Public policy making, when addressing challenges such as climate change, financial crises, containment of pandemics, or energy sufficiency, suffers from an intrinsic difficulty: These global challenges generate strong inter-dependencies between different social, technological, and natural systems. In dealing with them, societies tend to address individual systems, rather than multiple interrelated systems, and thereby fail to achieve systemic change. Consequently, impact and unintended consequences of public action are hard to anticipate.
