, it is unintentional on the part of the learner.
Looking beyond formal education and training
The validation of non-formal or informal learning is a key element in the EU’s actions to support education and training, although individual countries are at different stages in supporting this validation. Some have established systems, while others are only beginning developments in this field.
There are a number of steps at European level. In 2009, the ’European guidelines on the validation of non-formal and informal learning’ were published by Cedefop, the EU's reference centre for vocational education and training. Based on common principles adopted by the Council in 2004 and work of the cluster on the recognition of learning outcomes (now the Learning Outcomes Group), they provide a support tool for the development of validation practices.
The European Commission and Cedefop, have also produced an inventory of validation of non-formal and informal learning with a detailed survey of developments in European countries.
The implementation of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and the development of national qualifications frameworks are also expected to promote validation of non-formal and informal learning throughout Europe.
More information
- Legal text: Conclusions of the Council and of the representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on Common European Principles for the identification and validation of non-formal and informal learning (May 2004)
