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		WORKING  DOCUMENT Directorate-General for Agriculture Economic Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops on the Agri-Food Sector EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ABOUT DOCUMENTS AND SOURCES 1. GM CROP AREA IN THE WORLD: FAST BUT UNEVEN DEVELOPMENTS 1.1. Development of GM crops: a global picture 1.1.1. World area under GM crops: fast expansion up to 42 Mio ha 1.1.2. GM crop area by country: American continent the most advanced 1.1.3. GM crop area by trait: pesticide-like crops dominate 1.2. GM area by crop: soybeans and corn still the frontrunner 1.2.1. GM soybeans: mainly herbicide-tolerant 1.2.2. GM corn: mainly insect-resistant 2. BIOTECH COMPANIES: A SUPPLY-ORIENTED STRATEGY 2.1. Life sciences industry: concentration on the upstream side of agriculture 2.2. Consequences for farmers: increased dependency 3. FARMERS : STRONG PROFITABILITY EXPECTATIONS, MIXED OUTCOME 3.1. Economic driving forces: profitability and/or convenience 3.1.1. Factors of profitability: costs and yield 3.1.1.1. On the cost-side: the input-effect 3.1.1.2. On the receipt side: the yield effect 3.1.2. Effective profitability: mixed and  unclear results 3.2. The effect of agricultural policy: not neutral 4. CONSUMERS, RETAILERS: CASCADING EFFECTS 4.1. Citizens/consumers: differences in concerns and preferences 4.2. Retailing industry: following and shaping the demand 5. MARKETS: SEGREGATION, IDENTITY PRESERVATION AND LABELLING 5.1. Key features of agricultural trade systems 5.2. Identity Preservation and labelling in the context of GM crops 5.3. Costs of Identity Preservation in the GMO context 5.4. Distribution of costs along the production chain  - who pays for IP? 5.5. Market implications 5.5.1. EU markets for soybeans and corn 5.5.2. Market supply to serve potential EU non-GMO demand 5.5.3. Different stance on food and feed uses 5.6. The trade issue/dimension GLOSSARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [Cover] - [Next chapter] [ Agriculture ] - [ Publications ]